Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 In a message dated 8/29/00 1:17:56 PM Eastern Daylight Time, Alialley@... writes: > it me last night - what if they > induce " MS-like " disease in the mice with heavy metal poisoning. Wouldn't > that be shocking since mercury causes MS like symptoms and we could get the > same from our dental office visits! How could I find out how they give the > 'disease' to the mice? Alice > Alice , Good thought. I went to a new dr yesterday. I do have high toxic levels of mercury and lead! He thinks that is what has caused the neurologic damage for me. What I didn't get answered is does h metal poisoning cause the brain leisons? Does anyone know what else besides MS and stroke would cause the leisons? If they are from mercury ,there is HOPE! By the way this doc said I have severe adrenal insufficieny. Probably been that way always but the solumedrol put me over the edge. I am really weak. Do you believe my neuro still thinks that if I'm fatigued , I just need more solumedrol!!@# Kaye Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 Alialley@... wrote: I have read about scientific experiments on animals where researchers were searching for a 'cure' for multiple sclerosis. They often say they used mice that have been treated (I don't think that was the word exactly) to have a disease that mimics MS, since they cannot use people. It has letters with an E, wish I could remember the induced disease name. Anyway, I have always thought this sounded rather useless, since they also claim they are not sure they even know what causes MS in people. It hit me last night - what if they induce "MS-like" disease in the mice with heavy metal poisoning. Wouldn't that be shocking since mercury causes MS like symptoms and we could get the same from our dental office visits! How could I find out how they give the 'disease' to the mice? Alice .. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 At 01:16 PM 08/29/2000 EDT, you wrote: >I have read about scientific experiments on animals where researchers were >searching for a 'cure' for multiple sclerosis. They often say they used mice >that have been treated (I don't think that was the word exactly) to have a >disease that mimics MS, since they cannot use people. It has letters with an >E, wish I could remember the induced disease name. Anyway, I have always >thought this sounded rather useless, since they also claim they are not sure >they even know what causes MS in people. It hit me last night - what if they >induce " MS-like " disease in the mice with heavy metal poisoning. Wouldn't >that be shocking since mercury causes MS like symptoms and we could get the >same from our dental office visits! How could I find out how they give the >'disease' to the mice? Alice Off the top of my head, its experimental autoimmune encephalitis. They induce it by vaccinating the mice with rabies vaccine - which, like most vaccines, contains thimersol - a mercury compound. Along that line, vaccines may also contain aluminum. Last I heard, this year's flu vaccines *will* contain thimersol (used as a preservative). I don't worry much about dentists' visits - the thought of having mercury injected directly into my bloodstream via vaccinations is imo appreciably more frightening. F > >. > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 In a message dated 8/29/00 11:57:06 AM Pacific Daylight Time, fincham@... writes: << I don't worry much about dentists' visits - the thought of having mercury injected directly into my bloodstream via vaccinations is imo appreciably more frightening. >> There is a lot of information on the amalgam list about how Hg gets into our bloodstream via amalgam fillings. I'll forward Bernie's information on if anyone reauests it. (I gotta ask him first) Alice Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 In a message dated 8/29/00 1:49:16 PM Pacific Daylight Time, wodi007@... writes: << The mouse model of MS isn't really very close to the human versions. >> Then they should save all the money they waste researching with them. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 Kaye, I called the emergency poison number in my phone book and they admitted (finally) that Hg does cause demyelination. " Bernie " on the amlagam list has some nice documentation I could send you if you want it and if he says it's okay. Alice Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 The mouse model of MS isn't really very close to the human versions. Fincham wrote: > > At 01:16 PM 08/29/2000 EDT, you wrote: > >I have read about scientific experiments on animals where researchers were > >searching for a 'cure' for multiple sclerosis. They often say they used mice > >that have been treated (I don't think that was the word exactly) to have a > >disease that mimics MS, since they cannot use people. It has letters with an > >E, wish I could remember the induced disease name. Anyway, I have always > >thought this sounded rather useless, since they also claim they are not sure > >they even know what causes MS in people. It hit me last night - what if they > >induce " MS-like " disease in the mice with heavy metal poisoning. Wouldn't > >that be shocking since mercury causes MS like symptoms and we could get the > >same from our dental office visits! How could I find out how they give the > >'disease' to the mice? Alice > > Off the top of my head, its experimental autoimmune encephalitis. They > induce it by vaccinating the mice with rabies vaccine - which, like most > vaccines, contains thimersol - a mercury compound. Along that line, > vaccines may also contain aluminum. Last I heard, this year's flu vaccines > *will* contain thimersol (used as a preservative). > > I don't worry much about dentists' visits - the thought of having mercury > injected directly into my bloodstream via vaccinations is imo appreciably > more frightening. > > F > > > > >. > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 29, 2000 Report Share Posted August 29, 2000 Kip wrote: " The mouse model of MS isn't really very close to the human versions. " I kinda' agree, Kip. Canine parvovirus induces demyelination too - yet they don't use parvo-infected dogs as models for MS research. In any case, I got the name wrong. It's EAE=experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. But it *is* induced by Semples rabies vaccine. F Life has meaning only in the struggle Triumph or defeat is in the hands of the gods So let us celebrate the struggle! Swahili warrior song Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 30, 2000 Report Share Posted August 30, 2000 Hi Alice , ,Yes i would like the Hg info,as i have had it all removed from my mouth and am in the process of chelating it out now. Thanks , Kaye Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 30, 2000 Report Share Posted August 30, 2000 Alice , Can you send me the web address of the amalgum list ? Sounds like I need to be on it!. SSSOoooooo--mercury causes demilination!!!!!. Do doctors really learn anything that will cure us ?! Or do they learn it but just forget to relate it to their patients. I think I am about ready to tottaly write off any doctor who isn't open to alternative medicine. Thanks so much for finding the answer to my question! Kaye Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 31, 2000 Report Share Posted August 31, 2000 See if this is it with an index at the start. I am running off to a meeting or I'll be late. Should be lots of pages Alice let me know {\rtf1\ansi \deflang1033\deff0{\fonttbl {\f0\fnil \fcharset0 \fprq2 Pres Elite 10pt;}{\f1\fnil \fcharset0 \fprq2 Courier;}{\f2\fnil \fcharset0 \fprq2 Times New;} {\f3\froman \fcharset0 \fprq2 Times New Roman;}{\f4\fswiss \fcharset0 \fprq2 Arial;}{\f5\fmodern \fcharset0 \fprq1 Courier New;}}{\colortbl \red0\green0\blue0;\red255\green0\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128; \red0\green0\blue255;} {\stylesheet{\fs20 \snext0 Normal;} {\*\cs1 \additive\v \additive\v\f2 Comment;} {\*\cs2 \additive\v \additive\v\cf1\f2 HTML Markup;} {\*\cs3 \additive\f2 Variable;} {\*\cs4 \additive\f5\fs20 Typewriter;} {\*\cs5 \additive\f2 Strong;} {\*\cs6 \additive\f5 Sample;} {\s7 \qc\sl0 \brdrb\brdrdb15\brdrcf0 \v \v\f4\fs16 zTop of For;} {\s8 \qc\sl0 \brdrt\brdrdb15\brdrcf0 \v \v\f4\fs16 zBottom of ;} {\s9 \qj\sl0\tx0\tx958\tx1917\tx2876\tx3835\tx4794\tx5754\tx6712\tx7671\tx8630\tx9589 \f5\fs20 Preformatted;} {\*\cs10 \additive\f5\fs20 Keyboard;} {\*\cs11 \additive\cf2\f2 FollowedHype;} {\*\cs12 \additive\cf3\f2 Hyperlink;} {\*\cs13 \additive\f2 Emphasis;} {\*\cs14 \additive\f5\fs20 CODE;} {\*\cs15 \additive\f2 CITE;} {\s16 \qj\li360\ri360\sa82\sl0\tx0 \f2 Blockquote;} {\s17 \f2 Address;} {\s18 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep\keepn \f3\fs16 H6;} {\s19 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep \f2\fs20 H5;} {\s20 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep \f2 H4;} {\s21 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep \f3\fs28 H3;} {\s22 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep \f3\fs36 H2;} {\s23 \qj\sa82\sl0\keep \f3\fs48 H1;} {\*\cs24 \additive\f2 Definition;} {\s25 \qj\li360\sl0\tx0 \f2 Definition L;} {\s26 \f2 Definition T;} {\s27 \qj\sa82\sl0 \f2 Normal;} }{\info} \margl720\margr720\margt720\margb720\ftnbj\ftnrestart\aftnnar \sectd \sbknone\footery960\endnhere {\header \pard \qc\sl0\tx0\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f2 Facts about Mercury }{\plain \ul\f2 and}{\plain \f2 Dental Amalgam\par }{\plain \f2 (with Medical Study References) \par }} {\footer } {\*\pnseclvl1\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl2\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl3\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl4\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcrm\pnstart1{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl7\pndec\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1{\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1} \pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f1 }{\plain \f3 Bernard Windham, Editor- Chemical Engineer 12164 Whitehouse Road\par }{\plain \f3 Tallahassee, FL,32311 \par }\pard \li180\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\\ tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 I. Introduction \par }\pard \li180\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\\ tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 II. Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 III. Systemic Mercury Intake Levels from Amalgam Filling Exposure\par }{\plain \f3 IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease \par }{\plain \f3 V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings\par }{\plain \f3 VI. Documented Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings \par }{\plain \f3 VII. Health Effects from Dental Staff Exposure to Mercury \par }{\plain \f3 VIII. Scientific Panel and Government Bodies That Have Found Amalgam Fillings Unsafe \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 I. Toxic metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, etc. have been documented to be neurotoxic, immunotoxic, \par }{\plain \f3 reproductive/developmental toxins that according to U.S. Government agencies cause adverse health effects and learning disabilities to millions in the U.S. each year, especially children and the elderly(105,160). Exposure of humans and animals to toxic metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, aluminum, arsenic, chromium, manganese, etc. is widespread and in many areas increasing. . The U.S. Center for Disease Control(276) ranks toxic metals as the number one environmental health threat to children. According to an EPA/ATSDR assessment, the toxic metals mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium are all ranked in the top 7 toxics having the most adverse health effects on the public based on toxicity and current exposure levels in the U.S., with nickel and chromium also highly listed. While there is considerable commonality to the health effects commonly caused by these toxic metals, and effects are cumulative and synergistic in many cases, this paper will concentrate on the health effects of elemental mercury from amalgam fillings. Studies have found considerable genetic variability in susceptibility to toxic metals as well. The public appears to be generally unaware that considerable scientific evidence supports that mercury is the metal causing the most widespread adverse health effects to the public, and amalgam fillings have been well documented to be the number one source of exposure of mercury to most people, with exposure levels often exceeding Government health guidelines and levels documented to cause adverse health effects.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 II.\tab Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury \par }{\plain \f3 1.\tab Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury. The average filling has 1 gram of mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury\'92s low vapor pressure along with loss due to galvanic action of mercury with dissimilar metals in the mouth(182,192,292,348,349), resulting in significant exposure for most with amalgam fillings(see Section III). Mercury vapor is transmitted rapidly throughout the body, easily crosses cell membranes, and like organic methyl mercury has significant toxic effects at much lower levels of exposure than other inorganic mercury forms(38,281,287,304,329). According to the U.S. EPA & ATSDR, mercury is among the top 3 toxic substances adversely affecting large numbers of people(217), and amalgam is the number one source of exposure for most people(see III).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2.\tab Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals. Mercury (vapor) is carried by the blood to cells in all organs of the body where it:\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (a)\tab is cytotoxic(kills cells) (2,21,27,36,56,147,148,150,160,210,259,295,333/333)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 ( penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier(311), resulting in accumulation of mercury and other toxic substances in the brain(14,20,25,85, 99,175,273,301/262,274); also accumulates in the motor function\par }\pard \fi-180\li360\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 \tab areas of the brain and CNS(48,291,327,329).\par }\pard \li180\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\\ tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 \'a9 is neurotoxic(kills brain and nerve cells): damages brain cells and nerve cells (19,27,34,36,43,69,70,147,148,175,207, 211,273, 291,295,327,329,301,303,395/39,262,274,303); generates high levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and oxidative stress, depletes glutathione and thiols causing increased neurotoxicity from interactions of ROS, glutamate, and dopamine(13,56,98,102,126,145,169,170,184,213,219, 250, 257,259,286,290,291,302,324,326,329,424); kills or inhibits production of brain tubulin cells (66,67,161,166, 207,300); inhibits production of neurotransmitters by inhibiting: calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release(372,432), dihydroteridine reductase(27,122,257,333), nitric oxide synthase(259), and effecting phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan transport to neurons) (34,122,126,257,285,288,333/255,333)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (d) is immunotoxic(damages and inhibits immune T-cells, B-cells, neutrophil function, etc.) (17,27,31,38,44,45,46,60,127,128,129,130,152,155,165,181,226,252,270,285,316,355\ /272) and induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune disease(38,43,45,59,60,118,131,181,234,269,270,313,314,334,342,343)\par }{\plain \f3 (e) is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys) (14,20,203,223,260,268,334)\par }{\plain \f3 (f) is endocrine system-disrupting chemical(accumulates in pituitary gland and damages or inhibits pituitary glands hormonal functions at very low levels(9,19,20,25,85,99,105,273,312,327,348,369/274), adrenal gland function(84,369), thyroid gland function(50,212,369), and disrupts enzyme production processes at very low levels of exposure (9,13,33,56,111,194,348,355,410-412)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (g)\tab exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury) causes rapid transmittal through the placenta to the fetus (20,22-24,27,38,39,61,112,186,281,287,304,311,338,339,348,361,366,20/4,22,37,39,\ 41,42) and significant developmental effects-much more damage to the fetus than for maternal exposure to inorganic mercury and at lower exposure levels than for for organic mercury(287,304,etc.). \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (h)\tab reproductive and developmental toxin (2,4,9,10,22,23,24,37,38,41,61,105,149,160,275,276,281,305,338, 361,367, 20/4,39,55,149,162,255,308,339,357); damages DNA(296,327,272,392,142,38,41,42) and inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis(114/149); damages sperm, lowers sperm counts and reduces motility. (4,37,104.105,159,160/4, 55,162); causes menstrual disturbances (9,27,146); reduces bloods ability to transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including amino acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit B12(43,96,198,263,264,338,339,347,427); depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake & hypothyroidism(50,91,212,222,369) & learning deficits; causes learning disabilities and impairment, and reduction in IQ(1,3,38,110,160,285c,263,264/39), causes infertility (4,9,10,24,38,121,146,357,365,367/4,10,55,162), causes birth defects (23,35,37,38,110,142,241/241). \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (i)\tab prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth factor in the brain,impairs astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in development of brain(38,119,161,175,194,305/175,255,39) \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (j)\tab causes cardiovascular damage and disease: including damage to vascular endothelial cells, damage to sarcoplasmic reticula, sarcolemma, and contractile proteins, increased white cell count, decreased oxyhemoglobin level, high blood pressure, tachycardia, inhibits cytochrome P450/heme synthesis(84), and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (35,59,202,205,212,232,306,310,351/201,308).\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (k)\tab causes immune system damage resulting in allergies, asthma, lupus,chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS),and multiple sensitivities(MCS) (8,17,45,46,52,60,75,86,87,90,97,101,128,129,131,154,168,181,212, 226, 228,230,234,265, 267,296,313,342, 388/272) and neutrophil functional impairment(285/59,etc.).\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (l)\tab causes interruption of the cytochrome oxidase system/ATP energy function(84) and progressive coproporphyrinuria, resulting in low energy, digestive problems, and porphyrins in urine (34,69,70,73,210,212,226,232,260)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (m) inhibition of immune system facilitates increased damage by bacterial, viral, and fungal infections \tab \tab \tab (17,45,59,129,131,251,296,350,40), and increased antibiotic resistance(116,117,161,258,389,53).\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (n)\tab mercury causes significant destruction of stomach and intestine epithelial cells, resulting in damage to stomach lining(leaky gut)(222,Shelton,228) and accumulation of heliobacter pylori, a suspected major factor in stomach ulcers and stomach cancer(256).\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (o)\tab causes mitochondrial release of calcium induced by modification of the--SH groups of proteins (1,21,35,38,43,329,333,432),as well as damaging enzymatic process(33,96,111,194,252,338,410-412) resulting in improper cysteine regulation(194), inhibited glucose transfer(338,254), damaged sulfur oxidation processes(33,338), and reduced glutathione availability (necessary for detoxification)(13,126,54).\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, enzyme production processes, and many hormonal functions at very low levels of exposure . Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of dental amalgam surfaces (1,14,16,19,20,25,34,38,61,85,99,162,211, 273,274,287,327,348,360,366,369) Thus mercury has a greater effect on the functions of these areas. The pituitary gland controls many of the body\'92s endocrine system functions and secretes hormones that control most bodily processes, including the immune system and reproductive systems . One study found mercury levels in the pituitary gland ranged from 6.3 to 77 ppb(85), while another(348) found the mean level to be 30ppb- levels found to be neurotoxic and cytotoxic in animal studies. The hypothalamus regulates body temperature and many metabolic processes. Mercury damage thus commonly results in poor bodily temperature control, in addition to many problems caused by hormonal imbalances. Such hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much lower than the acute toxicity effects normally tested, as previously confirmed by hormonal/reproductive problems in animal populations(104). Mercury also damages the blood brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals and substances(311).