Guest guest Posted May 26, 2006 Report Share Posted May 26, 2006 To all , here is a list of other problems associated with HCV, also as virus advances it will effect all organs due to enzyme imbalances etc. Terry Paki HOME | MY PROFILE | LOGOUT ARTICLES What is the Hepatitis C Virus? Basic Information About Hepatitis C How is Hepatitis C Transmitted from Person to Person? Sex and HCV: Can You Infect Your Partner? 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Liver Transplant ARTICLES Inflammation of the Liver Liver Fibrosis Women May be Protected Against Fibrosis, Suggests Study Cirrhosis of the Liver End-Stage Liver Disease Liver Cancer Other Complications of HCV Infection Diseases and Conditions Associated with Hepatitis C Fibromylagia and Hepatitis C Infection Diabetes and Hepatitis C Infection Pain Management and Hepatitis C Infection Cryoglobulinemia and Hepatitis C Infection ARTICLES Symptoms of Acute HCV Infection Symptoms of Chronic HCV Infection Depression and Fatigue in HCV Infection Hepatitis C Symptom Emergencies ARTICLES Hepatitis A: What is it? Hepatitis A: How is it Transmitted? Hepatitis A: Prevention and Vaccination Hepatitis A: Diagnosis and Testing Hepatitis A: Symptoms and Course of Infection Hepatitis A: Treatment and Postexposure Prophylaxis Hepatitis A: Groups at Higher Risk of Infection Hepatitis B: What is it? Hepatitis B: How is it Transmitted? Hepatitis B: Prevention and Vaccination Hepatitis B: Diagnosis and Testing Hepatitis B: Symptoms and Course of Infection Hepatitis B: Treatment and Postexposure Prophylaxis Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatitis G More articles... ARTICLES Testing and Diagnosis of Pediatric Hepatitis C Risk Factors for Pediatric HCV Infection Clinical Course of Pediatric Hepatitis C Infection Treatment of Pediatric Hepatitis C May. 30, 8PM ET Hepatitis Open Forum Emmet B. Keeffe, MD Diseases and Conditions Associated with Hepatitis C Article Date: 9/1/2004 Hepatitis C is associated with a variety of diseases and conditions. This does not mean that HCV causes these conditions, or that they cause HCV. It means that these conditions are sometimes found more frequently in patients who have hepatitis C. The first section of this article describes some of the various conditions and illnesses associated with hepatitis C. The second section (page 2) lists relevant studies, organized by disease state. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Behcet's Disease Behcet’s disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder. Symptoms of Behcet’s disease include recurrent ulcers in the mouth (resembling canker sores) and on the genitals, and eye inflammation. The disorder may also cause various types of skin lesions, arthritis, bowel inflammation, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord), and cranial nerve palsies. Behcet’s is a multi-system disease; it may involve all organs and affect the central nervous system, causing memory loss and impaired speech, balance, and movement. Cerebral Vasculitis Cerebral vasculitis is a disorder characterized by inflammation and necrosis (tissue death) of one or more arteries. It commonly occurs in the head, especially the temporal arteries that branch off of the carotid artery of the neck. The cause is unknown but is assumed to be related to an immune response. Cutaneous Vasculitis Cutaneous vasculitis is a type of inflammation that can affect any of the vessels in the skin, including capillaries, venules, arterioles and lymphatics. Cutaneous vasculitis can be due to any of several different causes and can have a wide variety of clinical presentations. It can be acute, subacute or chronic, and can affect both large and small blood vessels. When associated with tissue death, it is described as "necrotizing." Polyarteritis Nodosa Polyarteritis nodosa is a disease of unknown cause that affects arteries, the blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood to organs and tissues. It occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries, and damages the tissues supplied by the affected arteries because they don't receive enough oxygen and nourishment without a proper blood supply. In this disease, symptoms result from damage to affected organs, often the skin, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Generalized symptoms include fever, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss.Muscle aches (myalgia) and joint aches (arthralgia) are common. The skin may show rashes, swelling, ulcers, and lumps (nodular lesions). Nerve involvement may cause sensory changes with numbness, pain, burning, and weakness. Central nervous system involvement may cause strokes or seizures. Kidney involvement can produce varying degrees of renal failure. Involvement of the arteries of the heart may cause a heart attack (acute myocardial infarction), heart failure, and inflammation of the sack around the heart (pericarditis). Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic (long-term) inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints and surrounding tissues, but can also affect other organ systems. Rheumatoid arthritis involves an attack on the body by its own immune cells (auto-immune disease). Different cases may have different causes. Infectious, genetic, and hormonal factors may play a role. The disease can occur at any age, but it begins most often between the ages of 25 and 55. The disease is more common in older people. Women are affected more often than men. Approximately 1-2% of the total population is affected. The course and the severity of the illness can vary considerably. The onset of the disease is usually gradual, with fatigue, morning stiffness (lasting more than one hour), diffuse muscle aches, loss of appetite, and weakness. Eventually, joint pain appears, with warmth, swelling, tenderness, and stiffness of the joint after inactivity. RA usually affects joints on both sides of the body equally - wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most commonly affected. Sjogren's Syndrome / Sicca Syndrome Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjogren's syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The hallmark symptoms of the disorder are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren's syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness, and may affect other organs of the body, including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain. Sjogren's syndrome can damage vital organs of the body with symptoms that may remain stable, worsen, or go into remission. Some people may experience only the mild symptoms of dry eyes and mouth, while others go through cycles of good health followed by severe disease. Debilitating fatigue and joint pain can seriously impair quality of life.Many patients are able to treat problems symptomatically. Others are forced to cope with blurred vision, constant eye discomfort, recurrent mouth infections, swollen parotid glands, hoarseness, and difficulty in swallowing and eating.The term "sicca" refers to the dryness of the eyes and mouth. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases, the body's defenses against infection are turned against the body and rogue immune cells attack tissues. Antibodies may be produced that can react against the body's blood cells, organs, and tissues. These lead immune cells to attack the affected systems, producing chronic disease. The mechanism or cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully known, but many researchers suspect it occurs following infection with an organism that looks similar to particular proteins in the body, which are later mistaken for the organism and wrongly targeted for attack. The course of the disease may vary from a mild episodic illness to a severe fatal disease. Symptoms also vary widely in a particular individual over time and are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. At its onset, only one organ system may be involved. Additional organs may become involved later. Blood and Circulatory Disorders AgranulocytosisAgranulocytosis is a condition in which there is an insufficient number of white blood cells called neutrophils or granulocytes. This can be caused by a failure of the bone marrow to make sufficient neutrophils or when white blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be produced. Affected people are susceptible to infections. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome is a rare immune system characterized by the presence of certain abnormal proteins in the blood. Antiphospholipid antibodies interfere with the normal function of blood vessels. Certain infections and medications can result in the production of these proteins, which can increase the risk of blood clots. Antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome can be associated with blood clots in the legs and lungs, migraines, miscarriages, strokes and other blood disorders. Aplastic Anemia Secondary aplastic anemia results from injury to stem cells. Normal stem cells divide and differentiate into all blood cell types. Thus, when stem cells are injured, there is a reduction in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This condition can be caused by chemotherapy, drug therapy to suppress the immune system, radiation therapy, toxins such as benzene or arsenic, drugs, pregnancy, and congenital disorders. Immunohemolytic (Coombs-positive) Anemia Hemolytic anemia is a term used for a variety of anemias characterized by a low count of red blood cells. Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can produce them. The term for destruction of red blood cells is "hemolysis." Immunohemolytic (coombs-positive) anemia is the destruction of red blood cells due to an inappropriate attack on the red blood cells by cells of the immune system. Caput Medusae Caput medusae are dilated veins seen on the lower abdomen of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis impairs blood flow through the liver, causing increased pressure in the portal system (portal hypertension). The increased blood pressure can be transmitted to collateral veins in the abdomen, causing the formation of visible varicose veins in the lower abdomen. Cryoglobulinemia The symptoms associated with cryoglobulinemia occur when the cryoglobins are exposed to cold temperatures and precipitate, or clump together. The precipitated immunoglubulins are large enough to block off small arteries and capillaries in the extremities. The presence of the cryoglobin clusters can act as a direct irritant on the lining of arteries and veins, causing an inflammation of blood vessels called vasculitis. In cryoglobulinemia associated with HCV infection, the vasculitis typically involves the smaller blood vessels of the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. For references, see the article Cryoglobulinemia and Hepatitis C Infection. Hyperlipasemia Lipase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas and small intestine that breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids during digestion. Hyperlipasemia is a condition in which the level of lipase in the blood is higher than normal. Greater-than-normal levels suggest pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer or cholecystitis. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (See Skin Disorders) Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Porphyria is a group of at least eight diseases caused by abnormalities in the chemical steps that lead to heme production. Found mostly in the blood, bone marrow, and liver, heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. Heme is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. Porphyria cutanea tarda is the most common type of porphyria. Signs and symptoms usually begin in adulthood and result from the skin becoming overly sensitive to sunlight. Areas of skin exposed to the sun develop severe blistering, scarring, changes in pigmentation, and increased hair growth, and is easily damaged. People with porphyria cutanea tarda also have increased iron levels in the liver. They face a higher risk of developing abnormal liver function and liver cancer. The signs and symptoms of this condition are triggered by nongenetic factors such as alcohol abuse, excess iron, certain hormones, and viral infections. Raynaud's Syndrome Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. This disorder is characterized by episodic attacks, called vasospastic attacks, that cause the blood vessels in the digits (fingers and toes) to constrict (narrow). Raynaud's phenomenon can occur on its own, or it can be secondary to another condition such as scleroderma or lupus. An attack is usually triggered by exposure to cold or emotional stress. In general, attacks affect the fingers or toes but may affect the nose, lips, or ear lobes. Spider Nevi (Spider Angioma) Spider angioma is an abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. The appearance is often similar to that of a small spider web. A spider angioma lesion typically has a red dot in the center with reddish extensions radiating out for some distance around it (a few millimeters to a centimeter or more). Spider angiomas can occur anywhere, but are most common on the face and trunk, and are very common during pregnancy and in patients with liver disease. A colloquial term for spider nevi is "gin blossom." Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is a disorder in which the number of platelets (a type of blood cell) is abnormally low, sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding. Platelets are cells in the blood that help blood to clot. Thrombocytopenia refers to any disorder in which there are not enough platelets. Thrombocytopenia can also be associated with cancers of the blood and with disorders that cause bone marrow dysfunction. Symptoms can include bruising, nosebleeds or oral bleeding, and petechial rash (pinpoint red spots). Other symptoms may be present as well, depending on the cause of the condition. Mild thrombocytopenia can occur without symptoms. Cardiac Disorders Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a form of cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) involving enlargement and thickening of the heart muscle. The thickening is often not symmetrical, affecting one part of the heart more than others. It may interfere with the functioning of the heart by reducing the size of the ventricular chamber. It may also reduce the ability of the valves to work properly. The enlargement may, in some circumstances, obstruct the flow of blood out of the heart. Cancers B-cell Lymphoma Burkitt (b-cell) lymphoma is a lymph gland tumor classified as a non-Hodgkin's type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a malignancy (cancer) of lymph tissue found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The first sign of this cancer is often an enlarged lymph node which appears without a known cause. The disease can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and later may spread outside the lymph nodes to the lungs, liver, or bone marrow. Cholangiocarcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant (cancerous) growth in one of the ducts that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. A cholangiocarcinoma can arise anywhere along the liver's secretion (biliary) ducts. These tumors produce symptoms by blocking the bile ducts. They affect both sexes, and a majority of cases are found in patients above the age of 65. Head and Neck Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (cancer) is a malignant tumor that affects the middle layer of the skin. It is more aggressive than basal cell cancer, but still may be relatively slow-growing. It is more likely than basal cell cancer to spread (metastasize) to other locations, including internal organs. In the context of hepatitis C infection, squamous cell carcinoma may be consequence of the development of lichen planus. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Liver cancer, also called hepatocellular carcinoma or malignant hepatoma, is a primary liver cancer that originates in the hepatocytes (liver cells). Hepatocellular carcinoma is a tumor that is relatively uncommon in the United States, although its incidence is rising, principally in relation to the spread of hepatitis C infection. When liver cancer metastasizes, the cancer cells tend to spread to nearby lymph nodes and to the bones and lungs. Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow, characterized by the excessive growth and malfunction of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The growth of these extra plasma cells interferes with the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This causes anemia, susceptibility to infection, and increased tendencies toward bleeding. As the cancer cells grow and expand in the bone marrow, they also cause pain and destruction of the bones. If the bones in the spine are affected, compression of the nerves may result, causing numbness or paralysis. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs of the immune system). Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be slow-growing ("low-grade") or rapidly growing ("high-grade") cancer. For most patients, the cause is unknown, but lymphomas can develop in people with a suppressed immune system, such as after organ transplantation. Digestive and Biliary System Disorders Biliary Cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis is a liver disease that slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver.Bile is a substance that helps digest fat, is produced in the liver, and leaves the liver through these ducts. When the ducts are damaged, bile builds up in the liver and damages liver tissue, causing cirrhosis. Celiac Disease (Sprue) Celiac disease is an inherited, autoimmune disease. The lining of the small intestine is damaged in response to ingestion of gluten and other proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, possibly oats, and their derivatives. The exact cause of celiac disease is unknown. The symptoms of celiac disease can vary significantly from person to person. A partial listing of symptoms includes abdominal pain; abdominal distention; bloating; gas; indigestion; constipation; decreased appetite; diarrhea; lactose intolerance; nausea and vomiting; stools that float, are foul smelling, bloody, or “fatty;†and unexplained weight loss. Esophageal Varices Varices are veins which have been stretched and distorted by the increased pressure of blood diverted form the portal vein. Although esophageal varices are often discussed as a complication of liver disease, varices can also develop in the stomach and rectum. Any cause of chronic liver disease can cause bleeding varices. Varices are thin-walled and under high blood pressure, and bleeding is a common problem. Hemosiderosis / Hemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease) Hemosiderosis is the presence of increased amounts of iron in tissues (so-called "iron-rich foci"). When the surplus iron deposition is associated with tissue injury, the disease state is called hemochromatosis. Hemochromatosis is the most common form of iron overload disease, in which the body absorbs and stores too much iron. The extra iron builds up in organs and damages them. Without treatment, the disease can cause these organs to fail. Joint pain is the most common complaint of people with hemochromatosis. Other common symptoms include fatigue, lack of energy, abdominal pain, loss of sex drive, and heart problems. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is an inflammation or infection of the pancreas, an elongated, tapered gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon. The various types of pancreatitis involve irritation, inflammation, and infection of the pancreas. The disorders differ according to whether symptoms develop suddenly or slowly. Specific types of pancreatitis are chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis and pancreatic abscess. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers the organs. Spontaneous peritonitis is an infection that occurs as a complication of ascites (a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity), which is usually related to liver or kidney failure. Most cases of bacterial peritonitis occur either when fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity (ascites) because of chronic liver disease, or in kidney failure patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Risk factors for liver disease include alcoholic cirrhosis and other diseases that lead to cirrhosis, such as viral hepatitis. Kidney Disorders Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the internal kidney structures (glomeruli). Glomerulonephritis may be a temporary and reversible condition, or it may be progressive. Progressive glomerulonephritis may result in destruction of the kidney glomeruli, and chronic renal failure and end stage renal disease. The disease may be caused by specific problems with the body's immune system, but the precise cause of most cases is unknown. Damage to the glomeruli with subsequent impaired filtering causes blood and protein to be lost in the urine. Because symptoms develop gradually, the disorder may be discovered when there is an abnormal urinalysis during routine physical or examination for unrelated disorders. Glomerulonephritis can cause hypertension and may only be discovered as a cause of hypertension that is difficult to control. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is a form of glomerulonephritis caused by an abnormal immune response with deposits of antibodies in the internal kidney structures (glomeruli). The glomerular membrane disruption causes a change in urine filtration, making the glomerulus permeable to protein and blood cells. This is manifested as acute nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, or abnormal urinalysis without symptoms. Urine output decreases because of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Swelling may occur as sodium and water are retained in the body. Protein in the bloodstream keeps fluid within the blood vessels. Edema is increased when protein is lost because fluid leaks out of blood vessels into the tissues. Hypertension occurs due to the cumulative effects of water and sodium retention and increased production of renin (a hormone that regulates blood pressure) by the damaged kidney. Nitrogenous waste products such as urea (BUN) and creatinine may accumulate in the blood (azotemia) because of poor kidney functioning. The disorder is often progressive and eventually results in chronic renal failure. Hepatorenal Syndrome Hepatorenal syndrome occurs when there is a decrease in kidney function in a person with a liver disorder. The most common symptom is decreased urine production. As a result of reduced elimination of urine, nitrogen-containing waste products accumulate in the bloodstream (azotemia). The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. For some reason, there is drastic reduction in blood flow to the kidneys. The kidney structure remains essentially normal, and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected (for example, by liver transplantation). The disorder occurs in up to 10 percent of patients hospitalized with liver failure. It may be a sign of impending death caused by the accumulated effects of liver damage and kidney failure in people with acute liver failure, cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis. It is diagnosed when other causes of kidney failure are ruled out. Lung Disorders Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring or thickening of tissues deep in the lung without a known cause. Pulmonary fibrosis damages the air sacs (alveoli) and leads to reduced transfer of oxygen to the blood, resulting in shortness of breath on exertion, decreased tolerance for activity, cough (usually dry), and chest pain. When the cause of pulmonary fibrosis is unknown, the disease is described as idiopathic. Metabolic and Hormonal Disorders Diabetes Diabetes is a life-long disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. It can be caused by too little insulin (a hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar), resistance to insulin, or both. In Type 1 diabetes, the body makes little or no insulin, and daily injections of insulin are required to sustain life. In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin. High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems, including frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, weight loss, and blurry vision. However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people with high blood sugar experience no symptoms at all. Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time, and the condition is often diagnosed in an emergency setting. Gynecomastia Gynecomastia is the formation of abnormal breast tissue in males. The condition may occur in one or both breasts and begins as a small lump beneath the nipple, which may be tender. The breasts often enlarge unevenly. Apart from puberty, causes of gynecomastia include chronic liver disease, kidney failure, and exposure to estrogens, androgens (often taken secretly for body building), marijuana, and some medications. Rare causes include tumors, genetic defects, or an overactive thyroid. Testicular Atrophy / Hypogonadism Testicular atrophy is a term used to describe the shrinking of testicles. Hypogonadism is a reduced or absent secretion of hormones from the sex glands (gonads). In men, these are the testes; in women, the ovaries. The cause of hypogonadism may be "primary" or "central." In primary hypogonadism, the ovaries or testes themselves do not function properly. Some causes include surgery; radiation; genetic and developmental disorders; liver and kidney disease; infection; and certain autoimmune disorders. In girls, hypogonadism during childhood will result in lack of menstruation and breast development and short height. If hypogonadism occurs after puberty, symptoms include loss of menstruation, low libido, hot flashes, and loss of body hair. In boys, hypogonadism in childhood results in lack of muscle and beard development and growth problems. In men the usual complaints are sexual dysfunction, decreased beard and body hair, breast enlargement, and muscle loss.Thyroid Disease The thyroid gland is located in the base of the neck on both sides of the lower part of the larynx and upper part of the trachea. The gland produces thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by a hormone from the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormone acts throughout the body to regulate the metabolism of the cells. Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis occurs when the thyroid releases too many of its hormones over a short (acute) or long (chronic) period of time. Many diseases and conditions can cause this problem. Symptoms can include weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness, restlessness, heat intolerance, increased sweating, fatigue, frequent bowel movements, menstrual irregularities and goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid). Hypothyroidism, or underactivity of the thyroid gland, may cause a variety of symptoms and may affect all body functions. The body's normal rate of functioning slows, causing mental and physical sluggishness. The symptoms may vary from mild to severe, with the most severe form called myxedema, which is a medical emergency. Muscle and Bone Disorders Arthralgia Arthralgia is pain affecting one or more joints, and is commonly associated with arthritis, discussed below. Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis) Arthritis involves inflammation of one or more joints and the breakdown of cartilage. Cartilage normally protects the joint, allowing for smooth movement. Cartilage also absorbs shock when pressure is placed on the joint. Without the usual amount of cartilage, the bones rub together, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. With some injuries and diseases, the inflammation does not go away or destruction results in long-term pain and deformity; this is called chronic arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease causing deterioration of the joint cartilage (the softer parts of bones, which cushion their connections to each other) and the formation of new bone (bone spurs) at the margins of the joints. For most people, the cause of osteoarthritis is unknown, but metabolic, genetic, chemical, and mechanical factors play a role in its development. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic (long-term) inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints and surrounding tissues, but can also affect other organ systems. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown. However, RA involves an attack on the body by its own immune cells (see the section on auto-immune diseases, above). Fibromyalgia Syndrome Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain illness which is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal aches, pain and stiffness, soft tissue tenderness, general fatigue and sleep disturbances. The most prominent symptom of fibromyalgia is pain, commonly located in the neck, shoulders, back, and hips. Unlike arthritis, the discomfort is not in the joints, but in the muscles and ligaments. Hepatic Osteodystrophy Hepatic osteodystrophy is a generic definition for the metabolic bone disease that may occur in individuals with chronic liver disease involving two distinct processes: osteoporosis (the loss of bony tissue) and osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Hepatic osteodystrophy is a common complication among individuals with long-lasting hepatic disease, particularly those with cholestasis (reduced or stopped bile flow). Hepatitis C-Associated Osteosclerosis Hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis is a very rare disorder characterized by a marked increase in bone mass. Symptoms include diffuse but progressive bone pain, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and increased bone density. Inflammatory Myositis and Myalgia Myositis is an inflammation or swelling of the voluntary (skeletal) muscles. Mylagia is another term for muscle pain. Neurological Disorders Leukoencephalopathy Leukoencephalopathy is the destruction of the myelin sheaths which cover nerve fibers and promote the transmission of nerve impulses. Patients with leukoencephalopathy may present with a variety of clinical findings ranging from mild confusion to lethargy, dysarthria, dysphasia, ataxia, spasticity, or progressive dementia. Paresthesia / Peripheral Neuropathy Paresthesia refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body. The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching. Chronic paresthesia is often a symptom of an underlying neurological disease or traumatic nerve damage. Paresthesia can be caused by disorders affecting the central nervous system, such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes), multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, and encephalitis. A tumor or vascular lesion pressed up against the brain or spinal cord can also cause paresthesia. Nerve entrapment syndromes, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, can damage peripheral nerves and cause paresthesia accompanied by pain. Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to the peripheral nerves. It may be caused by diseases of the nerves or as the result of systemic illnesses. Many neuropathies have well-defined causes such as diabetes, uremia, AIDs, or nutritional deficiencies. In fact, diabetes is one of the most common causes of peripheral neuropathy. Although the causes of peripheral neuropathy are diverse, they produce common symptoms including weakness, numbness, paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as burning, tickling, pricking or tingling) and pain in the arms, hands, legs and/or feet. Encephalopathy Encephalopathy is a term for any diffuse disease of the brain that alters brain function or structure. Causes of encephalopathy include infectious disease, metabolic dysfunction, brain tumor, toxic exposure, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain, and more. The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state. Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are progressive loss of memory and cognitive ability, subtle personality changes, inability to concentrate, lethargy, and progressive loss of consciousness. Other neurological symptoms may include involuntary twitching of a muscle or group of muscles, rapid, involuntary eye movement, tremor, muscle atrophy and weakness, dementia, seizures, and loss of ability to swallow or speak. Skin Disorders Acral Necrolytic Erythema Necrolytic acral erythema is a rash located exclusively on the acral areas (the extremities of peripheral body parts), and is strongly association with hepatitis C infection. The rash appears as erythematous (reddened) patches with darkened borders, and loose blisters with erosions. Erythema Multiforme Erythema multiforme is a type of hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction that occurs in response to medications, infections, or illness. Erythema multiforme may present with a classic skin lesion with or without systemic (whole body) symptoms. In s- syndrome, the systemic symptoms are severe and the lesions are extensive, involving multiple body areas (especially the mucous membranes). Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN syndrome, or Lyell's syndrome) involves multiple large blisters (bullae) that coalesce, followed by sloughing of all or most of the skin and mucous membranes. Palmar Erythema Palmar erythema is a reddening of the palms of the hands. Sometimes the soles of the feet are often also affected. Also known as "liver palms," palmar erythema has been attributed to high estrogen levels. Thrombocytopenic Purpura Thrombocytopenic purpura is a bleeding disorder characterized by too few platelets in the blood. This is because platelets are being destroyed by the immune system. The disease occurs when immune system cells, called lymphocytes, produce antibodies against platelets. When the cause is unknown, the condition is called Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Platelets are necessary for normal blood clotting. They clump together to plug small holes in damaged vessels. The presence of antibodies on platelets leads to their destruction in the spleen. A characteristic skin rash, easy bruising, abnormal menstrual bleeding, or sudden and severe loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract may occur. Lichen Planus Lichen planus is an uncommon disorder involving a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory rash or lesion on the skin or in the mouth. The exact cause is unknown, but the disorder is likely to be related to an allergic or immune reaction. The disorder has been known to develop after exposure to potential allergens such as medications, dyes, and other chemical substances. Symptoms are increased with emotional stress, possibly because of changes in immune system during stress. Symptoms include itching in the location of a lesion, skin lesions located on the inner areas of the wrist, legs, torso, or genitals, ridges in the nails, dry mouth, metallic taste in the mouth, mouth lesions and hair loss. Papular Acrodermatitis (Gianotti-Crosti disease) Acrodermatitis is a skin condition peculiar to children that may be accompanied by mild symptoms of fever and malaise. It may also be associated with Hepatitis B and other viral infections. The mechanism that causes acrodermatitis is poorly understood, but its association with other infections is well documented. The lesions of acrodermatitis appear as small coppery-red, flat-topped firm papules that appear in crops and sometimes in long linear strings. The lesions are often symmetric (equal on both sides) and appear on the face, arms and legs, and buttocks. This is one of the few rashes that may also appear on the palms and soles. Generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes and liver may be seen. In Italian children, acrodermatitis is seen frequently in conjunction with Hepatitis B, but this association is rarely seen in the USA. In addition to Hepatitis B, acrodermatitis has also been associated with Epstein-Barr virus infections (EBV, mononucleosis), cytomegalovirus, coxsackie viruses, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and some live virus vaccines. Pruritus (Itching) and Urticaria (Skin Rash) Pruritus is an itching sensation that triggers the desire to scratch. It is a distressing symptom that can cause discomfort. Scratching may cause breaks in the skin that may result in infection. Pruritus can be related to anything from dry skin to undiagnosed cancer. Pruritus is a symptom, not a diagnosis or disease. Rashes involve changes in the color or texture of skin. Often, the cause of a rash can be determined from its visible characteristics and other symptoms. A simple rash is called dermatitis, meaning inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis is caused by things your skin touches, such as dyes and other chemicals in clothing, chemicals in elastic, latex, and rubber products, cosmetics, soaps, detergents, poison ivy, oak, or sumac. Seborrheic dermatitis is a rash that appears in patches of redness and scaling around the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, nose, the trunk, and behind the ears. If it happens on your scalp, it is called dandruff in adults and cradle cap in infants. Many medical conditions can cause a rash, such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, especially the juvenile type, and kawasaki disease. Vision Disorders n's Corneal Ulcer n's Ulcer is a chronic superficial ulcer of the cornea with a undermined border. It is progressive, painful, and may involve the entire cornea of the eye. (Continued...)Reviewed 7/15/05 by V. J. , RN, BSN, MA In this section, we list some studies that have examined the various diseases associated with hepatitis C infection. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Behcet's Disease Sonmezoglu M, et al. Examination of the relationship between the hepatitis C virus and Behcet's disease. J Dermatol 2004 May;31(5):442-3. Cesur S, et al. Prevalence of extrahepatic illnesses in patients with chronic hepatitis b and hepatitis c: retrospective study of 435 patients. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2003 Apr-Jun;37(2-3):187-93. Aksu K, et al. Prevalences of hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses in Behcet's disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Dec;38(12):1279-81. Cerebral Vasculitis Arena MG, et al. Cerebral vasculitis in a patient with HCV-related type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003;13(2):135-6. Heckmann JG, et al. Neurological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. J Neurol. 1999 Jun;246(6):486-91. Cutaneous Vasculitis Marcellin P, et al. Cryoglobulinemia with vasculitis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1993 Jan;104(1):272-7. Karlsberg PL, et al. Cutaneous vasculitis and rheumatoid factor positivity as presenting signs of hepatitis C virus-induced mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arch Dermatol. 1995 Oct;131(10):1119-23. Cacoub P, et al. Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002 Jan;14(1):29-35. Polyarteritis Nodosa Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2002 Oct-Dec;1(4):192-5. Nocente R, et al. HCV infection and extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Jul-Aug;50(52):1149-54. Cohen P. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus. Presse Med. 2000 Feb 5;29(4):209-14. Cacoub P, et al. Systemic vasculitis in patients with hepatitis C. J Rheumatol. 2001 Jan;28(1):109-18. Quint L, et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Prevalence in 38 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991 May-Jun;9(3):253-7. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Rheumatoid Arthritis Cesur S, et al. Prevalence of extrahepatic illnesses in patients with chronic hepatitis b and hepatitis c: retrospective study of 435 patients. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2003 Apr-Jun;37(2-3):187-93. Rosner I. The case for hepatitis C arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;33(6):375-87. Masuko-Hongo K, et al. Virus-associated arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003 Apr;17(2):309-18. Sjogren's Syndrome / Sicca Syndrome Ohoka S, et al. Sialadenitis in patients with chronic hepatitis C is not directly related to hepatitis C virus. Hepatol Res. 2003 Sep;27(1):23-29. Ramos-Casals M, et al. Viral etiopathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome: role of the hepatitis C virus. Autoimmun Rev. 2002 Aug;1(4):238-43. Chernetsova OV, et al. Sjogren's syndrome in chronic hepatitis C: clinical features and diagnosis. Ter Arkh. 2003;75(4):33-7. Nocente R, et al. HCV infection and extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Jul-Aug;50(52):1149-54. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Ramos-Casals M, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: study of hepatitis C virus infection in a series of 134 Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Dec;43(12):2801-6. Qin CL, et al. Analysis of clinical and immunological features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by hepatitis C virus infection. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Oct;22(10):939-41. Blood and Circulatory Disorders Agranulocytosis Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2002 Oct-Dec;1(4):192-5. Ramos-Casals M, et al. Severe autoimmune cytopenias in treatment-naive hepatitis C virus infection: clinical description of 35 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Mar;82(2):87-96. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Prieto J, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in chronic hepatitis C: implication of hepatitis C virus as the cause of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Hepatology. 1996 Feb;23(2):199-204. Calvo Romero JM, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus positive hepatitis and antiphospholipid syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Nov;21(9):437-8. Aplastic Anemia Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2002 Oct-Dec;1(4):192-5. Ramos-Casals M, et al. Severe autoimmune cytopenias in treatment-naive hepatitis C virus infection: clinical description of 35 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Mar;82(2):87-96. Kryczka W, Kisiel E. Hematologic syndromes in hepatitis C virus infection. Przegl Lek. 2000;57(11):672-5. Immunohemolytic (Coombs-positive) Anemia Elhajj II. Chronic hepatitis C associated with Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia. Hematol J. 2004;5(4):364-6. Srinivasan R. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis C infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Mar;32(3):245-7. Moccia F, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: an unusual extrahepatic autoimmune manifestation. Ann Ital Med Int. 2001 Oct-Dec;16(4):203-4. Caput Medusae Sato T. Cutaneous manifestations of liver cirrhosis. Nippon Rinsho. 1994 Jan;52(1):170-3. J. Caput medusae: peristomal varices. J ET Nurs. 1993 Sep-Oct;20(5):216-9. Cryoglobulinemia For references, see the article Cryoglobulinemia and Hepatitis C Infection. Hyperlipasemia Yoffe B, et al. Hyperlipasemia associated with hepatitis C virus. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Aug;48(8):1648-53. Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Sams H, et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis: a case report and review of the literature. Cutis. 2004 Mar;73(3):188-90. Nocente R, et al. HCV infection and extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Jul-Aug;50(52):1149-54. Gisbert JP, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in porphyria cutanea tarda: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2003 Oct;39(4):620-7. Bauza A, et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda, dermatomyositis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in virus C infection. Eur J Dermatol. 2003 May-Jun;13(3):302-4. Rivanera D, et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda: relationship to HCV-genotypes. New Microbiol. 1998 Oct;21(4):329-34. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Raynaud's Syndrome Iorio R, et al. Severe Raynaud's phenomenon with chronic hepatis C disease treated with interferon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Feb;22(2):195-7. Aprosina ZG, et al. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral liver diseases. Arkh Patol. 1999 Sep-Oct;61(5):51-5. Olesinska M, et al. Rheumatic syndromes during the course of HCV infection. Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2002 Feb;12(68):119-21. Spider Nevi (Spider Angioma) Albrecht G. Skin manifestations of alcoholic liver damage. Ther Umsch. 2000 Apr;57(4):232-5. Pirovino M, et al. Cutaneous spider nevi in liver cirrhosis: capillary microscopical and hormonal investigations. Klin Wochenschr. 1988 Apr 1;66(7):298-302. Li CP, et al. Role of substance P in the pathogenesis of spider angiomas in patients with nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Feb;94(2):502-7. Thrombocytopenia Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2002 Oct-Dec;1(4):192-5. Medina J, et al. Hepatitis C virus-related extra-hepatic disease--aetiopathogenesis and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul 15;20(2):129-41. de Almeida AJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated thrombocytopenia: a controlled prospective, virological study. Ann Hematol. 2004 Jul;83(7):434-40. Epub 2004 Feb 13. Panzer S, Seel E. Is there an increased frequency of autoimmune thrombocytopenia in hepatitis C infection? A review. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2003;153(19-20):417-20. Cardiac Disorders Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Teragaki M, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels. 2003 Sep;18(4):167-70. Matsumori A, et al. Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Lab Invest. 2000 Jul;80(7):1137-42. Takeda N. Cardiomyopathy: molecular and immunological aspects (review). Int J Mol Med. 2003 Jan;11(1):13-6. Naruse TK, Inoko H. HLA and hepatitis C virus positive cardiomyopathy. Nippon Rinsho. 2000 Jan;58(1):212-7. Cancers B-cell lymphoma Zuckerman E, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Sep 15;127(6):423-8. Mizorogi F, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Intern Med. 2000 Feb;39(2):112-7. Negri E, et al. B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2004 Aug 10;111(1):1-8. Cholangiocarcinoma Yamamoto S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2004 Jul;95(7):592-5. Donato F, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: a case-control study in Italy. Cancer Causes Control. 2001 Dec;12(10):959-64. Polizos A, et al. Advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar;15(3):331-4. Head and Neck Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Fatahzadeh M, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in an oral lichenoid lesion. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Jun;135(6):754-9; quiz 796. Eisen D. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002 Feb;46(2):207-14. Porter SR, et al. Development of squamous cell carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-associated lichen planus. Oral Oncol. 1997 Jan;33(1):58-9. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tagger A, et al. Case-control study on hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of HCV genotypes and the synergism with hepatitis B virus and alcohol. Brescia HCC Study. Int J Cancer. 1999 May 31;81(5):695-9. Yotsuyanagi H, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1995 Oct 15;76(8):1352-5. Dutta U, et al. Hepatocellular proliferation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in chronic hepatitis C. Hum Pathol. 1998 Nov;29(11):1279-84. Multiple Myeloma Montella M, et al. HCV and cancer: a case-control study in a high-endemic area. Liver. 2001 Oct;21(5):335-41. Gharagozloo S, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Pathol Oncol Res. 2001;7(2):135-9. Paydas S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders in Southern Turkey. Br J Cancer. 1999 Jul;80(9):1303-5. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Paydas S, et al. Anti-HCV and HCV-RNA prevalence and clinical correlations in cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2003 Oct;74(2):89-93. Engels EA, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of the NCI-SEER multi-center case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Aug 10;111(1):76-80. Gisbert JP, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Feb;16(2):135-8. Digestive and Biliary System Disorders Biliary Cirrhosis Floreani A, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Dec;98(12):2757-62. Caballeria L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: similar incidence to that in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Apr;96(4):1160-3. Floreani A, et al. Incidence of hepatic and extra-hepatic malignancies in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Ital J Gastroenterol. 1993 Nov-Dec;25(9):473-6. Celiac Disease (Sprue) Fine KD, et al. Celiac sprue: another autoimmune syndrome associated with hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jan;96(1):138-45. Kaukinen K, et al. Celiac disease in patients with severe liver disease: gluten-free diet may reverse hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;122(4):881-8. Morillas MJ, et al. Adult celiac disease and hepatopathy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1991 Mar;79(3):197-200. Esophageal Varices Arguedas MR. The critically ill liver patient: the variceal bleeder. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2003 Jan;14(1):34-8. Odelowo OO, et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002 Aug;94(8):712-5. Hemosiderosis / Hemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease) Lefkowitch JH, et al. Iron-rich foci in chronic viral hepatitis. Hum Pathol. 1998 Feb;29(2):116-8. Kaji K, et al. Hemosiderin deposition in portal endothelial cells: a novel hepatic hemosiderosis frequent in chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Hum Pathol. 1995 Oct;26(10):1080-5. Smirnov OA, et al. Liver hemosiderosis in chronic hepatitis. Arkh Patol. 2003 Jan-Feb;65(1):39-42. Di Bisceglie AM, et al. Measurements of iron status in patients with chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1992 Jun;102(6):2108-13. Pancreatitis Amarapurkar DN, Amarapurkar AD. Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis. Ann Hepatol. 2002 Oct-Dec;1(4):192-5. Alvares-Da-Silva MR, et al. Acute hepatitis C complicated by pancreatitis: another extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus? J Viral Hepat. 2000 Jan;7(1):84-6. Eugene C, et al. Acute pancreatitis associated with non-A-non-B hepatitis. Report of a case. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990 Apr;12(2):195-7. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Fernandez J, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 2002 Jan;35(1):140-8. Llovet JM, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis undergoing selective intestinal decontamination. A retrospective study of 229 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes. J Hepatol. 1997 Jan;26(1):88-95. Soriano G, et al. Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1991 Feb;100(2):477-81. Kidney Disorders Glomerulonephritis Arase Y, et al. Glomerulonephritis in autopsy cases with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med. 1998 Oct;37(10):836-40. Lopes LM, et al. revalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in primary glomerulonephritis in Brazil. Am J Nephrol. 1998;18(6):495-7. Altraif IH, et al. Hepatitis C associated glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol. 1995;15(5):407-10. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Yamabe H, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Japan. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995 Aug;6(2):220-3. Rostoker G, et al. Type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and HCV infection. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11 Suppl 4:22-4. Pasquariello A, et al. Cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus. Am J Nephrol. 1993;13(4):300-4. Hepatorenal Syndrome Cardenas A, Arroyo V. Hepatorenal syndrome. Ann Hepatol. 2003 Jan-Mar;2(1):23-9. Gines P, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome. Lancet. 2003 Nov 29;362(9398):1819-27. Praditpornsilpa K, et al. Hepatitis virus and kidney. Singapore Med J. 1996 Dec;37(6):639-44. Lung Disorders Pulmonary Fibrosis Meliconi R, et al. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in Italian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax. 1996 Mar;51(3):315-7. Manganelli P, et al. Hepatitis C virus and pulmonary fibrosis. Recenti Prog Med. 2002 May;93(5):322-6. Aisa Y, et al. Polymyositis, pulmonary fibrosis and malignant lymphoma associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med. 2001 Nov;40(11):1109-12. Metabolic Disorders Diabetes Bahtiyar G, et al. Association of diabetes and hepatitis C infection: epidemiologic evidence and pathophysiologic insights. Curr Diab Rep. 2004 Jun;4(3):194-8. Thuluvath PJ, PR. Association between hepatitis C, diabetes mellitus, and race. a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):438-41. Brischetto R, et al. Prevalence and significance of type-2 diabetes mellitus in chronic liver disease, correlated with hepatitis C virus. Ann Ital Med Int. 2003 Jan-Mar;18(1):31-6. Gynecomastia Islam N, et al. Cirrhosis of liver. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1981 Dec;7(2):45-51. Pfeilschifter J. Disordered hormone regulation in gynecomastia. Kongressbd Dtsch Ges Chir Kongr. 2002;119:743-7. Yoshitsugu M, et al. Endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis-focused on sex hormones. Nippon Rinsho. 1997 Nov;55(11):3002-6. Cavanaugh J, et al. Gynecomastia and cirrhosis of the liver. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Mar;150(3):563-5. Testicular Atrophy / Hypogonadism Yoshitsugu M, et al. Endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis-focused on sex hormones. Nippon Rinsho. 1997 Nov;55(11):3002-6. Morimoto I. Gonadal dysfunctions in liver cirrhosis. Nippon Rinsho. 1994 Jan;52(1):132-7. Islam N, et al. Cirrhosis of liver. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1981 Dec;7(2):45-51. Thyroid Disease Antonelli A, et al. Thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Med. 2004 Jul 1;117(1):10-3. Ganne- N, et al. Latent autoimmune thyroiditis in untreated patients with HCV chronic hepatitis: a case-control study. J Autoimmun. 2000 Mar;14(2):189-93. Broussolle C, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and thyroid diseases. Rev Med Interne. 1999 Sep;20(9):766-73. Muscle and Bone Disorders Arthralgia / Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis) J, et al. Arthritis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol. 1999 Feb;26(2):420-4. Buskila D. Hepatitis C-associated arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Jul;12(4):295-9. Vassilopoulos D, Calabrese LH. Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2003 Jun;5(3):200-4. Olivieri I, et al. Hepatitis C virus and arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;29(1):111-22. Fibromyalgia Syndrome Kozanoglu E, et al. Fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with hepatitis C infection. Rheumatol Int. 2003 Sep;23(5):248-51. Epub 2003 Mar 18. Buskila D, et al. Fibromyalgia in hepatitis C virus infection. Another infectious disease relationship. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Nov 24;157(21):2497-500. Goulding C, et al. Prevalence of fibromyalgia, anxiety and depression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to RT-PCR status and mode of acquisition. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 May;13(5):507-11. J, et al. Fibromyalgia-associated hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Sep;36(9):981-5. Hepatic Osteodystrophy Idilman R, et al. Hepatic osteodystrophy: a review. Hepatogastroenterology. 1997 Mar-Apr;44(14):574-81. Tsuneoka K, et al. Osteodystrophy in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol. 1996 Oct;31(5):669-78. Karan MA, et al. Osteodystrophy in posthepatitic cirrhosis. Yonsei Med J. 2001 Oct;42(5):547-52. Hepatitis C-Associated Osteosclerosis Khosla S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor system abnormalities in hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis. Potential insights into increasing bone mass in adults. J Clin Invest. 