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. Mercury\'92s biochemical damage at the cellular level include DNA damage, inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis(4,38,41,42,114,142,197,272,296,392/149); alteration of protein structure(33,111,114,194,252/114); alteration of the transport of calcium(333,43,96,254,329,432); inhibitation of glucose transport(338,254), and of enzyme function and other essential nutrients(96,198,254,263,264,338,339,347,410-412); induction of free radical formation(13,54), depletion of cellular gluthathione(necessary for detoxification processes) (111,126), inhibition of glutathione peroxidase enzyme(13), endothelial cell damage(202), abnormal migration of neurons in the cerebral cortex(149), and immune system damage (34,38,111,194, 226,252,272,316,325,355). Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species(ROS) have been implicated as major factors in neurological disorders including stroke, PD, Alzheimer\'92s, ALS, etc.(13,56,84,98,145,169,207b,424). Mercury induced lipid peroxidation has been found to be a major factor in mercury\'92s neurotoxicity, along with leading to decreased levels of glutathione peroxidation and superoxide dismustase(SOD)(13). Only a few micrograms of mercury severely disturb cellular function and inhibit nerve growth(175,147,175,226,255,305). Exposure to mercury results in metalloprotein compounds that have genetic effects, having both structural and catalytic effects on gene expression(114,241,296). Some of the processes affected by such metalloprotein control of genes include cellular respiration, metabolism, enzymatic processes, metal-specific homeostasis, and adrenal stress response systems. Significant psysiological changes occur when metal ion concentrations exceed threshold levels. Such metalloprotein formation also appears to have a relation to autoimmune reactions in significant numbers of people(114,60,313,342,368,369). Of a population of over 3000 tested by the immune lymphocyte reactivity test(MELISA,60,275), 22% tested positive for inorganic mercury and 8% for methyl mercury . \par }{\plain \f3 }{\plain \f3 A direct mechinism involving mercury\'92s inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes by binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears to be a major part of the connection to allergic/immune reactive conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, eczema, psoriasis(375,385,408,419), and allergies(410-412,etc.). For example mercury has been found to strongly inhibit the activity of dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which is required in the digestion of the milk protein cassein(411,412). Studies involving a large sample of autistic and schizophrenic patients found that over 90 % of those tested had high levels of the milk protein beta-casomorphin-7 in their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes for digesting milk protein(410). Elimination of milk products from the diet has been found to improve the condition. Such populations have also been found to have high levels of mercury and to recover after mercury detox(413,60,313). As mercury levels are reduced the protein binding is reduced and improvement in the enzymatic process occurs. Additional cellular level enzymatic effects of mercury\'92s binding with proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation processes(33,114), enzymatic processes involving vitimins B6 and B12(418), effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes(232,35), along with mercury\'92s adverse effects on cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and lithium(43,96,198,333,386,427,432,38). And along with these blockages of cellular enzymatic processes, mercury has been found to cause additional neurological and immune system effects in many through immune/autoimmune reactions (60,313,314).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 But the effect on the immune system of exposure to various toxic substances such as toxic metals and environmental pollutants has also been found to have additive or synergistic effects and to be a factor in increasing eczema, allergies, asthma, and sensitivity to other lesser allergens.}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3 Most of the children tested for toxic exposures have found high or reactive levels of other toxic metals, and organochlorine compounds(413,313,414).}{\plain \f3 Much mercury in saliva and the brain is also organic (220,272), since mouth bacteria and other organisms in the body methylate inorganic mercury to organic mercury(51, 81,225). Bacteria also oxidize mercury vapor to the water soluble, ionic form Hg(II) (431).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 5. Because of the extreme toxicity of mercury, only \'bd gram is required to contaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning would be issued by the government to not eat the fish(151,160). Over half the rivers and lakes in Florida have such health warnings(160). Some Florida panthers that eat birds and animals that eat fish containing very low levels of mercury(about 1 part per million) have died from chronic mercury poisoning(104,160). Since mercury is an estrogenic chemical and reproductive toxin, the majority of the rest cannot reproduce. The average male Florida panther has higher estrogen levels than females, due to the estrogenic properties of mercury(105,160). Similar is true of some other animals at the top of the food chain like alligators, which are affected by mercury and other hormone disrupting chemicals.. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 6. In addition to having estrogenic effects, mercury has other documented hormonal effects including effects on the reproductive system resulting in lowered sperm counts, defective sperm cells, and lowered testosterone levels in males; menstrual disturbances and infertility in women; and increased neurological problems related to lowered levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and noreprenephrine (4,9,38,104,105,107,140,141,275,276, 288,290,365,367,372,432). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 7. An average amalgam filling contains over \'bd gram of mercury, and the average adult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings(unless most has vaporized). Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low vapor pressure and being subject to galvanic action with other metals in an oral environment(182,192,292,348,349),so that within 10 years up to half has been found to have been transferred to the and body of the host(34,35,182, & section III).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 8. Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly transmitted throughout the body than most other forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects on the CNS and other parts of the body than inorganic mercury due to its much greater capacity to cross cell membranes, according to the World Health Organization and other studies (38,183, 282,287,360,section III). Mercury vapor rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier(14,85,311) and placenta of pregnant women (20,22-24,27,38,105,162,186,231,281,287,304,308, 311,361) Developmental, learning, and behavioral effects have been found from mercury vapor at much lower levels than for exposure to methyl mercury(287,304). Similarly for inhibition of some essential cellular processes(333,338,329).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 9. Running shoes with \'bd gram of mercury in the heels were banned by several states, because the amount of mercury was considered dangerous to public health and created a serious disposal problem. Mercury from dental offices and human waste from people with amalgam fillings has much higher levels and is a major source of mercury in Florida waters. One study found dental offices discharge into waste water between 65 and 842 milligrams per dentist per day(231), amounting to several hundred grams per year per office. This is in addition to air emissions. }{\plain \f3 Additionally cremation of those with amalgam fillings adds to air emissions and deposition onto land and lakes. A study in Switzerland found that in that small country, cremation released over 65 kilograms of mercury per year as emissions, often exceeding site air mercury standards(420), while another Swiss study found mercury levels during cremation of a person with amalgam fillings as high as 200 micrograms per cubic meter(considerably higher than U.S. mercury standards). The amount of mercury in the mouth of a person with fillings was on average 2.5 grams, enough to contaminate 5 ten acre lakes to the extent there would be dangerous levels in fish(151).}{\plain \f3 A Japanese study estimated mercury emissions from a small crematorium there as 26 grams per day(421). A study in Sweden found significant occupational and environmental exposures at cremetoria, and since the requirement to install selenium filters mercury emission levels in crematoria have been reduced 85%(422). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 10. Studies have found that levels of exposure to the toxic metals mercury, cadmium, and lead have major effects on classroom behavior, learning ability, and also in mental patients and criminals behavior(3,160).\par }{\plain \f3 \tab \tab Studies have found that both genetic susceptability and environmental exposures are a factor in xenobiotic related effects and disease propagation. Large numbers of animal studies have documented that genetically susceptable strains are more affected by xenobiotic exposures than less susceptable strains(234,425,526,etc.). Some genetic types are susceptable to mercury induced autoimmunity and some are resistant and thus much less affected(234,425,383). Studies found that mercury causes or accelerates various systemic conditions in a strain dependent manner, and that lower levels of exposure adversely affect some strains but not others, including inducing of autoimmunity. Also when a condition has been initiated and exposure levels decline, autoimmune antibodies also decline in animals or humans(234c,60,368,405). One genetic factor in Hg induced autoimmunity is major histocompatibility complex(MHC) linked. Both immune cell type Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses are involved in autoimmunity(425c). One genetic difference found in animals and humans is cellular retention differences for metals related to the ability to excrete mercury(426). For example it has been found that individuals with genetic blood factor type APOE-4 do not excrete mercury readily and bioaccumulate mercury, resulting in susceptability to chronic autoimmune conditions such as Alzheimer\'92s, Parkinsons, etc. as early as age 40, whereas those with type APOE-2 readily excrete mercury and are less susceptable. Those with type APOE-3 are intermediate to the other 2 types. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 11. Long term occupational exposure to low levels of mercury can induce slight cognitive deficits, lability, fatigue, decreased stress tolerance, etc. Higher levels have been found to cause more serious neurological problems (119,128,285,etc.). Occupational exposure studies have found mercury impairs the body\'92s ability to kill Candida albicans by impairment of the lytic activity of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase in workers whose mercury excretion levels are withing current safety limits(285,404). Such levels of mercury exposure were also found to inhibit cellular respiratory burst. A population of plant workers with average mercury excretion of 20 ug/ g creatinine was found to have long lasting impairment of neutrophil function. Another study(59) found such impairment of neutraphils decreases the body\'92s ability to combat viruses such as those that cause heart damage, resulting in more inflamatory damage. Another group of workers with average excretion rates of 24.7 ug/ g creatinine had long lasting increases in humoral immunological stimulation of IgG, IgA, and IgM levels. Another study(285b) found that workers exposed at high levels at least 20 years previous(urine peak levels above 600 ug/L demonstrated significantly decreased strength, decreased coordination, increased tremor, decreased sensation, polyneuropathy, etc. Another study found that many of the symptoms and signs of chronic candidiasis, multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndromes are identical to those of chronic mercurialism and remit after removal of amalgam combined with appropriate supplementation and gave evidence to\par }{\plain \f3 implicate amalgam as the only underlying etiologic factor that is common to all(404).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Other studies(285c) found that mercury at levels below the current occupational safety limit causes adverse effects on mood, personality, and memory- with effects on memory at very low exposure levels.\par }{\plain \f3 More studies found that long term exposure causes increased micronuclei in lymphocytes and significantly increased IgE levels at exposures below current safety levels(128), as well as maternal exposure being linked to mental retardation(110) and birth defects(}{\plain \f3 23,35,37,38,142,241,361/241}{\plain \f3 ).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 III. Systemic Mercury Intake Level from Amalgam Fillings\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. The }{\plain \ul\f3 tolerable daily exposure}{\plain \f3 level for mercury developed in a report for }{\plain \ul\f3 Health Canada}{\plain \f3 is .014 micrograms/kilogram body weight(ug/kg) or approximately 1 ug/day for average adult(217). The }{\plain \ul\f3 U.S. EPA Health Standard}{\plain \f3 for elemental mercury exposure(vapor) is 0.3 micrograms per cubic meter of air(2). The U.S. ATSDR health standard(MRL) for mercury vapor is 0.2 ug/ M3 of air, and the MRL for methyl mercury is 0.3 ug/kg body weight/day(217). For the average adult breathing 20 M3 of air per day, this amounts to an exposure of 4 or 6 ug/day for the 2 elemental mercury standards. The EPA health guideline for methyl mercury is 0.1 ug/kg body weight per day or 7 ug for the average adult(2), or approx. 14 ug for the ATSDR acute oral toxicicity standard. Since mercury is methylized in the body, some of both types are present in the body. The older World Health Organization(183) mercury health guideline(PTWI) is 300 ug per week total exposure or approx. 42 ug/day.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. Mercury in the presence of other metals in the oral environment undergoes galvanic action, causing movement out of amalgam and into the oral mucosa and saliva(192). Mercury in solid form is not stable due to low vapor pressure and evaporates continuously from amalgam fillings in the mouth, being transferred over a period of time to the host(15-19,26,31,36,79,83,211,182,183,199,298,299,303,332,335,371). The daily total exposure of mercury from fillings is from 3 to 1000 micrograms per day, with the average exposure being above 10 micrograms per day and the average uptake over 5 ug/day (183,199,209,18,19,77,83, 85,100,335,352,371,etc.). (see further details continued)\par }{\plain \f3 A large study was carried out at the Univ. Of Tubingen Health Clinic in which the level of mercury in saliva of 20,000 persons with amalgam fillings was measured(199). The level of mercury in unstimulated saliva was found to average 11.6 ug Hg/L, with the average after chewing being 3 times this level. Several were found to have mercury levels over 1100 ug/L, 1 % had unstimulated levels over 200 ug/L, and 10 % had unstimulated mercury saliva levels of over 100 ug/L.. The level of mercury in saliva has been found to be proportional to the number of amalgam fillings, and generally was higher for those with more fillings. The following table gives the average daily mercury exposure from saliva alone for those tested, based on the average levels found per number of fillings and using daily saliva volumes of 890 ml for unstimulated saliva flow and 80 ml for stimulated flow (estimated from measurements made in the study and comparisons to other studies). It also gives the 84th percentile mercury exposure from saliva for the 20,000 tested by number of fillings. Note that 16% of all of those tested with 4 amalgam fillings had daily exposure from their amalgam fillings of over 17 ug per day, and even more so for those with more than 4 fillings.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Table: Average daily mercury exposure in saliva by number of amalgam fillings(199)\par }{\plain \f3 Number of fillings: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 \par }{\plain \f3 Av. Daily Hg(ug) 6.5 8 9.5 11 12.4 14 15.4 16.9 18.3 19.8 21.3 22.8 24.3\par }{\plain \f3 84th percentile(ug) 17 23.5 26 30.5 35 41.5 43.8 48.6 50.3 46.7 56.6 61.4 64.5 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Saliva tests for mercury are commonly performed in Europe, and many other studies have been carried out with generally comparable results(292,315,79,9b,335,179,317,352). Another large German study(352) found significantly higher levels than the study summarized here, with some with exposure levels over 1000 ug/day.\par }{\plain \f3 Three studies that looked at a population with more than 12 fillings found generally higher levels than this study, with average mercury level in unstimulated saliva of 29 ug/L(18), 32.7 ug/L (292c), and 175 ug/day(352). The average for those with 4 or less fillings was 8 ug/L(18). While it will be seen that there is a significant correlation between exposure levels and number of amalgam surfaces and exposure generally increases as number of fillings increases, there is considerable variability for a given number of fillings. Some of the factors that will be seen to influence this variability include composition of the amalgam, whether person chews gum or drinks hot liquids, bruxism, oral environmental factors, type of tooth patse used, etc.\par }{\plain \f3 The Tubingen study did not assess the significant exposure route of intraoral air and lungs. One study that looked at this estimated a daily average burden of 20 ug from ionized mercury from amalgam fillings absorbed through the lungs(191), while a Norwegian study found the average level in oral air to be 0.8 ug/M3(176). Another study at a Swedish University(335) measured intraoral air mercury levels from fillings of from 20 to 125 ug per day, for persons with from 18 to 82 filling surfaces. Another study found similar results(83), and some individuals have been found to have intraoral air mercury levels above 400 ug/ M3 (319). Most of those whose intraoral air mercury levels were measured exceeded Gov\'92t health guidelines for workplace exposure(2). \par }{\plain \f3 The studies also determined that the number of fillings is the most important factor related to mercury level, with age of filling being much less significant(319b). Different filling composition/manufacturer can also make a difference in exposure levels( as will be further discussed). The authors of the Tubingen study calculated that based on the test results with estimates of mercury from food and oral air included, over 40 % of those tested in the study received daily mercury exposure higher than the WHO standard(PTWI). As can be seen most people with several fillings have daily exposure exceeding the Health Canada TDE and the U.S. EPA and ATSDR health guideline for mercury(2,209,199,etc.), and many tested in past studies have exceeded the older and higher WHO guideline for mercury(183), without consideration of exposure from food, etc..\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. The main exposure paths for mercury from amalgam fillings are absorption by the lungs from intraoral air; vapor absorbed by saliva or swallowed; amalgam particles swallowed; and membrane, olfactory, venous, and neural path transfer of mercury absorbed by oral mucosa, gums, etc. (6,17,18,31,34,77,79,83,94,133,182,209,211, 216,222,319, 335,348,364) A study at Stockholm Univ.(335) made an effort to determine the respective parts in exposure made by these paths. It found that the majority of excretion is through feces, and that the majority of mercury exposure was from elemental vapor. Daily exposure from intraoral air ranged from 20 to 125 ug of mercury vapor, for subjects with number of filling surfaces ranging from 18 to 82. Daily excretion through feces amounted to from 30 to 190 ug of mercury, being more variable than other paths. Other studies had similar findings(6,15,16,18,19,25,31,36,79,80,83,115,196,386.) \par }{\plain \f3 The feces mercury was essentially all inorganic with particles making up at most 25%, and the majority being mercury sulfuhydryl compounds- likely originating as vapor. Their study and others reviewed found that at least 80% of mercury vapor reaching the lungs is absorbed and enters the blood from which it is taken to all other parts of the body(335,348,349,363). Elemental mercury swallowed in saliva can be absorbed in the digestive tract by the blood or bound in sulfhydryl compounds and excreted through the feces. A review determined that approx.20 % of swallowed mercury sulfhydryl compounds are absorbed in the digestive tract, but approx 60% of swallowed mercury vapor is absorbed(292,335,348). At least 80% of particle mercury is excreted. Approx. 80% of swallowed methyl mercury is absorbed(335,199,etc.)e, with most of the rest being converted to inorganic forms apparently. The primary detoxification/excretion pathway for mercury absorbed by the body is as mercury-glutathione compounds through the liver/bile loop to feces(111,252), but some mercury is also excreted though the kidneys in urine and in sweat. The range of mercury excreted in urine per day by those with amalgams is usually less than 15 ug(6,49,83,138,174,335,etc.), but some patients are much higher(93). A large NIDH study of the U.S. military population(49) with an average of 19.9 amalgam surfaces and range of 0 to 60 surfaces found the average urine level was 3.1 ug/L, with 93% being inorganic mercury. The average in those with amalgam was 4.5 times that of controls and more than the U.S. EPA maximum limit for mercury in drinking water(218). The avergage level of those with over 49 surfaces was over 8 times that of controls. The same study found that the average blood level was 2.55 ug/L, with 79 % being organic mercuy. The total mercury level had a significant correlation to the number of amalgam fillings, with fillings appearing to be reponsible for over 75% of total mercury. From the study results it was found that each 10 amalgam surfaces increased urine mercury by approx. 1 ug/L. A study of mercury species found blood mercury was 89% organic and urine mercury was 87% inorganic(349b), whicle another study(363) found on average 77% of the mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic. In a population of women tested In the Middle East(254), the number of fillings was highly correlated with the mercury level in urine, mean= 7 ug/L. Nutrient transport and renal function were also found to be adversely affected by higher levels of mercury in the urine.\par }{\plain \f3 As is known from autopsy studies for those with chronic exposure such as amalgam fillings (1,14,17,20,31,34,85,94), mercury also bioaccumulates in the brain/CNS(301,274,327,329,348,18,19,85),liver, kidneys, (14,85)heart(59,205,348)), and oral mucosa(174,192) with the half life in the brain being over 20 years. Elemental mercury vapor is transmitted throughout the body via the blood and readily enters cells and crosses the blood-brain barrier, and the placenta of pregnant women(38,61,287,311,361), at much higher levels than inorganic mercury and also higher levels than organic mercury. Significant levels are able to cross the blood brain barrier, placenta, and also cellular membranes into major organs such as the heart since the oxidation rate of Hg0 though relatively fast is slower than the time required by pumped blood to reach these organs(290,370). Thus the level in the brain and heart is higher after exposure to Hg vapor than for other forms(360,370). While mercury vapor and methyl Hg readily cross cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier, once in cells they form inorganic mercury that does not readily cross cell membranes or the blood brain barrier readily and is responsible for the majority of toxicity effects. Thus inorganic mercury in the brain has a very long half life(274,etc.).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. The average amalgam filling has approximately 0.5 grams(500,000 ug) of mercury. As much as 50% of mercury in fillings has been found to have vaporized after 5 years and 80% by 20 years(182,204). Mercury vapor from amalgam is the }{\plain \ul\f3 single largest source of systemic mercury intake}{\plain \f3 for persons with amalgam fillings, ranging from 50 to 90 % of total exposure. (14,16,17,19,36,57,61,78-83,94,129,130,138,161,167,183, 191,\par }{\plain \f3 196,211,216,273,292,303,332,), averaging about 80% of total systemic intake. After filling replacement levels of mercury in the blood, urine, and feces typically temporarily are increased for a few days, but levels usually decline in blood and urine within 6 months to from 60 to 85% of the original levels(57,79,82,89,196,303). Mercury levels in saliva and feces usually decline between 80 to 95% (79,196,335,386)\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 5. Having dissimilar metals in the teeth(e.g.-gold and mercury) causes galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapor levels and levels in tissues. (182,192,292,348,349,390,19,25,27,29,30,47,48,100) Average mercury levels in gum tissue near amalgam fillings are about 200 ppm, and are the result of flow of mercury into the mucous membrane because of galvanic currents with the mucous membrane serving as cathode and amalgam as cathode(192). Average mercury levels are often 1000 ppm near a gold cap on an amalgam filling due to higher currents when gold is in contact with amalgam (30,25,35,48,58). These levels are among the highest levels ever measured in tissues of living organisms, exceeding the highest levels found in chronically exposed chloralkali workers, those who died in Minamata, or animals that died from mercury poisoning. Concentrations of mercury in oral mucosa for a population of patients with 6 or more amalgam fillings taken during oral surgery were 20 times the level of controls(174). These levels are much higher than the FDA/EPA action level for prohibiting use of food with over 1 ppm mercury. Likewise the level is tremendously over the U.S. Dept. Of Health/EPA drinking water limit for mercury which is 2 parts per billion(218). Studies have shown that mercury in the gums such as from root caps for root canaled teeth result in chronic inflammation, in addtion to migration to other parts of the body(200,47). Mercury and silver from fillings can be seen in the tissues as amalgam \'93tatoos\'94, which have been found to accumulate in the oral mucosa as granules along collagen bundles, blood vessels, nerve sheaths, elastic fibers, membranes, striated muscle fibers, and acini of minor salivary glands. Dark granules are also present intracellularly within macrophasges, multinucleated giant cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. There is in most cases chronic inflammatory response or macrophagic reaction the the metals(47), usually in the form of a foreingn body granuloma with multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body and Langhans types.\par }{\plain \f3 The component mix in amalgams has also been found to be an important factor in mercury vapor emissions. The level of mercury and copper released from high copper amalgam is as much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(191). Studies have consistently found modern high copper non gamma-two amalgams have greater release of mercury vapor than conventional silver amalgams (298,299). While the non gamma-two amalgams were developed to be less corrosive and less prone to marginal fractures than conventional silver amalgams, they have been found to be instable in a different mechanism when subjected to wear/polishing/ chewing/ brushing: they form droplets of mercury on the surface of the amalgams(182,297). This has been found to be a factor in the much higher release of mercury vapor by the modern non gamma-two amalgams. Recent studies have concluded that because the high mercury release levels of modern amalgams, mercury poisoning from amalgam fillings is widespread throughout the population\'94(95,199,238). Numerous other studies also support this finding(Section IV).\par }{\plain \f3 Amalgam also releases significant amounts of silver, tin, and copper which also have toxic effects, with organic tin compounds formed in the body being even more neurotoxic than mercury(51,222,262)\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 7. Feces is the major path of excretion of mercury from the body, having a higher correlation to systemic body burden than urine or blood, which tend to correlate with recent exposure level (35,36,79,80,183, 278). For this reason many researchers consider feces to be the most reliable indicator of daily exposure level to mercury or other toxics. The average level of mercury in feces of those with fillings is over 1 ppm and approx. 10 times that of a similar group without fillings (79,80,83,335,386,25,), with significant numbers of those with several filings having over 10 ppm and 170 times those without fillings(80). The }{\plain \ul\f3 saliva test}{\plain \f3 is another good test for daily mercury exposure, done commonly in Europe and representing one of the largest sources of mercury exposure. \par }{\plain \f3 There is only a weak correlation between blood or urine mercury levels and body burden or level in a target organ(36,157,183,278,11,etc.). Mercury vapor passes through the blood rapidly(half-life in blood is 3 seconds,370) and accumulates in other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, liver, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc. Thus blood test measures mostly recent exposure. As damage occurs to kidneys over time, mercury is less efficiently eliminated (11,36,57,183, 216,260), so urine tests are not reliable for body burden after long term exposure. Some researchers suggest hair offers a better indicator of mercury body burden than blood or urine(279), though still not totally reliable and may be a better indicator for organic mercury than inorganic. Mercury hair level in a population sampled in Madrid Spain ranged from 1.3 to 92.5 ppm. This study found a significant positive correlation between maternal hair mercury and mercury level in nursing infants. Hair mercury levels did not have a significant correlation with urine mercury in one study(340) and did not have a significant correlation to number of fillings(350). One researcher suggests that mercury levels in hair of greater than 5 ppm are indicative of mercury intoxication.\par }{\plain \f3 A new test approved by the FDA for diagnosing damage that has been caused by toxic metals like mercury is the fractionated porphyrin test(260), that measures amount of damage as well as likely source. Provocation challenge tests after use of chemical chelators such as DMPS or DMSA also are effective at measuring body burden(57), but can be dangerous to some people- especially those still having amalgam fillings or those allergic to sulfur drugs or sulfites. Many studies using chemical chelators such as DMPS or DMSA have found post chelation levels to be poorly correlated with prechelation blood or urine levels(57,115,303), but one study (340) found a significant correlation between pre and post chelation values when using DMPS. Challange tests using DMPS or DMSA appear to have a better correlation with body burden and toxicity symptoms such as concentration , memory, and motor deficits(290)- with many studies finding a significant correration between post chelation mercury level and the number of amalgam surfaces(57,172,173,222,290,292,273,303). Several doctors use 16 ug/L as the upper bound for mercury after DMPS challange, and consider anyone with higher levels to have excess body burdern(222,352). However one study(290) found significant effects at lower levels. Some researchers believe DMSA has less adverse side effects than DMPS and prefer to use DMSA for chelation for this reason. Some studies have also found DMSA as more effective at removing mercury from the brain. Another chelator used for clogged arteries, EDTA, forms toxic compounds with mercury and can damage brain function(307). Use of EDTA may need to be restricted in those with high Hg levels. N-acetylcystein(NAC) has been found to be effective at increasing cellular glutathione levels and chelating mercury(54). Experienced doctors have also found additional zinc to be useful when chelating mercury(222) as well as counteracting mercury\'92s oxidative damage(43). Zinc induces metallothionein which protects against oxidative damage and increases protective enzyme activities and glutathione which tend to inhibit lipid peroxidation and suppress mercury toxicity(430). Also lipoic acid has been found to dramatically increase excretion of inorganic mercury(over 12 fold), but to cause decreased excretion of organic mercury(54). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 8. The number of amalgam surfaces has a statistically significant correlation to :\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (a)\tab blood plasma mercury level (17,49,79,89,133,211)(usually not as strong as other measures)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (\tab urine mercury level (38,49,57,76,77,79,82,83,134,138,167,176,254,303,332,335)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 \'a9 oral air(16,18,100,176,335) \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (d)\tab saliva and oral mucosa(18,58,77,79,117,179,174,199,211,222,292,315,317)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (e)\tab feces mercury (25,79,80,83,115,117,182,335,386)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (f)\tab pituitary gland (19,20,25,85,99,273/274)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (g)\tab brain occipital cortex (14,16,19,25,34,85,211,273,348,366/274)\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (h)\tab renal(kidney) cortex(14,16,19,20,85,273,348,366) \par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (I) liver(14,19,85,366)\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (j)\tab motor function areas of the brain & CNS: brain stem, cerebellum, rhombencephalon, dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons (48,291,327,329,etc.) \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\\ tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 (k)\tab fetal and infant liver/brain levels(61,112,186,231) related to maternal fillings.\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx180\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640 {\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 9. A person with amalgam fillings has daily systemic intake from mercury vapor of between 3 and 70 micrograms of mercury, with the average being at least 7 micrograms(ug) per day (18,77,83,85,93,138,183,199,211,292,315,335). In a large German study, the median daily exposure for those with fillings through saliva was approx. 10 ug/day, 4% of those with fillings had daily exposure through saliva of over 80 ug/day, and 1% had over 160 ug/day(199). The methods and results of the Tubingen study(199) were similar to those of other German studies(292,315,9, 138, 317,335). Total intake is proportional to the number and extent of amalgam surfaces, but other factors such as chewing gum, drinking hot liquids, brushing or polishing, and using fluoride toothpaste significantly increase the intake(15,18,28,31,100,134-137,182, 183,199,209,211,292,317,319,348,349,350). Vapor emissions range up to 200 ug/M3 (35) and are much higher after chewing(137,319). After chewing, those with amalgams had levels over 50 times higher than those without, and the average level of exposure was 29 ug/day for those with at least 12 occlusal surfaces(18). At least 30% of those having amalgam fillings tested in a large German study had ingested mercury levels exceeding the WHO PTWI mercury standard of 43 ug/day (199,183), and over 50% of those with 6 or more fillings had daily exposures more than the U.S. EPA health guideline level(199) of 0.1 ug/kg body weight/day(199). The median daily exposure through saliva for those with 10 or more fillings was over 10 times that of those with no fillings(199,292,315,318). Mercury level in saliva has been found to give much better indication of body levels than blood or urine levels(36). Most people with fillings have daily exposure levels exceeding the U.S. ATSDR and EPA health guideline levels (2,36,83,89,183,199,209,217,261,292,335,93)\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 10. The blood and urine mercury load of a person with amalgam fillings is often 5 times that of a similar person without.(14,16,17,79,80,82,93,136,138, 303,315,317,318) The average blood level for one large population was 5 ug/l(176). Normal blood levels are less than 20 ppb, but health effects have been observed in patients in the upper part of this range. A Swedish study estimated the total amount mercury swallowed per day from intra-oral vapor was 10 micrograms per day(177),and a large German study(199) found median exposure through saliva alone for those with fillings to be about 10 ug/day, with many having several fillings with over 10 times that level. Other studies have found similar amounts(18,83,211,183,209). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 11. Teeth are living tissue and have massive communication with the rest of the body via blood, lymph, and nerves. Mercury vapor (and bacteria in teeth ) have paths to the rest of the body. (34,etc.) German studies of mercury loss from vapor in unstimulated saliva found the saliva of those with amalgams had at least 5 times as much mercury as for controls(138,199,292,315). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 12. Mercury (especially mercury vapor) rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of amalgam surfaces.(14,19,20,25,34,38,85,99,273,274,287,348,366) Thus mercury has a greater effect on the functions of these areas. The range in one study was 2.4 to 28.7 ppb(85), and one study found on average that 77% of the mercury in the occipital cortex was inorganic(363).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 13. Some mercury entering nasal passages is absorbed directly into the olfactory lobe and brain without coming from blood(34,35,182,222,348,364). Mercury also is transported along the axons of nerve fibres (5,25,34,35,327,329).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 14. Mercury has a long half life in the body and over 20 years in the brain, and chronic low level intake results in a slow accumulation in body tissues. (20,34,35,38,85,etc.)\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 15. Methyl mercury is more toxic to some body processes than inorganic mercury. Mercury from amalgam is methylated by bacteria and candida albicans in the mouth and intestines(51,81,98,182,225). Oral bacteria streptococommus mitior,S.mutans, and S.sanguis were all found to methylate mercury(81). High levels of Vit B12 in the system also have been found to result in increased methyl mercury concentrations in the liver and brain(51). Methyl mercury is 10 times more potent in causing genetic damage than any other known chemical (Ramel, in(35)), and also crosses the blood-brain barrier readily. Once mercury vapor or methyl mercury are converted to inorganic mercury in cells or the brain, the mercury does not readily cross cell membranes or the blood-brain barrier. Thus mercury has a very long half life in the brain. N-acetylcysteine(NAC) has been found to be effective at increasing glutathione levels and chelating methyl mercury(54,126).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 16. The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus, new born, and young children is directly proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in the mother\'92s mouth. (20,23,61,112,210,361) The level of mercury in umbilical cord blood and placenta was higher than that in mother\'92s blood(22,186). The saliva and feces of children with amalgams have approximately 10 times the level of mercury as children without(25,315,386), and much higher levels in saliva after chewing. A group of German children with amalgam fillings had urine mercury level 4 times that of a control group without amalgams(76), and in a Norwegian group with average age 12 there was a significant correlation between urine mercury level and number of amalgam fillings(167). The level of mercury in maternal hair was significantly correlated to level of mercury in nursing infants(279). One study found a 60% increase in average cord blood mercury level between 1980 and 1990 in Japan(186).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 17. }{\plain \f3 The fetal mercury content after maternal inhalation of mercury vapor was found to be higher than in the mother( 4,etc.) }{\plain \f3 Mercury from amalgam in the blood of pregnant women crosses the placenta and appears in amniotic fluid and fetal blood, liver, and pituitary gland soon after placement (20,22,23,31,36,61,162,186,281,348,366). Dental amalgams are the main source of mercury in breast milk(112,186,304,339,20). Milk increases the bioavailability of mercury(112,304,391) and mercury is often stored in breast milk and the fetus at much higher levels than that in the mother's tissues (19,20,22,23,61,112,186,210, 287,304). The level of mercury in breast milk was found to be significantly correlated with the number of amalgam fillings(61), with milk from mothers with 7 or more fillings having levels in milk approx. 10 times that of amalgam free mothers. The milk sampled ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 ug/L. Several authors suggest use of early mother\'92s milk as a screen for potenital problems since it is correlated both to maternal and infant mercury levels. The highest level is in the pituitary gland of the fetus which affects development of the endocrine}{\plain \f3 to be approx}{\plain \f3 0 times that for maternal exposure to an equivalent dose of inorganic mercury(281,287), and developmental behavioral effects from vapor have been found at levels considerably below that required for similar effects by methyl mercury(20,49,119c,264,287,304,338). The level of total mercury in nursing infants was significantly correlated to total mercury level in maternal hair(22,279).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 18. There is a significant correlation between number of amalgam fillings of the mother and the level of the fetus and older infants(20,23,61,304), and also with the level in mother\'92s milk (19,20,38,112, 304). Fertile women should not be exposed to vapor levels above government health guidelines(38,61,182,282) ;the U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3 (2,217); or have amalgams placed or removed during pregnancy(20,182,231,304,etc.).