1998 May 15;101(10):2165-73. Shaker JL, et al. Hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis: late onset after blood transfusion in an elderly woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jan;83(1):93-8. Diamond T, Depczynski B. Acquired osteosclerosis associated with intravenous drug use and hepatitis C infection. Bone. 1996 Dec;19(6):679-83. Whyte MP, et al. Doubling skeletal mass during adult life: the syndrome of diffuse osteosclerosis after intravenous drug abuse. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Apr;11(4):554-8. Inflammatory Myositis and Myalgia Di Muzio A, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and myositis: a virus localization study. Neuromuscul Disord. 2003 Jan;13(1):68-71. Kase S, et al. Inclusion body myositis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Liver. 2001 Oct;21(5):357-60. Satoh J, et al. Necrotizing myopathy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a case report and a review of the literature. Intern Med. 2000 Feb;39(2):176-81. Neurological Disorders Leukoencephalopathy Heckmann JG, et al. Neurological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. J Neurol. 1999 Jun;246(6):486-91. Kamar N, et al. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in hepatitis C virus-positive long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Apr;37(4):E29. Paresthesia / Peripheral Neuropathy Paoletti V, et al. Peripheral neuropathy without cryoglobulinemia in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Panminerva Med. 2000 Sep;42(3):175-8. De o L, et al. Viral RNA in nerve tissues of patients with hepatitis C infection and peripheral neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2003 Jan;27(1):102-4. Ripault MP, et al. Peripheral neuropathies and chronic hepatitis C: a frequent association? Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1998 Nov;22(11):891-6. Zaltron S, et al. High prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in hepatitis C virus infected patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic cryoglobulinaemia. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Aug;30(4):391-5. Heckmann JG, et al. Neurological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. J Neurol. 1999 Jun;246(6):486-91. Encephalopathy Mullen KD. Newer aspects of hepatic encephalopathy. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 Dec;22 Suppl 2:S17-20. Tandon BN. Hepatic encephalopathy syndromes. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 Dec;22 Suppl 2:S4-6. EA, Weissenborn K. Neurology and the liver. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;63(3):279-93. Gerber T, Schomerus H. Hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Drugs. 2000 Dec;60(6):1353-70. Skin Disorders Acral Necrolytic Erythema el Darouti M, Abu el Ela M. Necrolytic acral erythema: a cutaneous marker of viral hepatitis C. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Apr;35(4):252-6. Khanna VJ, et al. Necrolytic acral erythema associated with hepatitis C: effective treatment with interferon alfa and zinc. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Jun;136(6):755-7. Hivnor CM, et al. Necrolytic acral erythema: response to combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004 May;50(5 Suppl):S121-4. Erythema Multiforme Daoud MS, et al. Chronic hepatitis C and skin diseases: a review. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 Jun;70(6):559-64. Calista D, Landi G. Lichen planus, erythema nodosum, and erythema multiforme in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Cutis. 2001 Jun;67(6):454-6. Hadziyannis SJ. Skin diseases associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998 Jan;10(1):12-21. Thrombocytopenic Purpura Pockros PJ, et al. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):2040-5. Pawlotsky JM, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Hepatol. 1995 Dec;23(6):635-9. Fujita H. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura following viral infection. Nippon Rinsho. 2003 Apr;61(4):650-4. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Lichen Planus Carrozzo M, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in Italian patients with oral lichen planus: a prospective case-control study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996 Nov;25(10):527-33. Chung CH, et al. Relationship of oral lichen planus to hepatitis C virus in southern Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2004 Apr;20(4):151-9. Klanrit P, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in Thai patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Dis. 2003 Nov;9(6):292-7. Nocente R, et al. HCV infection and extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Jul-Aug;50(52):1149-54. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Katta R. Lichen planus. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Jun 1;61(11):3319-24, 3327-8. Papular Acrodermatitis (Gianotti-Crosti disease) Pyrsopoulos NT, Reddy KR. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2001 Feb;3(1):71-8. Colombo M, et al. Acute hepatitis B in children with papular acrodermatitis. Pediatr Pathol. 1986;6(2-3):249-57. Lee S, et al. Gianotti-Crosti syndrome associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (subtype adr). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985 Apr;12(4):629-33. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Pruritus (Itching) and Urticaria (Skin Rash) Doria C, et al. Effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system in hepatitis C virus-related intractable pruritus. Liver Transpl. 2003 Apr;9(4):437-43. JM. Hepatitis C and the skin. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):449-58. Zirwas MJ, Seraly MP. Pruritus of unknown origin: a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Dec;45(6):892-6. Bonacini M. Pruritus in patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C virus infections. Dig Liver Dis. 2000 Oct;32(7):621-5. Paoletti V, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of skin diseases in chronic HCV infection. A prospective study in 96 patients. Panminerva Med. 2002 Dec;44(4):349-52. Hadziyannis SJ. Skin diseases associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998 Jan;10(1):12-21. Vision Disorders n's Corneal Ulcer Pluznik D, Butrus SI. Hepatitis C-associated peripheral corneal ulceration: rapid response to intravenous steroids. Cornea. 2001 Nov;20(8):888-9. Moazami G, et al. Interferon treatment of n's ulcers associated with hepatitis C. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995 Mar;119(3):365-6. SE, et al. n-type hepatitis C virus-associated corneal ulceration. Ophthalmology. 1994 Apr;101(4):736-45. [ 1 ]2Next Common Liver Lab Tests Understanding Liver Biopsy Inflammation of the Liver Liver Fibrosis Cirrhosis of the Liver End Stage Liver Disease Liver Cancer Other Complications of HCV Infection Fibromylagia and Hepatitis C Infection Diabetes and Hepatitis C Infection Pain Management and Hepatitis C Infection Cryoglobulinemia and Hepatitis C Infection NIDDK: Bleeding in the GI Tract NIDDK: Hepchromatosis NIDDK: Primary Biliary Cirrhosis NIDDK: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis NLM: Abdominal Pain NLM: Ascites NLM: Biliary Obstruction NLM: Bleeding Disorders NLM: Bleeding Esophageal Varices NLM: Cholangitis NLM: Cirrhosis NLM: Coughing Up Blood NLM: Gastrointestinal Bleeding NLM: Hepatic Encephalopathy NLM: Hepatic Hemangioma NLM: Hepatic Ischemia NLM: Hepatocellular Carcinoma NLM: Hepatomegaly NLM: Jaundice - Associated Conditions NLM: Jaundice - Yellow skin NLM: Lichen Planus NLM: Liver Metastases NLM: Peripheral Neuropathy NLM: Primary Cryoglobulinemia NLM: Stools - pale or clay colored NLM: Vomiting Blood This link brought to you by Schering Corporation about us | contact us | privacy policy | terms of use | logout | news Hepatitis Neighborhood is a service of CuraScript www.curascript.com Copyright © 1999-2005 CuraScript, Inc. 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Guest guest Posted May 26, 2006 Report Share Posted May 26, 2006 thanks terry very good info the ist page help alot Be a chatter box. Enjoy free PC-to-PC calls with Messenger with Voice. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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