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 IV. Immune System Effects and Autoimmune Disease\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. Many thousands of people with symptoms of mercury toxicity have been found in tests to have high levels of mercury, and many thousands who have had amalgam fillings removed(most) have had health problems and symptoms alleviated or greatly improved(see Section VI). From clinical experience some of the symptoms of mercury sensitivity/mercury poisoning include chronic fatigue, dizziness, frequent urination, insomnia, headaches, chronic skin problems, metallic taste, gastrointestinal problems, asthma(8,97), stuffy nose, drycrusts in nose, rhinitis, plugged ears, ringing ears, chest pain, hyperventilation, diabetes, spacy feeling, chilly, chronic skin problems, immune and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular problems and many types of neurological problems (26,34,35,36,38,45,59,60,69,70,71,75,91,109,148,165,204,212,199,246,255,268-270,\ 290,291,294, 313,343). Amalgam results is chronic exposure rather than acute exposure and accumulation in body organs over time, so most health effects are of the chronic rather than acute in nature, but serious health problems have been documented to be related to amalgam and researchers have attributed some deaths as due to amalgam (356,32,245).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. Mercury vapor exposure at very low levels adversely affects the immune system(17,27,31,38,45,60,84,118,129, 131,165,226,270,285,296,313,314,355368,369). From animal studies it has been determined that mercury damages T-cells by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS), depleting the thiol reserves of cells, damaging and decreasing the dimension of mitochondria, causing destruction of cytoplasmic organelles with loss of cell membrane integrity, inhibiting ability to secrete interleukin IL-1 and IL-2R, causing activation of glial cells to produce superoxide and nitric oxide, and inactivating or inhibiting enzyme systems involving the sulphydrol protein groups(226,424). Mercury caused adverse effects on both neutrophil and macrophage function and after depletion of thiol reserves, T-cells were susceptible to Hg induced cellular death (apoptosis).(226,272,355) Interferon syntheses was reduced in a concentration dependent manner with either mercury or methyl mercury as well as other immune functions(131), and low doses also induce aggregation of cell surface proteins and dramatic tyrosine phosporlation of cellular proteins related to asthma, allergic diseases such as eczema and lupus(234), and autoimmunity(181,314). One study found that insertion of amalgam fillings or nickel dental materials causes a supression of the number of T-lympocytes(270), and impairs the T-4/T-8 ratio. Low T4/T8 ratio has been found to be a factor in lupus, anemia, MS, eczema, inflamatory bowel disease, and glomerulonephritis. Mercury induced autoimmunity in animals and humans has been found to be associated with mercury\'92s expression of major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class II genes(314,181,226,425c). Both mercuric and methyl mercury chlorides caused dose dependent reduction in immune B-cell production. (316) B-cell expression of IgE receptors were significantly reduced(316,165), with a rapid and sustained elevation in intracellular levels of calcium induced(316,333). Both forms are immontoxic and cytotoxic ant very low levels seen in individuals. Mercury also inhibited B-cell and T-cell RNA and DNA synthesis. The inhibition of these functins by 50 % occurred rapidly at very low levels, in the range of 10 to 25 ug/L. All types of cells exhibited a dose dependent reduct in cellular glutathione when exposed to mercury, inhibiting generation of GSH by lumpocutes and moncytes(252). Workers occupationally exposed to mercury at levels within guidelines have been found to have impairment of lytic activity of neutrophils and reduced abiltiy of neutraphils to kill invaders such as candida(285,404). Immune Th1 cells inhibit candida by cytokine related activation of macrophages and neutraphils. Development of Th2 type immune responses deactivate such defenses(404b). Mercury inhibits macrophage and neutraphil defense against candida by its affects on Th1 and Th2 cytokine effects(181,285). Low doses also induced autoimmuntiy in some species(181,314,404,131,129,43). Another effect found is increase in the average blood white cell count significantly (35). The increased white count usually normalizes after amalgam removal. Mercury also blocks the immune function of magnesium and zinc (198,427,43,38). Several studies found adverse health effects at mercury vapor levels of 1 to 5 mcg/M3 (35). }{\plain \f3 Large numbers of people undergoing amalgam removal have clinically demonstrated significant improvements in the immune system parameters discussed here and recovery and significant improvement in immune system problems in most cases surveryed(Section VI).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. Mercury from amalgam interferes with production of cytokines that activate macrophage and neutraphils, disabling early control of viruses and leading to enhanced infection(131,251). Animal studies have confirmed that\par }{\plain \f3 mercury increases effects of the herpes simplex veris type 2 for example(131). Both mercuric and methyl mercury were equally highly toxic at the cellular level and in causing cell volume redcuctions(131). However methyl mercury inhibits macrophage functions such as migration and phagocytosis at lower levels.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. Body mercury burden was found to play a role in resistant infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes family viral infections; it was found many cases can only be effectively treated by antibiotics after removal of body mercury burden(cilantro tablets were used with followup antibiotics)(251,131). Similar results have been found for treatment of cancer.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 5. Mercury by its effect of weakening the immune system contributes to increased chronic diseases and cancer(91,180,237,239,222,234,355,38,40,etc,). Exposure to mercury vapor causes decreased zinc and methionine availability, depresses rates of methylation, and increased free radicals-all factors in increased suscepability to cancer(14,34,38,43,143,144,180,237,239,251,256,283). Amalgam fillings have also been found to be positively associated with mouth cancer(206,251,403).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 6. Among a group of patients testing positive as allergic to mercury, low level mercury exposure was found to cause adverse immune system response, including reduction of in vitro production of tumor necrosis factor TNF alfa and interleukin-1. (131,152) Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome oxidase system, blocking the ATP energy function (35,232) and impairing astrocyte function(119).. These effects often result in fatigue and reduced energy levels (35,60,119,140,141,182,202,212,232,235,313).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 7. Toxic/allergic reactions to metals such as mercury often result in lichen planus lesions in oral mucosa or gums and play a roll in pathogenesis of periodontal disease. A high percentage of patients with oral mucosal problems along with other autoimmune problems such as CFS have significant immune reactions to mercury, palladium, gold, and nickel(60,118,313,81,90,212,313,342,368,369,375), including to mercury preservatives such as thimersol. 94% of such patients had significant immune reactions to inorganic mercury(MELISA test) and 72% had immune reactions to low concentrations of HgCl2(<0.5 ug/ml). 61% also had immune reaction to phenylHg, which has been commonly used in root canals and cosmetics(313). 10% of controls had significant immune reactions to HgCl and 8.3% to palladium. Removal of amalgam fillings usually results in cure of such lesions. (46,60,75,78,82, 86, 87,90,94,101,118,133,168,313). Other studies of patients suffering from chronic fatigue found similar results(369,375). Of 50 patients suffering from serious fatigue refered for MELISA test(369), over 70% had significant immune reaction to inorganic mercury and 50% to nickel, with most patients also reactive to one or more other metals such as palladium, cadmium, lead, and methyl mercury.\par }{\plain \f3 Mercury has been found to impair conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the active T3 form as well\par }{\plain \f3 as causing autoimmune thyroiditis common to such patients(369,382). In general immune activation from toxics such as heavy metals resulting in cytokine release and abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis can cause changes in the brain, fatigue, and severe psycholgical symtoms(379-382,385,369,375, 118,60) such as profound fatigue, muscosketal pain, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal and neurological problems as are seen in CFS, fibromyalgia, and autoimmune thyroidititis. Such symptoms usually improve significantly after amalgam removal. Such hypersensitivity has been found most common in those with genetic predisposition to heavy metal sensitivity(369,60), such as found more frequently in patients with HLA-DRA antigens(383). A significant portions of the population appear to fall in this category.\par }{\plain \f3 8. Patients with other systemic neurological or immune symptoms such as arthritis, myalgia, eczema, CFS, MS, diabetes, etc. also often recover after amalgam replacement (60,212,313,342,368,369,section VI). Of a group of 86 patients with CFS symptoms, 78% reported significant health improvements after replacement of amalgam fillings within a relatively short period, and MELISA test found significant reduction in lymphocyte reactivity compared to pre removal tests(342,368). The improvement in symptoms and lymphocute reactivity imply that most of the Hg-induced lymphocyte reactivity is allergenic in nature. Although patch tests for mercury allergy are often given for unresolved oral symptoms, this is not generally recommended as a high percentage of such problems are resolved irrespective of the outcome of a patch test(87,86,90,101,168,etc.) Also using mercury in a patch test has resulted in some adverse health effects. A group of patients that had amalgams removed because of chronic health problems, was able to detect subjectively when a patch test used mercury salts in a double blind study(373).\par }{\plain \f3 Of the over 3,000 patients tested for lymphocyte reactivity to metals(342,368,375), the following were the percentages testing positive: nickel- 34%, inorganic mercury- 23%, phenol mercury- 13%, gold- 12%, cadmium- 11%, palladium- 11%, silver- 1%. }{\plain \f3 Other studies have also found relatively high rates of allergic reactions to inorganic mercury and nickel(81,etc.). }{\plain \f3 For groups with suspected autoimmune diseases such as neurological problems, CFS, and oral lichen planus; most of the patients tested positive to inorganic mercury and most of such patients health improved significantly and immune reactivity declined after amalgam removal. In a group of patients tested by MELISA before and after amalgam removal at a clinic in Uppsula Sweden}{\plain \f3 , the patients reactivity to inorganic mercury, palladium, gold and phenyl mercury all had highly significant differences from the control group, with over 20 % being hihgly reactive to each of these metals(375). A high percentage were also reactive to nickel in both groups. After amalgam revoval the immune reactivity to all of these metals other than nickel declined significantly, and 76% reported significant long term health improvements after 2 years. Only 2% were worse. The study concluded that immune reactivity to mercury and palladium is common and appears to be allegenic/immune related in nature since immune reactivity declines when exposure levels are reduced. Such studies have also found that deficiencies in detoxification enzymes such as glutathione transfereases cause increased susceptibility to metals and other chemicals(384). Such deficiencies can be due to genetic predisposition, but are also known to be caused by acute or chronic toxic exposures.\par }{\plain \f3 For MS and lupus patients, a high percentage tested positive to nickel and/or inorganic mercury. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 A patch test was given to a large group of medical students to assess factors that lead to sensitization to mercury(132). 13% tested positive for allergy to mercury. Eating fish was not a significant factor between sensitive and non- sensitized students, but the sensitized group had a significantly higher average number of amalgam fillings and higher hair mercury levels. In a population of dental students tested, 44% were positive for allergy to mercury(156).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 9. A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and immune reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118) as well as with MRI positive patients for brain damage. 81% of the group with health complaints had pathological MRI results including signs of degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain, but none in the controls. 60% of the symptom group tested positive for immune system reaction to mercury}{\plain \f3 .. Controls without CNS problems did not have such positive correlations. The authors concluded that immune reactions have an important role in development of brain lesions ,and amalgam fillings induce immune reactions in many patients (91,118)(270,286).}{\plain \f3 Mercury,nickel,palladium, and gold induce autoimmunity in genetically predisposed or highly exposed individuals(314,234,130,342,). Tests have found a significant portion of people to be in this category and thus more affected by exposure to amalgam than others. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 10. Low level mercury exposure(as well as other toxic metals) including exposure to amalgam fillings has been found to be associated with increased autoimmune diseases }{\plain \f3 (19, 27,34,35,44,45,60,215,234,268,269,270, 313,314}{\plain \f3 ), including lupus(12,60,113,234),Chrons Disease,lichen planus(86,87,90,168), endometriosis (1,9,38,229). Silver also is released from amalgam fillings and stored in the body and has been shown to cause immune complex deposits, immune reactions and autoimmunity in animal studies (77,78,129,314).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 11. Mercury exposure through fillings appears to be a major factor in chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) through its effects on ATP and immune system(lymphocute reactivity, neutraphil activity, effects on T-cells and B-cells) and its promotion of growth of candida albicans in the body and the methylation of inorganic mercury by candida to the extremely toxic methyl mercury form which like mercury vapor crosses the blood-brain barrier and also damages and weakens the immune system(222,225,226,234,235,265,293,60,313,314,342,368,369, 404), }{\plain \f3 and both inorganic and methyl mercury have been shown in animal studies to induce autoimmune reactions and disease in susceptible types through effects on immune system T cells (226,234,268,269,270,314,425,426/272.) }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \tab Spatial and temporal changes in intracellular calcium concentrations are critical for controlling gene expression and neurotransmitter release in neurons(432). Mercury alters calcium homeostasis and calcium levles in the brain and affects gene expression and neurotransmitter release through its effects on calcium, etc.\par }{\plain \f3 Mercury inhibits sodium and potassium (N,K)ATPase in dose dependent manner and inhibits dopamine and noreprenephrine uptake by synaptosomes(288,50,270). \par }{\plain \f3 \tab Mercury lymphocyte reactivity and effects on glutamate in the CNS induce CFS type symptoms including profound tiredness, musculoskeletal pain, sleep distubances, gastrointestinal and neurological problems along with other CFS symptoms and fibromyalgia(342,346,368,369). Mercury has been found to be a common cause of fibromyalgia(293,346,369). Glutamate is the most abundant amino acid in the body and in the CNS acts as excitory neurotransmitter(346,386), which also causes inflow of calcium. Astrocytes, a type of cell in the brain and CNS with the task of keeping clean the area around nerve cells, have a function of neutralizing excess glutamate by transforming it to glutamic acid. If astrocytes are not able to rapidly neutralize excess glutamate, then a buildup of glutamate and calcium occurs, causing swelling and neurotoxic effects(119,333). Mercury and other toxic metals inhibit astrocyte function in the brain and CNS(119), causing increased glutamate and calcium related neurotoxicity(119,333,226a) which are responsible for much of the fibromylgia symptoms. This is also a factor in conditions such as CFS, Parkinson\'92s, and ALS(346,416). Animal studies have confirmed that increased levels of glutamate(or aspartate, another amino acid excitory neurotransmitter) cause increased sensitivity to pain , as well as higher body temperature- both found in CFS/fibromyalgia. Mercury and increased glutamate activate free radical forming processes like xanthine oxidase which produce oxygen radicals and oxidative neurological damage(346,142,13). Medical studies and doctors treating fibromylagia have found that supplements which cause a decrease in glutamate or protect against its effects have a positive effect on fibromyalgia. Some that have been found to be effective include Vit B6, methyl cobalamine(B12), L-carnitine, choline, ginseng, Ginkgo biloba,vitamins C and E, nicotine, and omega 3 fatty acids(fish and flaxseed oil)(417). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 V. Medical Studies Finding Health Problems Related to Amalgam Fillings (other than immune)\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. Neurological problems are among the most common and serious and include memory loss, moodiness, depression, anger and sudden bursts of anger/rage(434), self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force to resolve doubts or resist obsessions or compulsions, etc. Many studies of patients with major neurological diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a major role in development of conditions such as }{\plain \f3 depression(107,109,212,222,271,294,212,229,233,285e,317,320,322}{\plain \f3 ), schizophrenia(34,35,295), memory problems(212,222), and other more serious neurological diseases such as MS, ALS, Parkinson\'92s, and Alzheimer\'92s(see # 25.). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \tab Calcium plays a major role in the extreme neurotoxicity of mercury and methyl mercury. Both inhibit cellular calcium ATPase and calcium uptake by brain microsomes at very low levels of exposure(270,288,329,333,432,56,). Protein Kinase C (PKC) regulates intracellular and extra cellular singals across neuronal membranes, and both forms of mercury inhibit PKC at micromolar levels, as well as inhibiting phorbal ester binding(43,432). They also block or inhibit calcium L-channel currents in the brain in an irreversable and concecentration dependent manner. Mecury vapor or inorganic mercury exposure affects the posterior cingulate cortex and causes sysregulation with sufficient exposure(428). Some of the resulting conditions include stomatitis, tremor, ADD, erythism, etc. Metallic mercury is much more potent than methyl mercury in such actions, with 50 % inhibitation in animal studies at 13 ppb(333,329). \par }{\plain \f3 \tab Mercury causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological diseases such as depression and Alzheimer\'92s. Lithium protects brain cells against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances (280,294,333,33,56 ). Medical texts on neurology (27,295) point out that chronic mercurialism is often not recognized by diagnosticians and misdiagnosed as dementia or neurosis or functional psychosis or just \'93nerves\'94. \'93Early manifestations are likely to be subtle and diagnosis difficult: Insomnia, nervousness, mild tremor, impaired judgment and coordination, decreased mental efficiency, emotional lability, headache, fatigue, loss of sexual drive, depression, etc. are often mistakenly ascribed to psychogenic causes\'94. Very high levels of mercury are found in brain memory areas such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of patients with diseases with memory related symptoms (158,34,207,etc.\} \par }{\plain \f3 Mercury interacts with brain tubulin and disassembles microtubiles that maintain neurite structure(207b). Thus chronic exposure to low level mercury vapor can inhibit polymerzation of brain tubulin essential to formation of microtubles. Studeis of mercury studies on animals give results similar to that found the the Alzheimer brain.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Animal studies of developmental effects of mercury on the brain have found significant effects at extremely low exposure levels, levels commonly seen in those with amalgam fillings or in dental staff working with amalgam. One study(175) found mercury vapor decreased NGF concentration in rat\'92s forebrain }{\plain \f3 at 4 parts per billion(ppb) tissue concentration. Another study(134) found general toxicity effects at 1 micromole(uM) levels in immature cell cultures, increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary protein at 1 nanamole (0.2 ppb) concentration, and microglial response at even lower levels. Other animal studies on rodents and monkeys have found brain cellular migration disturbances, behavioral changes, along with reduced learning and adaption capacity after low levels of mercury vapor exposure (210,264,287,149). The exposure levels in these studies are seen in the fetus and newborn babies of mother\'92s with amalgam fillings or who had work involving amalgam during pregnancy(61).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Epidemiological studies have found that human embryos are also highly susceptible to brain damage from prenatal exposure to mercury. Studies have confirmed that there are vulnerable periods during brain and CNS development that are expecially sensitive to neurotoxic exposures and affect development processes and results(429). The fetal period is most sensitive, but neural developement extends through adolescence. Some conditions found to be related to such toxic exposures include autism, scizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia, eczema, etc. Prenatal/early postnatal exposure to mercury affects level of nerve growth factor(NGF) in the brain and causes brain damage and imbalances in development of the brain (38,119,181, 305,259,210,149,305,24/39,175,255,149). Exposure of developing neuroblastoma cells to sub-cytotoxic doses of mercuric oxide resulted in lower levels of neurofilament proteins than unexposed cells(305). }{\plain \f3 Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle deficiencies(38,305).}{\plain \f3 Exposure to mercury and 4 other heavy metals tested for in a study of school children accounted for 23% of the variation in test scores for reading, spelling and visual motor skills(3). A Canadian study found that blood levels of five metals were able to predict with a 98% accuracy which children were learning disabled(3).}{\plain \fs20 }{\plain \f3 Several studies found that mercury causes learning disabilities and impairment, and reduction in IQ(3,21,38,110,264,285c,279). }{\plain \f3 Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of birth defects and still births (23,38,287,10).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. Numerous studies have found long term chronic low doses of mercury cause neurological, memory, behavior,sleep, and mood problems(3,34,60,69,70,71,74,107, 108,109,119,140,141,199,212,222,246,255,257, 258,282,290). Neurological effects have been documented at very low levels of exposure(urine Hg< 4 ug/L), levels commonly received by those with amalgam fillings(290). One of the studies at a German University(199) assessed 20,000 people. There is also evidence that fetal or infant exposure causes delayed neurotoxicity evidenced in serious effect at middle age(255,306). Organic tin compounds formed from amalgam are even more neurotoxic than mercury(222,262). Studies of groups of patients with amalgam fillings found significantly more neurological, memory, mood, and behavioral problems than the control groups. (3,34,107,108,109,140,141,199,212,222,290).\par }{\plain \f3 A high correlation has been found between patients subjectively diagnosed with CNS & systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication and immune reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118) as well as with MRI positive patients for brain damage. Controls without CNS problems did not have such positive correlations. Mercury,nickel,palladium, and gold induce autoimmunity in genetically predisposed or highly exposed individuals(314,234,130,342). Tests have found a significant portion of people to be in this category and thus more affected by exposure to amalgam than others(see section V). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. Mercury binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells thus reducing oxygen carrying capacity(332,35) and adversely affects the vascular response to norepinepherin and potassium. Mercury also increases cytosolic fre calcium levels in lymphocytes in a concentration-dependant manner causing influx from the extracellular medium(270c), and blocks entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm (1,16,17,21,33,35,333), and at 100 ppb can destroy the membrane of red blood cells(35,22,17,270c) and damage blood vessels- reducing blood supply to the tissues (34,202,306). Amalgam fillings have been found to be related to higher blood pressure, hemoglobin irregularities, tachycardia, chest pains, etc.(201,202,205,212,222,306,310,35). Mercury also interrupts the cytochrome oxidase system, blocking the ATP energy function(35,232) and impairing astrocyte function(119).. These effects often result in fatigue and reduced energy levels (35,60,119,140,141, 182,202,212,232,235,313). Mercury also accumulates in the heart and damages myocardial and heart valves (Turpayev,in (35)) & (59,201,205,306,351,370). Both mercury and methyl mercury have been shown to cause depletion of calcium from the heart muscle and to inhibit myosin ATPase activity by 50% at 30 ppb(59), as well as reducing NK-cells in the blood and spleen. The interruption of the ATP energy chemistry results in high levels of porphyrins in the urine(260). Mercury,lead, and other toxics have different patterns of high levels for the 5 types of porphyrins, with pattern indicating likely source and the level extent of damage. The average for those with amalgams is over 3 time that of those without, and is over 20 times normal for some severely poisoned people(232,260). The FDA has approved a test measuring porphyrins as a test for mercury poisoning. However some other dental problems such as nickel crowns and root canals also can cause high porphyrins.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. Patch tests for hypersensitivity to mercury have found from 2% to 44% to test positive (87,154,156, 178, 267), much higher for groups with more amalgam fillings and length of exposure than those with less. In studies of medical and dental students, those testing positive had significantly higher average number of amalgam fillings than those not testing positive(and higher levels of mercury in urine(132,156). Of the dental students with 10 or more fillings at least 5 years old, 44% tested allergic. Based on these studies and statistics for the number with 10 or more fillings, the percent of Americans allergic to mercury just from this group would be about 17 million people especially vulnerable to increased immune system reactions to amalgam fillings. However, the total would be much larger and patch tests do not measure the total population getting toxic reactions from mercury. The most sensitive reactions are immune reactions, DNA mutations, developmental,enzyme inhibition, and systemic effects(34,38,61,149,186,226,263,264,270,272,296,305,410-412/357).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 5. People with amalgam fillings have an increased number of intestinal microorganisms resistant to mercury and many standard antibiotics. (35,116,117,161,389) Recent studies have found that drug resistant strains of bacteria causing ear infections, sinuitis, and pneumonia moe than doubled since 1996, and similar for strains of bacteria in U.S. rivers(53). Studies have found a significant correlation between mercury resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance (116,117,161,369), and have found that after reducing mercury burden antibiotic resistance declines(251,389,40).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 6. Mercury from amalgam binds to the -SH (sulphydryl) groups, resulting in inactivation of sulfur and blocking of enzyme function, producing sulfur metobolites with extreme toxicity that the body is unable to properly detoxify(33,114). Sulfur is essential in enzymes, hormones, nerve tissue, and red blood cells. These exist in almost every enzymatic process in the body. Blocked or inhibited sulfur oxidation at the cellular level has been found in most with many of the chronic degenertive diseases, including Parkinson\'92s, Alzheimer\'92s, ALS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MCS, autism, etc}{\plain \f3 (330,331,56)}{\plain \f3 . Mercury also blocks the metabolic action of manganese and the entry of calcium ions into cytoplasm(333). Mercury from amalgam thus has the potential to disturb all metabolic processes(25,21,33, 35,56,60,111,180,194,197\}. Mercury is transported throughout the body in blood and can affect cells in the body and organs in different ways.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 7. A large study of 20,000 subjects at a German university found a significant relation between the number of amalgam fillings with periodontal problems, neurological problems, and gastrointestinal problems(199). Allergies and hair-loss were found to be 2-3 times as high in a group with large number of amalgam fillings compared to controls(199,9). Levels of mercury in follicular fluid was significantly higher for those with amalgam fillings (9,146). Based on this finding, a Gynecological Clinic that sees a large number of women suffering from alopecia/hair loss that was not responding to treatment had amalgams replaced in 132 women who had not responded to treatment. 68 % of the women then responded to treatment and alopecia was alleviated(187). In other studies involving amalgam removal, the majority had significant improvement (40,317). Higher levels of hormone disturbances, immune disturbances, infertility, and recurrent fungal infections were also found in the amalgam group. The results of hormone tests, cell culture studies, an intervention studies agree(9,146). Other clinics have also found alleviation of hair loss/alopechia after amalgam removal and detox(40,317). }{\plain \f3 Another study in Japan found significantly higher levels of mercury in gray hair than in dark hair(402). }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 8. Mercury accumulates in the kidneys with increasing levels over time. One study found levels ranging from 21 to 810 ppb. Mercury exposure has been shown to adversely affect kidney function in occupational and animal studies (20,203,211,260,etc.), and also in those with more than average number of amalgam fillings(254).. Inorganic mercury exposure has been found to exert a dose-dependent cytotoxicity by generating extremely high levels of hydrogen peroxide, which is normally quenched by pyruvate and catalase(203). HgCl2 also has been found to impair function of other organelles such s lysomomes that maintain transmembrane proton gradient, and to decrease glutathione peroxidase activity in the kidneys while upregulating heme oxidase function. The Government's toxic level for mercury in urine is 30 mcg/L (189), but adverse effects have been seen at lower levels and low levels in urine often mean high mercury retention and chronic toxicity problems.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 9. Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which increase mercury vapor release and may have other harmful effects(19,27,28,29,30,35,100,192,194). These currents are measured in micro amps. The central nervous system operates on signals in the range of nano-amps, which is 1000 times less than a micro amp(28). Negatively charged fillings or crown appear to cause higher mercury vapor losses(35). Some studies have also\par }{\plain \f3 found persons with chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields(EMF) to have higher levels of mercury excretion(28).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 10. Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the fetus of pregnant women and children who breast feed at levels often higher than those of the mother(18,19,20,23,31,38,61,112, 186,281). Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of birth defects and still births(10,23,38,197,210,287,361). Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle deficiencies(38,305).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 11. Since mercury(all forms) is documented from studies of humans and animals to be a reproductive and developmental toxin(23,38,61,105,186,224,255,287.305,etc.), mercury can reduce reproductive function and cause birth defects and developmental problems in children(2,4,9,10,20,23,24,31,37,38,39,41,55,61,104,146,159, 162,224,255). Clinical evidence indicates that amalgam fillings lead to hormone imbalances that can reduce fertility(9,38,55,4,105,146,367). Mercury has been found to cause decreased sperm volume and motility ,increased sperm abnormalities and spontaneous abortions, increased uterine fibroids/endometritis, and decreased fertility in animals(4,104,105,162) and in humans(9,105,146,159,395,433,27,35,38). In studies of women having miscarriages or birth defects, husbands were found to typically have low sperm counts and significantly more visually abnormal sperm(393). Subfertile males in Hong Kong were found to have 40% more mercury in their hair than fertile controls(55). Studies in monkeys have found decreased sperm motility, abnormal sperm, increased infertility and abortions at low levels of methyl mercury(162,365). Researcher's advise pregnant women should not be exposed to mercury vapor levels above government health standards (2,19,25,227, 61,100,182,282,366); currently U.S. ATSDR mercury health MRL of 0.2 mcg/M3 which is exceeded by any dental work involving amalgam(Section III). Many governments have bans or restrictions on use of amalgam by women of child-bearing age. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 12. Mercury causes breaks in DNA (4,38,41,42,197,272,296). Low non-cytotoxic levels of mercury induce dose dependent binding of mercury to DNA and significantly increased cell mutations (142,4) and birth defects(197,38,105).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 13. Mercury has been well documented to be an endocrine system disrupting chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland, hypothallamus, thyroid gland(50,369), enzyme production processes(111,194,33,56), and many hormonal functions at very low levels of exposure (9,105,146, 210, 312,369). The pituitary gland controls many of the body\'92s endocrine system functions and secretes hormones that control most bodily processes, including the immune system and reproductive systems(105,312). The hypothallamus regulates body temperature and many metabolic processes. Mercury damage thus commonly results in poor bodily temperature control, in addtion to many problems caused by hormonal imbalances. Such hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much lower than the acute toxicity effects normally tested. Mercury also damages the blood brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic metals and substances (311). Low levels of mercuric chloride also inhibit ATPase activity in the thyroid, with methyl mercury inhibiting ATP function at even lower levels(50). Both types of mercury were found to cause denaturing of protein, but inorganic mercury was more potent. These effects result commonly in a reduction in thyroid production(50) and an accumulation in the thyroid of radiation. Toxic metal exposure\'92s adverse influence on thyrocytes can play a major role in thyroid cancer etiology(144) . Among those with chronic immune system problems with related immune antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody reductions after amalgam removal include thyreoglobulin and microsomal thyroid antigens(91) \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 14. There has been no evidence found that there is any safe level of mercury in the body that does not kill cells and harm body processes(WHO,183,189, etc.). This is especially so for the pituitary gland of the developing fetus where mercury has been shown to accumulate and which is the most sensitive to mercury(2-4,19-24,30,31,36-44,61,186). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 15. Low levels of mercury and toxic metals have been found to inhibit dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system function by inhibiting transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan transport into neurons(27,98,122,257,289,372,342). This was found to cause severe impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydrobiopterin, which is essential in production of neurotransmitters, is significantly decreased in patients with alzheimer\'92s, Parkinson\'92s, and MS. Such patients have abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production. Such symptoms improved for some patients after administration of \par }{\plain \f3 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or tyrosine(257).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 16. The level of mercury released by amalgam fillings is often more than the levels documented in medical studies to produce adverse effects and above the U.S. government health guidelines for mercury exposure(see previous text).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 17. Many studies of patients with major neurological or degenerative diseases have found evidence amalgam fillings may play a major role in development of conditions such as such as Alzheimers (66,67,158,166,204, 207,221,238,242,244,257,295,300), ALS(92,97,325,346,416,423), MS(102,163,170,183,184,212,285,291, 302, 324,326), Parkinson\'92s(98,169,248,250,258,363,56,84),ADD(285e), etc. Mercury exposure causes high levels of oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species(ROS)(13), which has been found to be a major factor in neurological disease(56). Mercury and quinones form conjugates with thiol compounds such as glutathione and cysteine and cause depletion of glutathione, which is necessary to mitigate reactive damage. Such congugates are found to be highest in the brain substantia nigra with similar congugates formed with L-Dopa and dopamine in Parkinson\'92s disease(56). Mercury depletion of GSH and damage to cellular mitochrondria and the increased lipid perxodation in protein and DNA oxidation in the brain appear to be a major factor in Parkinson\'92s disease(33,346). One study found higher than average levels of mercury in the blood, urine, and hair of Parkinson\'92s disease patients(363). Another study(169) found blood and urine mercury levels to be very strongly related to Parkinson\'92s with odds ratios of approx. 20 at high levels of Hg exposure. }{\plain \f3 Increased formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) has also been found to increase formation of advanced glycation end products(AGEs) that have been found to cause }{\plain \f3 activation of glial cells to produce superoxide and nitric oxide, they can be\par }{\plain \f3 considered part of a vicious cycle, which finally leads to neuronal cell death in the\par }{\plain \f3 substantia nigra in PD(424).}{\plain \f3 }{\plain \f3 Another study (145) that reveiwed occupational exposure data found that occupational exposure to manganese and copper have high odds rations for relation to PD, as well as multiple exposures to these and lead, but noted that this effect was only seen for exposure of over 20 years.\par }{\plain \f3 Mercury has been found to accumulate preferentially in the primary motor function related areas such as the brain stem, cerebellum, rhombencephalon, dorsal root ganglia, and anterior horn motor neurons, which enervate the skeletal muscles(48,291,327,329). There is considerable indication this may be a factor in ALS development (48,325,405,416,423). Mercury penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier allowing penetration of the barrier by other substances that are neurotoxic (20,38,85,105,162,301,311/262). Such damage to the blood brain barrier\'92s function has been found to be a major factor in chronic neurological diseases such as MS(286,289,291,302, 324,326). MS patients have been found to have much higher levels of mercury in cerebrospinal fluid compared to controls (163,35,139). Large German studies including studies at German universities have found that MS patients usually have high levels of mercury body burden, with one study finding 300% higher than controls(271). Most recovered after mercury detox, with some requiring addtional treatment for viruses and intestinal dysbiosis. Studies have found mercury related mental effects to be indistinguishable from those of MS (207,212,222,244,271,289,291,302,183,184,324,326).\par }{\plain \f3 Low levels of toxic metals have been found to inhibit dihydroteridine reductase, which affects the neural system function by inhibiting brain transmitters through its effect on phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan transport into neurons(122,257,289,372). This was found to cause severe impaired amine synthesis and hypokinesis. Tetrahydro-biopterin, which is essential in production of nerurotransmitters, is significantly decreased in patients with Alzheimer\'92s\'92s, Parkinson\'92s, and MS. Such patients have abnormal inhibition of neurotransmitter production.(supplements which inhibit breach of the blood brain barrier such as bioflavonoids have been found to slow such neurological damage).\par }{\plain \f3 Clinical tests of patients with MND,ALS, Parkinson\'92s, Alzheimer\'92s, Lupus(SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis have found that the patients generally have elevated plasma cysteine to sulphate ratios, with the average being 500%higher than controls(330,331,56), and in general being poor sulphur oxidizers. Mercury has been shown to diminish and block sulphur oxidation and thus reducing glutathione levels which is the part of this process involved in detoxifying and excretion of toxics like mercury(33). Glutathion is produced through the sulphur oxidation side of this process. Low levels of available glutathione have been shown to increase mercury retention and increase toxic effects(111), while high levels of free cysteine have been demonstrated to make toxicity due to inorganic mercury more severe(333,194,56). Mercury has also been found to play a part in\par }{\plain \f3 neuronal problems through blockage of the P-450 enzymatic process(84).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 18. Mercury at extremely low levels also interferes with formation of tubulin producing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain similar to those observed in Alzheimers patients, with high levels of mercury in the brain (207), and low levels of zinc(363,43). Mercury and the induced neurofibrillary tangles also appear to produce a functional zinc deficiency in the of AD sufferers(242),as well as causing reduced lithium levels which is another factor in such diseases. Lithium protects brain cells against excess glutamate induced excitability and calcium influx(280,56). Also mercury binds with cell membranes interfering with sodium and potassium enzyme functions, causing excess membrane permeability, especially in terms of the blood-brain barrier (155,207,311). Less than 1ppm mercury in the blood stream can impair the blood- brain barrier. Mercury was also found to accumulate in the mitochondria and interfere with their vital functions, and to inhibit cytochrome C enzymes which affect energy supply to the brain(43). Persons with the Apo-E4 gene form of apolipoprotein E which transports cholesterol in the blood, are especially susceptible to this damage(207,221,346), while those with Apo-E2 which has extra cysteine and is a better mercury scavanger have less damage. The majority have an intermediate form Apo-E3. This appears to be a factor in susceptablity to Alzheimer\'92s disease, Parkinson\'92s disease and multiple schlerosis. Ones susceptability can be estimated by testing for this condition. In many cases (many thousand documented)removal of amalgam fillings and treatment for metal toxicity led to \'93cure\'92 or significant improvement in health(see Section V). There is some evidence that some forms of leukemia are abnormal response to antigenic stimulation by mercury or other such toxics and removal of amalgam has led to remission in some cases(35,38,180,239).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 19. Mercury and methyl mercury impair or inhibit all cell functions and deplete calcium stores(96). This can be a major factor in bone loss of calcium(osteoperosis).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 VI. Results of Removal of Amalgam Fillings\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. For the week following amalgam removal, body mercury levels increase significantly, depending on protective measures taken, but within 2 weeks levels fall significantly.(82,89) Chronic conditions can worsen temporarily, but usually improve if adequate precautions are taken to reduce exposure during removal.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. Removal of amalgam fillings resulted in a significant reduction in body burden and body waste product load of mercury(75,82,88,89,93,95,115). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. Total reduction in mercury levels in blood and urine is often over 80% within a few months(79,82,89,93,115,57). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. There are extensive documented cases (many thousands) where removal of amalgam fillings led to cure or significant improvement of serious health problems such as periodontal diseases(40,46,57,60,75,78,82,86,87,90, 94,95,100,101,115,133,168,212,222,233,271,313,317,320,321,322,376), oral keratosis(pre cancer)(87,251), immune system/autoimmune problems (8,222,270,271,313,323,368,91,212,229,291,35,etc.), allergies(8,26,40,46,94, 95,97,165,212,222,228,229,233,271,317,322,349,376), asthma(8,75,97,222,228,271,322), chronic headaches/ migraines(5,34,95,212 222,229,233,271,317,322,349,354,115,376), multiple chemical sensitivities (26,95,222,229,232,233, 35,115,313,320,368), epilepsy (5,309,229), blood conditions( 212,222,232,233,271, 35,95), eczema (60,212,222, 271,313,317,323,94,376,341), chron\'92s disease(222,229), stomach problems (95,212,222,228,229,233,271,317, 320, 322,35), lupus(12,113,222, 229,233), dizzyness/vertigo(40,95,212,222,271,322,376), arthritis(95,103,212, 222,271,313,322,358), MS(94,95,102,170,212,222,271,291,302,34,35,229), ALS(97,229,423,405,35), Parkinson\'92s/ muscle tremor(222,248,229,271,212,94,98,35), Alzheimer\'92s(204), muscular/joint pain/fibromyalgia (222,293,317,322,369, 94), infertility(9,38,229,367), depression (94,107,222,271,294,212,229,233,285e,317,320,322,376), schizohprenia (294,34,35), insomnia(94,212,222,271,317,322,376), anger(212,233, 320,102), anxiety & mental confusion (94,212,222,229,233,271,317,320,322,57), susceptability to infections (40,222,251,317,349, 350), antibiotic resistant infection(251), endometriosis(229,38), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (8,60,212,293,229,222, 232,233,271,313,317,320, 368,369,376), tachycardia and heart problems (205,59,94,115,212,222,232,233, 271,306,310,212), memory disorders(94,222),cancer/ leukemia( 35,38,94,180), neuropathy/paresthesia (94,212,222,322), vision disturbances(212,271,322), alopecia/hair loss (40,187,271,317,322,349),sinus problems (40,94,222,271,322), tinnitus(94,222,271,349,376), inflamation of eye(222,271,322), psoriasis(385,375,408), skin conditions(212,222), urinary/prostrate problems(212,222), etc., or in significant improvement in symptoms (35,38,40,57,78,86-91,93-103,115,148, 165,168,170,180,182,185,199,204, 212,222,229,233, 234, 235,246, 271,282,289,312,317,320,321,322,323,376). The above over 20,000 cases of cure or significant improvements were not isolated cases of cures; the clinical studies indicated a large majority of most such type cases treated showed significant improvement. Details available and case histories. Some of the above cases used chemical or natural chelation to reduce accumulated mercury body burden in addtion to amalgam replacement. Some clinics using DMPS for chelation reported over 80% with chronic health problems were cured or significantly improved(222,271, 359). Other clinics reported similar success.\par }{\plain \f3 Clinical studies have found that patch testing is not a good predictor of success of amalgam remvoal, as a high percentage of those testing negative also recovered from chronic conditions after rplacement of fillings(86,87,168,etc.).\par }{\plain \f3 In a large German study of MS patients after amalgam revision, extraction resulted in 85% recovery rate versis only 16% for filling replacement alone (222,302). Other cases have found that recovery from serious autoimmune diseases, dementia, or cancer may require more agressive mercury removal techniques than simple filling replacement due to body burden. This appears to be due to migration of mercury into roots & gums that is not eliminated by simple filling replacement. That such mercury(and simiarly bacteria) in the teeth and gums have direct routes to the brain and CNS has been documented by several medical studies(34,325,etc.).\par }{\plain \f3 Among those with chronic immune system problems with related immune antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody reductions after amalgam removal include glomerular basal membrane, thyreeoglobulin, and microsomal thyroid antigens(91) \par }{\plain \f3 Swedish researchers have developed a sophisticated test for immune/autoimmune reactions that has proved sucessful in diagnosing and treating environmetally caused diseases such as lichen planus, MS, etc. related to mercury and other immunotoxics(60,313).\par }{\plain \f3 Interviews of a large population of Swedish patients that had amalgams removed due to health problems found that virtually all reported significant health improvements and that the health improvements were permanent(233). (study period 17 years) A compilation of an even larger population found similar results(212,282). For example 89% of those reporting allergies had significant improvements or total elimination; extrapolated to U.S. population this would represent over 17 million people who would benefit regarding allergies alone.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 VII. Health Effects from Dental Personnel Exposure to Mercury Vapor\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. It is well documented that dentists and dental personnel who work with amalgam are chronically exposed to mercury vapor, which accumulates in their bodies to much higher levels than for most non-occupationally exposed. Adverse health effects of this exposure including subtle neurological effects have also been well documented that affect most dentists and dental assistants, with measurable effects among those in the lowest levels of exposure. Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that of controls for hair(397-401), urine(57,64,69,99,123,124,138,171,173,222,249,290,362,397-399) and for blood (124,195,253,249,397). Sweden, which has banned use of mercury in fillings, is the country with the most exposure and health effects studies regarding amalgam, and urine levels in dental professionals from Swedish and European studies ranged from 0.8 to 30.1 ug/L with study averages from 3.7 to 6.2 ug/L (124,172,253,64,68). The Swedish safety guideline for mercury in urine is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol(11.6 ug/L). Study averages for other countries ranged from 3.3 to 36 microgram/liter(ug/L)(69,70,171,290,397). A large survey of dentists at the Norwegian Dental Assoc. meeting(171) found that the mean mercury level in 1986 was 7.8 ug/L with approx. 16% above 13.6ug/L, and for 1987 found an average of 8.6 ug/L with approx. 15% above 15.8 ug/L, with women having higher levels than men in general. A U.S. national sample of dentists provided by the American Dental Association had an average of 5.2 ug/L (70,290). In that large sample of dentists, 10% of dentists had urine mercury levels over 10.4 ug/L and 1% had levels over 33.4ug/L(290), indicating daily exposure levels of over 100 ug/day. Mercury excretion levels were found to have a positive correlation with the number of amalgams placed or replaced per week, the number of amalgams polished each week, and with the number of fillings in the dentist(171,172,173). In one study, each filling was found to increase mercury in the urine approx. 3%, though the relationship was nonlinear and increased more with larger number of fillings(124). Much higher accumulated body burden levels in dental personnel were found based on challenge tests than for controls(303), with excretion levels after a dose of a chelator as high as 10 times the corresponding levels for controls(57,69,290,303). Autopsy studies have found similar high body accumulation in dental workers, with levels in pituitary gland and thyroid over 10 times controls and levels in renal cortex 7 times controls(99,363,38). Autopsies of former dental staff found levels of mercury in the pituitary gland averaged as high as 4,040 ppb. They also found much higher levels in the brain occipital cortex(as high as 300 ppb), renal cortex(as high as 2110 ppb) and thyroid(as high as 28,000 ppb. In general dental assistants and women dental workers showed higher levels of mercury than male dentists (171,172,173,253,303,362). \par }{\plain \f3 Mercury levels in blood of dental professionals ranged from 0.6 to 57 ug/L, with study averages ranging from 1.34 to 9.8 ug/L (124,195,253,249). A review of several studies of mercury level in hair or nails of dentists and dental workers found median levels were 50 to 300% more than those of controls(38, p287-288, & 10,16,178). A group of dental students taking a course involving work with amalgam had their urine tested before and after the course was over. The average urine level increased by 500% during the course(63). Allergy tests given to another group of dental students found 44% of them were allergic to mercury(156). Studies have found that the longer time exposed, the more likely to be allergic. Another group of dental students had similar results(362), }{\plain \f3 while another group of dental student showed comprimized immune systems compared to medical students. The total lympocyte count, total T cell numbers(CD3), T helper/ inducer(CD4+CD8-), and T suppressor/cytotoxic(CD4-CD8+) numbers were singinficantly elevated in the dental students compared to the matched control group(407).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 Urinary porphyrin profiles were found to be an excellent biomarker of level of body mercury level and mercury damage neurological effects, with coprorphyrin significantly higher in those with higher mercury exposure and urine levels(70,260). Coproporphyrin levels have a higher correlation with symptoms and body mercury levels as tested by challenge test(69,303), but care should be taken regarding challenge tests as the high levels of mercury released can cause serious health effects in some, especially those who still have amalgam fillings or high accumulations of mercury. Screening test that are less burdensome and less expensive are now available as first morning void urine samples have been found to be highly correlations to 24 hour urine test for mercury level or porphyrins(73). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. The average dental office exposure affects the body mercury level at least as much as the workers on fillings(57,64,69,123,138,171,173,303), with several studies finding levels approximately the same as having 19 amalgam fillings(123,124,173). Many surveys have been made of office exposure levels(1,6,7,10, etc.) The level of mercury at breathing point in offices measured ranged form 0.7 to over 300 micrograms per cubic meter(ug/M3) (120,172,253,249). The average levels in offices with reasonable controls ranged from 1.5 to 3.6 ug/M3, but even in Sweden which has had more office environmental controls than others spot levels of over 150 ug/M3 were found in 8 offices(172). Another study found spot readings as high as 200 ug/M3 in offices with few controls that only used saliva extractor(120). OSHA surveys find 6-16% of U.S. dental offices exceed the OSHA dental office standard of 50 ug/M3. The U.S. ATSDR mercury vapor exposure MRL for chronic exposure is much lower, 0.2 ug/M3 (217) (giving approx. 4 ug/day exposure), similar to U.S. EPA and Health Canada guidelines(2,209). Thus most office mercury levels were found to far exceed the U.S. guidelines for chronic mercury exposure. \par }{\plain \f3 Use of high speed drill in removal or replacement has been found to create high volume of mercury vapor and respirable particles, and dental masks to only filter out about 40 % of such particles(219,247). This produces high levels of exposure to patient and dental staff. Use of water spray, high velocity evacuation and rubber dam reduce exposure to patient and dental staff significantly, as seen in previous discussion. In addition to these measures researchers also advise all dental staff should wear face masks and patients be supplied with outside air(120,153). Some studies note that carpeting in dental offices should be avoided as it is a major repository of mercury(188,7)\par }{\plain \f3 Use of such measures along with a Clean-Up}{\plain \super\f3 TM }{\plain \f3 aspirator tip was found to reduce exposure to patient and staff approximately 90%(397).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3.\tab Dentists were found to score significantly worse than a comparable control group on neurobehavioral tests of motor speed, visual scanning,and visuomotor coordination(69,70,123,249,290,395), concentration , verbal memory, visual memory(68,69,70,249,290,395), and emotional/mood tests(70,249,290,395). Test performance was found to be proportional to exposure/body levels of mercury(68,70,249,290,395). Significant adverse neurobehavioral effects were found even for dental personnel receiving low exposure levels(less than 4 ug/l Hg in urine)(290). This study was for dental personnel having mercury excretion levels below the 10th percentile of the overall dental population. Such levels are also common among the general population of non- dental personnel with several fillings. This study used a new methodology which used standard urine mercury levels as a measure of recent exposure, and urine levels after chelation with a chemical, DMPS, to measure body burden mercury levels. Chelators like DMPS have been found after a fast to release mercury from cells in tissue to be available for excretion. This method was found to give enhanced precision and power to the results of the tests and correlations. Even at the low levels of exposure of the subjects of this study, there were clear demonstrated differences in test scores involving memory, mood, and motor skills related to the level of exposure pre and post chelation(290). Those with higher levels of mercury had deficits in both memory, mood, and motor function compared to those with lower exposure levels. And the plotted test results gave no indication of there existing a theshhold below effects were not measurable. Mood scores including anger were found to correlate more strongly with pre chelation urine mercury levels; while toxicity symptoms, concentration, memory(vocabulary,word), and motor function correlated more strongly with post-chelation mercury levels. \par }{\plain \f3 Several dentists have been documented to suffer from mercury poisoning(72,74,193,246,247,248,369), other than the documented neurological effects. One of the common effects of chronic mercury exposure is chronic fatigue due to immune system overload and activation. Many studies have found this occurs frequently in dentists and dental staff along with other related symtoms- lack of ability to concentrate, chronic muscular pain, burnout, etc.(249,369.377.378). In a group of dentists and dental workers suffering from extreme fatigue and tested by the immune test MELISA, 50% had autoimmune reaction to inorganic mercury and immune reactions to other metals used in dentistry were also common(369). Tests of controls did not find such immune reactions common.\par }{\plain \f3 One dentist with severe symptoms similar to ALS improved after treatment for mercury poisoning(246), and another with Parkinson\'92s disease recovered after reduction of exposure and chelation(248). Similar cases among those with other occupational exposure have been seen. A survey of over 60,000 U.S. dentists and dental assistants with chronic exposure to mercury vapor and anesthetics found increased health problems compared to controls, including significantly higher liver, kidney, and neurological diseases(99,193). Other studies reviewed found increased rates of brain cancer and allergies(99,193). Swedish male dentists were found to have an elevated standardized mortality ratio compared to other male academic groups(284). Dental workers and other workers exposed to mercury vapor were found to have a shortening of visual evoked potential latency and a decrease in amplitude, with magnitudes correlated with urine excretion levels(190). Dentists were also found to have a high incidence of radicular muscular neuralgia and peripheral sensory degradation(190,395).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 4. Both dental hygienists and patients get high doses of mercury vapor when dental hygienists polish or use ultrasonic scalers on amalgam surfaces(240,400). Pregnant women or pregnant hygienist especially should avoid these practices during pregnancy or while nursing since maternal mercury exposure has been shown to affect the fetus and to be related to birth defects, SIDS, etc.(23,37,38,110,142,146,19,31}{\plain \f3 ). Amalgam has been shown to be the main source of mercury in most infants and breast milk, which often contain higher mercury levels than in the mother\'92s blood (20,61,112,186,287}{\plain \f3 ). Because of high documented exposure levels when amalgam fillings are brushed(182,222,348) dental hygienist are advised not to polish dental amalgams when cleaning teeth. Face masks worn by dental workers filter out only about 40% of small dislodged amalgam particles from drilling or polishing, and very little mercury vapor(247,). Dental staff have been found to have significantly higher prevalence of eye problems, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact urticaria(247,156,74). \par }{\plain \f3 An epidemiological survey conducted in Lithuania on women working in dental offices(where Hg concentrations were < 80 ug/M3) had increased incidence of spontaneous abortions and breast pathologies that were directly related to the length of time on the job(277a). A large U.S. survey also found higher spontaneous abortion rate among dental assistants and wives of dentists(193), and another study found an increased risk of spontaneous abortions and other pregnancy complications among women working in dental surguries(277b). A study of dentist and dental assistants in the Netherlands found 50% higher rates of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects than for the control group(394), with unusually high occurance of spina bifida.\par }{\plain \f3 A study in Poland also found a significant positive association between mercury levels and occurrence of reproductive failures(401).}{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 5. Body burden increases with time and older dentists have median mercury urine levels about 4 times those of controls, as well as higher brain and body burdens(1,34, 68-74,99), and poor performance on memory tests(68, 69,70,249,290) Some older dentists have mercury levels in some parts of the brain as much as 80 times higher than normal levels(14,34,99). Dentists and dental personnel experience significantly higher levels of neurological, memory, musculoskeletal, visiomotor, mood, and behavioral problems, which increase with years of exposure (1,34,68-73,88,123,188,246,247,248,249,290,369,395). Even dental personnel with relatively low exposure(urine Hg<4 ug/l) were found to have significant neurological effects(290) and was found to be correlated with body burden of mercury. Most studies find dentists have increased levels of irritability and tension(1), high rates of drug dependancy and disability due to psychological problems(15), and higher suicide rates than the general white population (284), but one study found rates in same range as doctors. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 6. Female dental technicians who work with amalgam tend to have increased menstrual disturbances (275,401,10,38), significantly reduced fertility and lowered probability of conception (10,24,38,121), increased spontaneous abortions (10,38,277,433), and their children have significantly lower average IQ compared to the general population (1,279,38,110). Populations with only slightly increased levels of mercury in hair had decreases in academic ability(3). Effects are directly related to length of time on the job(277). The level of mercury excreted in urine is significantly higher for female dental assistants than dentists due to biological factors (171,172, 173,247). Several dental assistants have been diagnosed with mercury toxicity and some have died of related health effects(32,245,246,247,248). F}{\plain \f3 rom the medical register of births since 1967 in Norway, it can be seen that dental nurse/assistants have a clearly increased risk of having a deformed child or spontaneous abortion(433). }{\plain \f3 Female dentists have increased rates of spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality(193,38,10,433)),compared to controls. A study in Poland found a much higher incidence of birth defects among female dentist and dental assistants than normal(10). A chronically ill dental nurse diagnosed with mercury sensitivity recovered after replacement of fillings and changing jobs(60), and a female dentist recovered from Parkinson\'92s after mercury detox(248). Some studies have found increased risk of lung, kidney, brain, and CNS system cancers among dental workers(14,34,99,143,283).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 7. Many homes of dentists have been found to have high levels of mercury contamination used by dentists bringing mercury home on shoes and clothes(188).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 VIII. Scientists and Government Panels or Bodies That Have Found Amalgam Fillings to be Unsafe.\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 1. A World Health Organization Scientific Panel concluded that there is no safe level of mercury exposure(183,189,208). The Chairman of the panel, Lars Friberg stated that \'93dental amalgam is not safe for everyone to use(208,238). A study of dental personnel having very low levels of mercury excretion found measurable neurological effects including memory, mood, and motor function related to mercury exposure level as measured by excretion levels(290). and found no threshhold level below which effects were not measurable.. Other studies have found measurable effects to the immune, cardiovascular, hormonal, and reproductive systems from common levels of exposure(Section IV). Studies have found significant measurable adverse health effects at levels far below current government regulatory levels for mercury(290).\par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 2. In 1987 the Federal Dept. of Health in Germany issued an advisory warning against use of dental amalgam in pregnant women(61). Most major countries other than the U.S. have similar or more extensive bans or health warnings regarding the use of amalgam, including Canada, Great Britain, France, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, etc. A Swedish National Mercury Amalgam Review Panel found that " from a toxicological point of view, mercury is too toxic to use as a filling material " (164). A major amalgam manufacturer, Caulk Inc., advises that amalgam should not be used as a base for crowns or for retrograde root fillings as is commonly done in some coutries(387). A Swedish medical panel unanimously recommended to the government \'93discontinuing the use of amalgam as a dental material\'94(282). The U.S. EPA found that removed amalgam fillings are hazardous and must be sealed airtight and exposed of as hazardous waste(214). Most European countries require controls on dental waste amalgam emissions to sewers or air. A Canadian Government study for Health Canada concluded that any person with any number of amalgam fillings receives exposure beyond that recommended by the USPHS Standard(209). Many of those researching amalgam related health effects including several very prominent scientists have concluded that the health effects are widespread and serious so that mercury should not be used as a filling material (1,18,19,20, 36,38,57,60,61,88,94,99,125,148, 153,164,170,183,208, 209,210,212,222, 227,236, 238,282). \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 3. The use of mercury amalgams has been banned for children and women of child-bearing age or put on a schedule for phase out by several European countries. The use of amalgam is declining in Europe and Germany\'92s largest producer of amalgam has ceased production, The director of the U.S. Federal program overseeing dental safety advises against using mercury amalgam for new fillings. \par }{\plain \f3 \par }{\plain \f3 REFERENCES\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3 }{\plain \f3\fs20 (1) Denton S(MD); & J; Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biocompatability, Life Sciences Press, Oct 1990, p133-145.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (2)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), 1999, " Integrated Risk Information System, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris.htm}{\plain \f3\fs20 .. \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (3) Marlowe M et al, \'93Main and interative effects of metallic toxins on classroom behavior\'94, J Abnormal Child Psychol, 1985, 13(2):185-98; & Moon C et al, \'93Main and Interactive Effect of Metallic Pollutants on Cognitive Functioning\'94, Journal of Learning Disabilities, April, 1985; & Pihl RO et al, \'93Hair element content in Learning Disabled Children\'94, Science, Vol 198, 1977, 204-6; & Gowdy JM et al, \'93Whole blood mercury in mental hospital patients\'94, Am J Psychiatry, 1978, 135(1):115-7.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (4) Lee IP,\'94Effects of Mercury on Spermatogenisis\'94, J Pharmacol Exp Thera 1975, 194(1);171- 181; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 H. Ogura et al, \'93A comparison of chromosome aberrations and micronucleus techniques for the assessment of the genotoxicity of mercury compounds in human blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 1996 Jun;340(2\_3):175\_82. \par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx432\ 0\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (5) D.Klinghardt(MD), \'93Migraines, Seizures, and Mercury Toxicity\'94, Future Medicine Publishing, 1997.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (6) T.M.Schulein et al,\'94Survey of Des Moines area dental offices for Mercury vapour\'94,Iowa Dent. J. 70(1):35\_36 1984; & D.W. et al, \'93Survey of Mercury vapour in dental offices in Atlantic Canada\'94,Can. Dent. Assoc. J. 4906:378\_395, 1983; & R.W. et al,\'94Report on Independant survey taken of Austin dental offices for mercury contamination\'94, Texas Dent. J. 100(1): 6\_9, 1983; & A.Skuba, \'93Survey for Mercury vapour in Manitoba dental offices\'94, J Can. Dent. Assoc. 50(7):517\_522, 1984; & R.H. Roydhouse et al,\'94Mercury in dental offices\'94 J Can Dent Assoc., 51(2):156\_158, 1985; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 RT McNerney et al, " Mercury Contamination in the Dental Office: A Review " , NYS Dental Journal, Nov 1979, p457-458.}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (7) L.Kantor et al,\'93Mercury vapour in the dental office\_does carpeting make adifference?\'94, JADA 103(9):402\_407,1981; & G.F.Chop et al, \'93Mercury vapour related to manipulation of amalgam and to floor surfaces\'94 .Oper. Dent. 8(1):23\_27,1983; & G.C.Battistone et al, \'93Mercury as Occupational Hazard in Dentistry\'94, Clinical Hemistry and Chemical Toxicity of Metals, 1977,219:205-8.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (8) Redhe,O. }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Sick From Amalgam}{\plain \f3\fs20 R-Dental Ab, Frejavagen 33, S-79133 Falun, Sweden(100 cases).Olle Redhe }{\plain \f3\fs20 ; }{\plain \f3\fs20 [olle.redhe@...]}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (9) Dr.I.Gerhard, Dr. E.Roller,et al, Tubingen Univ. Gynecological Clinic, Heidelberg,1996; & \'93Heavy Metals and Fertility\'94, J of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part A, 54(8):593-611, 1998; & \'93Impact of heavy metals on hormonal and immunological factors in women with repeated miscarraiges\'94, & }{\plain \f3\fs20 I. Gerhard, \'93Ganzheitiche Diagnostik un Therapie bie Infertilitat\'94, Erfahrungsheilkunde,1993, 42(3): 100-106; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Unfruchtbarkeit bei Frauen durch Umweltgifte\'94 in Pravention, Diagnose und Therapie von Umwelterkrankungen, JD Kruse-Jarres(Ed.), 1993, p51-68.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (10) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Editorial, J California Dental Assoc., 1984, 12:37.}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; & Proceedings of Intl Conference on Mercury Hazards in Dental Practice, Sept 2\_4,1981 , Glasgow Scot, Dept. Of Clinical Physics and Bio-Engineering,(Gordon - Pregnancy in Female Dentists\_ a Mercury Hazard) & (several survey studies comparing level of mercury in hair of dental staff vs controls). \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (11) Lamm O et al, \'93Subclinical effects of exposure to inorganic mercury revealed by somatosensory\_evoked potentials. Eur Neurol, 24:237-243; & (b)Altmann L, Sveinsson K, Visual evoked potentials in 6 year ol chilren in relation to mercury and lead levels. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1998; 20(1):9-17; & \'a9 Chang YC,Yeh CY, Wang JD, \'93Subclinical neurotoxicity of mercury vapor revealed by a multimodality potential study of chloralkali workers\'94, Immunol, 1999, 117(3):482-8.\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx432\ 0\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (12) Dimaval Scientific monograph, sixth Ed., Jan 1997, Dr Johann Ruprecht, Heyl Corporation\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (13)S.Hussain et al, \'93Mercuric chloride\_induced reactive oxygen species and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in different regions of rat brain\'94,J Environ Sci Health B 1997 May;32(3):395\_409; & S.Tan et al, \'93Oxidative stress induces programmed cell death in nueronal cells\'94, J Neurochem, 1998, 71(1):95-105. & J.S. Bains et al, \'93Neurodegenerative disorders in humans and role of glutathione in oxidative stress mediated neuronal death\'94, Brain Res Rev, 199, 25(3):335-58; & P.Bulat, \'93Activity of Gpx and SOD in workers occupationally exposed to mercury\'94, Arch Occup Environ Health, 1998, Sept, 71 Suppl:S37-9; & Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 18(2): 321-36.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (14) Magnus Nylander, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 \'93Mercury Concentrations in the human brain and kidneys}{\plain \f3\fs20 in relaiton to exposure from dental amalgam fillings\'94,Proceedings, ICBM 1988; & M.Nylander et al, " Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys and exposure from amalgam fillings " , Swed Dent J 1987; 11:179-187, & Prosth Dent 1987, 58:704-707; & Schupp, Riedel et al, \'93Amalgamfullungen auf die Quecksilberkonzentration in menschlichen\'94, Organen.Dt.Zahnarztl.Z. 1992; 47:490-496. \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (15) Svare CW et.al, Univ. of Iowa, \'93The effects of dental amalgam on Mercury levels in expired air\'94 J. Dent. Res. 1981; 60(9):1668\_1671.\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx432\ 0\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (16) K. Ott et. al. \'93Mercury burden due to amalgam fillings\'94 Dtsch. Zahnarztl Z 39(9):199\_205, 1984; & \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (17) J.Abraham,C.Svare, et al. \'93The effects of dental amalgam restorations on Blood Mercury levels\'94. J. Dent.Res. 1984; 63(1):71\_73.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (18) M.J.Vimy,F.L.Lorscheider,\'94Intra oral Mercury released from dental amalgams and estimation of daily dose\'94 J. Dent Res., 1985,64(8):1069\_1075; & Res, 1985,64(8):1072-5.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (19) Matts Hanson. }{\plain \f3\fs20 Dept of Zoophysiology, University of Lund, Sweden. }{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Amalgam hazards in your teeth\'94, J. Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1983; 2(3): 194-201; & F.L.Lorscheider et al, \'93Evaluation of the safety issue of mercury release from amalgam fillings\'94, 1993, FASEB J, 7:1432-33.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (20) M.J.Vimy,Takahashi,Y, Lorscheider,FL Maternal \_Fetal Distribution of Mercury Released From Dental Amalgam Fillings. Dept of Medicine and Medical Physiology , faculty of Medicine, Univ of Calgary, Calgary Alberta Canada, 1990 & Amer.J.Physiol.,1990, 258:R939-945; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 N.D. Boyd, J.Vimy, et al,\'94 Mercury from dental " Silver tooth fillings impairs sheep kidney function\'94, Am.J. Physiol. 261 (Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol. 30):R1010\_R1014, 1991.\_ & L.Hahn et al, Distribution of mercury released from amalgam fillings into monkey tissues\'94, FASEB J.,1990, 4:5536}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (21) R.A.Goyer,\'94Toxic effects of metals\'94in: }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Cassarett and Doull\'92s}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Toxicology- TheBasic Science of Poisons}{\plain \f3\fs20 , McGraw-Hill Inc., N.Y., 1993.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (22) P.Kuhnert et al, \'93Comparison of Mercury levels in maternal blood fetal cord blood and placental tissue\'94. Am. J. Obstet and Gynecol.,139:209\_212., 1981\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (23) W.D.Kuntz \'93Maternal and chord blood mercury background levels; Longitudinal surveilance\'94. Am J Obstet and Gynecol. 143(4): 440\_443., 1982\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (24) J.B. Brodsky, \'93Occupational exposure to Mercury in dentistry and pregnancy outcome\'94, JADA111(11):779\_780., 1985\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (25) C.Malmstr\'f6m, M.Hansson,M. Nylander, Conference on Trace Elements in Health and Disease. Stockholm May 25\_1992; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & C. Malmstrom et al,. \'93Silver amalgam: an unstable material\'94, Swedish paper translated in Bio-Probe Newsletter, Vol 9(1):5-6, Jan. 1993}{\plain \f3\fs20 & C.Malmstrom, \'93Amalgam derived mercury in feces\'94, Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 5, (Abs 122), 1992; Nylander et al. Fourth international symposium Epidemiology in Occupational Health. Como Italy Sept 1985}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (26) A.F.Zamm, \'93Removal of dental mercury: often an effective treatment for very sensitive patients\'94, J Orthomolecular Med, 1990, 5(53):138-142. (22 patients)\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (27) Matts Hanson.\'94 Why is Mercury toxic?: Basic chemical and biochemical properties of Mercury/amalgam in relation to biological effects\'94. ICBM conference Colorado,Springs, Co,1988, Proceedings; & Hartman DE. Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of environmnetal toxicant exposure, MCS. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998, 21(3):659-70. & Merritt\'92s Textbook of Neurology, 9th Ed., and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995, p668-, & }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Clinical Management of Poisoning}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 3rd Ed.,(p753) Haddad, , and Winchester, W.B. Saunders and Company, Philadelphia, 1998; & U.S. EPA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Mercury Health Effects, Update Health Issue Assessment, Final Report, 1984, EOA-600/8-84f.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (28) F.Schmidt et al, \'93Mercury in urine of employees exposed to magnetic fields\'94, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 1997, 117(2): 199-202; & Sheppard AR and EisenbudM., }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Biological Effects of}{\plain \f3\fs20 electric and magnetic fields of extremely low frequency. New York university press. 1977\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (29) Mareck and Hockman. \'93Simulated crevice corosion experiment for ph and solution chemistry determinations\'94, Corrosion, 1974:23;1000\_1006. \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (30) T.Till et al, " Mercury Release from Amalgam Fillings and Oral Dysbacteriosis as a Cause of Resorption Phenomena " Zahnarztl Welt/Reform(ZWR), 1978:87;1130\_1134.}{\plain \f3\fs20 & S. Olsson et al, \'93Release of elements due to electrochemical corrosion of dental amalgam\'94 J of Dental Research, 1994, 73:33-43; & T.Fusayama et al, J Dental Res, 1963, 42:1183-1197.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (31) Langan,Fan,Hoos. The use of Mercury in dentistry: a critical review of the literature. JADA Vol 115 December 1987, 867 Donated by The ADA; & Health damage due to exposure to mercury vapour (Mercury) Szkody zdrowotne wywolane narazeniem na pary rteci (Mercury). Moszczynski\_P Jr; Moszczynski\_P Czas\_Stomatol. 1989 Apr; 42(4): 233\_81989,POLISH; & I Mandel, Assoc Dean for Research, School of Dental and Oral Surgury, Columbia Univ., N.Y., JADA, Vol 122, Aug 1991.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (32)\tab T.A.Cook et al, \'93Fatal mercury intoxication in a dental surguery assistant\'94, British Dent Journal, 1969, 127:533-555. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (33)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 S.C. Langley- et al, \'93SO2: a potent glutathion depleting agent\'94, Comp Biochem Physiol Pharmocol Toxicol Endocrinol, 114(2):89-98; & (b)P.E. Emory et al, \'93Increased Prevalence of poor sulphuoxidation in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis\'94, Ann Rheum Dis, 1992, 51(3): 318-20; & © Markovich et al, " Heavy metals (Hg,Cd) inhibit the activity of the liver and kidney sulfate transporter Sat\_1 " , Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1999,154(2):181\_7; & (d)S.A.McFadden, \'93Xenobiotic metabolism and adverse environmental response: sulfur-dependent detox pathways\'94,Toxicology, 1996, 111(1-3):43-65;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (34)\tab St\'f6rtebecker,Associate Professor of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Mercury Poisoning from Dental amalgam-A Hazard to the Human Brains}{\plain \f3\fs20 , }{\plain \f3\fs20 ISBN: 0-941011001-1 }{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 & }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Dental Caries as a Cause of Nervous Disorders,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Bioprobe.Inc.,http://www.bioprobe.com; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Neurology for Barefoot Doctors,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Stortebecker Foundation for Research, 1988: }{\plain \f3\fs20 & J Canadian Dental Assoc, 33(6): 300-}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (35)\tab Hal Huggins, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Its All in Your Head,}{\plain \f3\fs20 1997; & Proceedeings: ICBM conf. Colorado, 1988; & Center for Progressive Medicine, 1999, http://www.hugnet.com\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (36)\tab Sam Queen; }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Chronic Mercury Toxicity}{\plain \f3\fs20 - New Hope Against an Endemic Disease. http://www.bioprobe.com; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 F.L.Lorscheider et al, " Mercury exposure from silver tooth fillings: emerging evidence questions a paradigm " , FASEB J 9:504-508,1995.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (37)\tab Mohamed et al. \'93Lazer Light Scatering Study of the Toxic Effects of MethylMercury on sperm motility\'94. J Androl.,7(1):11\_15.,1986; & A. Anttila et al, Finnish Inst. Of Occupational Health, \'93Effects of paternal occupation exposure on spontaneous abortion\'94, J of Occup & Environ Med, 1995, 37(8):915-21. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (38)\tab S.Ziff and M.Ziff, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Infertility and Birth Defects: Is Mercury from Dental Fillings a Hidden Cause?,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Bio-Probe, Inc. ISBN: 0-941011-03-8.1987\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (39)\tab M.Inouye et al, Behavorial and neuropathological effects of prenatal methyl mercury exposure in mice\'94. Neurobeahv.Toxicol Teratol., 1985:7;227\_232; & P.Grandjean et al, \'93MeHg and neurotoxicity in children\'94, Am J Epidemiol, 1999, 150(3):301-5: & Z.u et al, s Hopkins Univ., School of Public Health, \'93Mechanisms of neurotoxicity and their relationships to behavioral changes\'94, Toxicology, 1988, 49(2): 219-25; & S.D.Vanay et al, \'93CNS arylsulfatases inhibited by methyl mercury\'94, Pharmacol Toxicol, 1991, 69(1):71-4.\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx432\ 0\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (40) F.Perger, Amalgamtherape, in }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Kompendiu der Regulationspathologie und Therapie}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Sonntag-Verlag, 1990; & \'93Belastungen \tab durch toxische Schwermetalle\'94, 1993, 87(2): 157-63; & K.H.Friese, \'94Homoopathische Behandlung der Amalgamvergiftung\'94, \tab Allg. Homoopathische Z, 241(5); 184-187, & Erfahrungsheikunde, 1996, (4): 251-253; & \'93Amalgamvergiftung_moglicher\'94Der \tab Naturazt,1995,135(8):13-15; & \'93Schnupfen-Was tun?\'94, Therapeutikon, 1994, 8(3): 62-68; & Homoopathische Behandlung de \tab Amalgamvergiftung & \'93Polemik und Wirklichkeit\'94, Allgemeine Homoopathische zeitschrift, 1994, 239(6): 225-233 ; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab \'93Amalgamtherapie fur Arzte und Zahnarzte\'94, Panta 3, 1992, Haug-Verlag.; & Natura Med 1992, 7(4): 295-306; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & M.Strassburg \tab et al, \'93Generalized allergic reaction from silver amalgam fillings\'94, Dtsche Zahnarztliche Zeit, 22:3-9, 1967.(total:over 1200 cases}{\plain \f3\fs20 )\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (41)\tab Khera et al., Teratogenic and genetic effects of Mercury toxicity. The biochemistry of Mercury in the environment Nriagu, J.O.Ed, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 503\_18,1979.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (42)\tab Babich et al ., The mediation of mutagenicity and clastogenicity of heavy metals by physiochemical factors. Environ Res., 1985:37;253\_286; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 K.Hansen et al A survey of metal induced mutagenicity in vitro and in vivo, J Amer Coll Toxicol , 1984:3;381\_430}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (43)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 Knapp LT; Klann E. Superoxide\_induced stimulation of protein kinase C via thiol modification and modulation of zinc content. J Biol Chem 2000 May 22; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 B.Rajanna et al, \'93Modulation of protein kinase C by heavy metals\'94, Toxicol Lett, 1995, 81(2-3):197-203: & \tab A.Badou et al, \'93HgCl2-induced IL-4 gene expression in T cells involves a protein kinase C-dependent calcium influx through L-type calcium channels\'94, }{\plain \f3\fs20 & D.B.Veprintsev, 1996, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pb2+ and Hg2+ binding to alpha\_lactalbumin\'94.Biochem Mol Biol Int 1996 Aug;39(6):1255\_65 }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (44)\tab L.Verchaeve et al., Comparitive in vitro cytogenetic studies in Mercury exposed human lymphocytes, Mutation Res., 1985:157; 221\_226; & G.A.Caron et al, \'93Lymphocyte transformation induced ...\'94, Int Arch Allergy, 37:76-87,1970. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (45)\tab L.Pelletier et al.,\'94In \_vivo self reactivity of mononuclear cells to T cells and macrophages exposed to Hg Cl2 " Eur. J Immun.,1985:460\_465; & Pelletier et al, \'93Autoreactive T cells in mercury induced autoimmune disease\'94, J Immunol,1986 137(8):2548-54 & Scand J of Immunology, 1990,31:65-74 & M. Kubicka et al, \'93Autoimmune disease induced by mercuric choride\'94, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, Jan 1996, 109(1):11-20 .}{\plain \f1\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (46)\tab Veron et al, \'93Amalgam Dentaires et Allergies\'94, J Biol Buccale., 1986 : 14; 83\_100 (41 cases); & }{\plain \f3\fs20 D.E. Swartzendruber, Med Hyptheses, 1993, v41,n1, p31-34.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (47)\tab A. Buchner et al, \'93Amalgam tattoo of the oral mucosa: a clinicopatholigic study of 268 cases\'94, Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980, 49(2):139-47; & M. Forsell et al, Mercury content in amalgam tattoos of human oral mucosa and its relation to local tissue reactions. Euro J Oral Sci 1998; 106(1):582-7; & J.D. on et al, Amalgam tattoos: light and microscopy and electron-probe micro-analysis;}{\plain \f3\fs20 & T. Kanzaki et al, Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of metals deposited in oral mucosa. J Dermatol 1992; 19(8):487-92; & K. Nilner et al, In vitro testing of dental materials by means of macrophage cultures. J Biomed Mater Res 1986;20(8):1125-38.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (48)\tab K.Arvidson,\'94Corrosion studies of dental gold alloy in contact with amalgam\'94, Swed. Dent. J 68: 135-139,1984; & Skinner, EW, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 The Science of Dental Materials}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 4th Ed.revised, W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia, p284-285,1957. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (49)\tab A.Kingman et al, National Institute of Dental Research, \'93Mercury concentrations in urine and blood associated with amalgam exposure in the U.S. military population\'94, Dent Res, 1998, 77(3):461-71.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (50)\tab J.Kawada et al, \'93Effects of inorganic and methyl mercury on thyroidal function\'94, J Pharmacobiodyn, 1980, 3(3):149-59; & Ghosh N. Thyrotoicity of cadmium and mercury. Biomed Environ Sci 1992, 5(3): 236-40.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (51)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 Heintze}{\plain \f1\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 et al,}{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Methylation of Mercury from dental amalgam and mercuric chloride by oral Streptococci\'94.,Scan. J. Dent. Res. 1983, 91:150\_152: & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Rowland, Grasso, Davies}{\plain \f1\fs20 \'93}{\plain \f3\fs20 The Methylation of Mercuric Chloride by Human Intestinal Bacteria\'94. Experientia. Basel 1975 ,31: 1064\_1065; & M.K.Hamdy et al, \'93Formation of methyl mercury by bacteria\'94, App Microbiol, 1975, Sept.; & W.Forth, \'93Toxikologie von Quecksilberverbindungen\'94, in }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Quecksilber in der Umwelt-Hearing zur Amalgamprolematik,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Niedersachsisches Umweltministerium, 1991.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (52)\tab \'93Bacterial Growth on Dental Restorative Materials in Mucosal Contact\'94. Orstavic, Arneberg, Valderhaug Acta Odontol. Scand.1981, 39:267\_274\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (53)\tab C. Thornsberry, MRL Services, lin, Tenn, Proceedings of Infectuous Diseases Soc. Of America, San Francisco, Ca., & USA Today, April, 1997; & Science News,Vol 155, June 5, 1999, p356.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (54)\tab M.E. Lund et al, \'93Treatment of acute MeHg poisoning by NAC\'94, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1984, 22(1):31-49; & G.Ferrari et al, Dept. Of Pathology, Columbia Univ., J Neurosci,1995, 15(4):2857-66; & RR. Ratan et al, Dept. of Neurology, s Hopkins Univ., J Neurosci, 1994, 14(7): 4385-92; Z.Gregus et al, \'93Effect of lipoic acid on biliary excretion of glutathione and metals\'94, Toxicol APPl Pharmacol, 1992, 114(1):88-96; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 & J.F. Balch et al, Prescription for Nutritional Healing\'94, 2nd Ed., 1997.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-9360\li9360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx28\ 80\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (55) M.D.Dickman et al, \'93Hong Kong subfertility links to mercury in human hair and fish\'94, Sci Total Environ, \tab 1998,214:165-74.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (56)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 X.M.Shen et al, Neurolbehavioral effects of NAC conjugates of dopamine: possible relevance for Parkinson\'92sDisease\'94, Chem Res Toxicol, 1996, 9(7):1117-26; & Chem Res Toxicol, 1998, 11(7):824-37; & A. et al, \'93Direct evidence for glutathione as mediator of apoptsosis in neuronal cells\'94, Biomed Pharmacother, 1998; 52(9):349-55;}{\plain \f3\fs20 & J.P.Spencer et al, \'93Cysteine & GSH in PD\'94, mechinsms involving ROS\'94, J Neurochem, 1998, 71(5):2112-22: & P.Jenner,\'93Oxidative mechanisms in PD\'94, Mov Disord, 1998; 13(Supp1):24-34; & D. Offen et al, \'93Use of thiols in treatment of PD\'94, Exp Neurol, 1996,141(1):32-9; & A.D.Owen et al, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1996, 786:217-33; & JJ Heales et al, Neurochem Res, 1996, 21(1):35-39. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (57)\tab N. & M.Godfrey,\'93Confirmation of Mercury Retention and Toxicity using DMPS provocation\'94 ,J of Advancement in Medicine, 7(1) 1994;(80 cases); & \par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\ \tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (b)D.Zander et al, \'93Mercury mobilization by DMPS in subjects with and without amalgams\'94, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1992, 192(5): 447-54(12 cases); \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (58)\tab H.Freden et al, \'93Mercury in gingival tissues adjacent to amalgam fillings\'94, Odontal Revy, 1974, 25(2): 207-210; & H Reden,Odontal Revy, 25,1971,207-210.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (59)\tab A. Frustaci et al, \'93Marked elevation of mycardial trace elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy\'94, J of American College of Cardiology, 1999, 33(6):1578-83; & Husten L. \'93Trace elements linked to cardiomyopathy\'94, Lancet 1999; 353(9164): 1594; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & D.V. Vassalo, 1999,Effects of mercury on the isolated heart muscle are prevented by DTT and cysteine\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999 Apr 15;156(2):113\_8; & N.G. Ilblack et al, \'93New aspects of murine coxsackie B3 mycocarditis: focus on heavy metals\'94, European Heart J, 1995, 16: supp O: 20-4.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (60)\tab V.D.M.Stejskal, Dept. Of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden LYMPHOCYTE IMMUNO\_STIMULATION ASSAY \_MELISA\'94 & VDM Stejskal et al, " MELISA: tool for the study of metal allergy " , Toxicology in Vitro, 8(5):991-1000, 1994.}{\plain \f1\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (61)\tab E.Lutz et al, \'93Concentrations of mercury in brain and kidney of fetuses and infants\'94, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 1996,10:61-67; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 G.Drasch et al, \'93Mercury Burden of Human Fetal and Infant Tissues\'94, Eur J Pediatr 153:607-610,1994;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx432\ 0\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (62) W. Kostler., President of the Austrian Oncology Society. Paper presented at the World Congress on Cancer. April 1994 Sydney \tab Australia. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (63)\tab K.Peiper et al, \'93Study of mercury uptake in dental students\'94,Dtsch Zahnarzt Z 1989, 44(9):714-\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (64)\tab Steinberg D, Grauer F, Niv Y, Perlyte M, Kopolivic K, Dept. Of Oral Biology, Hebrew Univ. Mercury among dental personnel in Israel. Med Sci,1995, 31(7):428-32.\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (65)\tab Y.K.Fung et al,\'93In vivo mercury and methyl mercury levels in patients at different intervals after amalgam restorations\'94.Carlson\_MP College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln. Northwest\_Dent. 1991 May\_Jun; 70(3) 23\_6\par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (66)\tab \'93Regional brain trace\_element studies in Alzheimer's disease\'94. C.M & W.R. Markesbery, et al, Univ. Of Kentucky Dept. Of Chemistry, Neurotoxicology (1988 Spring) 9(1):1\_7 & Hock et al, \'93Increased blood mercury levels in Alzheimer\'92s patients\'94, Neural. Transm. 1998, 105:59-68 & Cornett et al, \'93Imbalances of trace elements related to oxidative damage in Alzheimer\'92s diseased brain\'94, Neurotoxicolgy,1998, 19:339-345. \par }\pard \fi-540\li540\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx540\tx720\tx900\tx1080\tx1260\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\ \tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (67)\tab A search for longitudinal variations in trace element levels in nails of Alzheimer's disease patients. Vance DE Ehmann WD Markesbery WR In: Biol Trace Elem Res (1990 Jul\_Dec)26\_27:461\_70; & Ehmann et al, 1986, Neurotoxicology, 7:195-206; & et al, 1988, Neurotoxicology, 9:1-7.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (68)\tab K.A.Ritchie et al,Univ. Of Glasgow, " Psychomotor testing of dentists with chronic low level mercury exposure " , J Dent Res 74:420, IADR Abstract 160(1995): & Occup Environ Med, 1995, 52(12): 813-7 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (69)\tab D - et al; " Uninary mercury, porphyrins, and neurobehavioral changes of dental workers in Monterrey, Mexico\'94, J Pharmocology and Experimental Therapeutics, 272(1): 264-274,1995 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (70)\tab D.Echeverria et al, Batelle Center for Public Health Reseach, Seattle, " Behavioral Effects of Low Level Exposure to Hg vapor Among Dentists " , Neurotoxicology & Teratology; 17(2):161-168(1995); \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (71)\tab S.C.Foo et al, " Neurobehavioral effects in Occupational Chemical Exposure " , Environmental Research, 60(2): 267-273, 1993; D.G. Mantyla et al, " Mercury toxicity in the dental office: a neglected problem " , JADA, 92:1189-1194, 1976.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (72)\tab D.L., " Mental effects of mercury poisoning " ,South Med J 71:904-5,1978. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (73)\tab M.E.Cianciola et al, \'93Epidemiologic assessment of measures used to indicate exposure to mercury vapor\'94, Toxicol Eniviron Health, 1997, 52(1):19-33.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (74)\tab A.C.Bittner et al, \'93Behavior effects of low level mercury exposure among dental professionals\'94, Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 1998, 20(4):429-39.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (75)\tab Katsunuma et al, \'93Anaphylaxis improvement after removal of amalgam fillings\'94, ls of Allergy, 1990, 64(5):472-75; & Yoshida S, Mikami H, Nakagawa H, Amayasu H. Amalagam allergy associatiated with exacerbation of aspirin-intolerant asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29(10): 1412-4; & M.Drouet et al, \'93Is mercury a respiratory tract allergen?\'94, Allerg Immunol(Paris),1990; 22(3):81.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \{76)\tab A. Schulte et al, " Mercury Concentrations in Children with and without Amalgam Restorations " , J.Dent Res 73(4): 980 A-334; & Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed, 1994,104(11):1336-40..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (77)\tab I.Skare, " Mass Balance and Systemic Uptake of Mercury Released from Dental Fillings " , Water, Air, and Soil Pollutio, 80(1-4):59-67, 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (78)\tab G.Drasch et al, " Silver Concentrations in Human Tissues: the Dependence on Dental Amalgam " ,J Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,9(2):82-7,1995; & L.J. Calsakis et al, " Allergy to Silver Amalgams " ,Oral Surg,46:371-5,1978. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (79)\tab L.Bjorkman et al, " Mercury in Saliva and Feces after Removal of Amalgam Fillings " , Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1997, 144(1), p156-62; & ( J Dent Res 75: 38-, IADR Abstract 165, 1996.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (80)\tab M.Osterblad et al, " Antimicrobial and Mercury Resistance among Persons with and without Amalgam Fillings " , Antimicrobial Agents and Chem, 39(11):2499,1995 \par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (81)\tab L.I.Liang et al, " Mercury reactions in the human mouth with dental amalgams " Water, Air, and Soil pollution, 80:103-107.\par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (82)\tab J.Begerow et al, " Long-term mercury excretion in urine after removal of amalgam fillings " , Int Arch Occup Health 66:209-212, 1994.\par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (83)\tab I.Skare et al, Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, " Human Exposure to Hg and Ag Released from Dental Amalgam Restorations " , Archives of Environmental Health 1994; 49(5):384-394. \par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (84)\tab J.C.Veltman et al, \'93Alterations of heme, cytochrome P-450, and steroid metabolism by mercury in rat adrenal gland\'94, Arch Biochem Biophys, 1986, 248(2):467-78; & A.G.Riedl et al, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, King\'92s College,UK, \'93P450 and hemeoxygenase enzymes in the basal ganglia and their role\'92s in Parkinson\'92s disease\'94, Adv Neurol, 1999; 80:271-86.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (85)\tab J.A.Weiner et al,\'93The relationship between mercury concentration in human organs and predictor variables " , Sci Tot Environ, 138(1-3):101-115,1993; & " An estimation of the uptake of mercury from amalgam fillings in Swedish subjects " , Science of the Total Environment, v168,n3, p255-265, 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (86)\tab E.R.Smart et al, " Resolution of lichen planus following removal of amalgam restorations " , Br Dent J 178(3):108-112,1995(12 cases); & H.Markow,\'94 Regression from orticaria following dental filling removal:,New York State J Med, 1943: 1648-1652; & G. Sasaki et al, \'93Three cases of oral lichenosis caused by metallic fillings\'94, J. Dermatol, 23 Dec, 1996; 12:890-892; & J.Bratel et al, \'93Effect of Replacement of Dental Amalgam on OLR\'94, Journal of Dentistry, 1996, 24(1-2):41-45(161 cases). \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (87)\tab A. Skoglund, Scand J Dent Res 102(4): 216-222, 1994; and 99(4):320-9,1991(40 cases); }{\plain \f3\fs20 & P.O.Ostman et al, \'93Clinical & histologic changes after removal of amalgma\'94, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Endodontics, 1996, 81(4):459-465; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & S.H.Ibbotson et al, \'93The relevance of amalgam replacement on oral lichenoid reactions\'94, British Journal of Dermatology, 134(3):420-3, 1996;}{\plain \f3\fs20 (270 cases) \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (88)\tab M.E.Godfrey, \'94Chronic alilments related to amalgams\'94, J.Adv Med,1990, 3:247\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (89)\tab M.Molin et al, " Kinetics of mercury in blood and urine after amalgam removal " , J Dent Res 74:420, IADR Abstract 159, 1995; & ( M.Molin et al, \'93Mercury, selenium, And GPX before & after amalgam removal\'94, Acta Odontol Scand, 1990,48:189-202.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (90)\tab P.Koch et al, \'93Oral lesions and symptoms related to metals\'94, Dermatol, 1999,41(3):422-430; & " Oral lichenoid lesions,mercury hypersensitity, ... " , Contact Dermatitis, 1995, 33(5): 323-328; & S.Freeman et al, \'93Oral lichenoid lesions caused by allergy to mercury in amalgam\'94, Contact Dermatitis, 33(6):423-7, Dec 1995 (Denmark) & H.Mobacken et al, Contact Dermatitis, 10:11-15,1984; & M.Jolly et al, \'93Amalgam related chronic ulceration of oral mucosa\'94, Br Dent J, 1986,160: 434-437; & C.Camisa et al, \'93Contact hypersensitivity to mercury\'94, Cutis, 1999, 63(3):189-\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (91) B.Lindqvist et al, " Effects of removing amalgam fillings from patients with diseases affecting the immune \tab \tab \tab system " , Med Sci Res 24(5): 355-356, 1996.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (92)\tab L. Tandon et al, " Elemental imbalance studies by INAA on ALS patients " , J Radioanal Nuclear Chem 195(1):13-19,1995; & Y.Mano et al, \'93Mercury in the hair of ALS patients\'94, Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 1989, 29(7): 844-848; & Mano et al, 1990, Rinsho Shinkeigaku 30: 1275-1277; & Khare et al, 1990, \'93Trace element imbalances in ALS\'94, Neurotoxicology, 1990,11:521-532.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (93)\tab L.Barregard et al, " People with high mercury uptake from their own dental amalgam fillings " , Occup Envir Med 52: 124-128, 1995; & S.Langworth et al, \'93A case of high mercury exposure from dental amalgam\'94 European J Oral Sci 1996, 104:320-321; & R. Stromberg et al, " A case of unusually high mercury exposure from amalgam fillings " , Tandlakartidningen 88(10): 570-572, 1996; & McCann et al, Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) treatment of autoimmune kidney disease associated with mercury ( Hg++) toxicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 95(1)(Pt 2):145\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (94)\tab F.Berglund, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Case reports spanning 150 years on the adverse effects of dental}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 amalgam}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Bio-Probe, Inc.,Orlando,Fl,1995;ISBN 0-9410011-14-3(245 cured)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (95)\tab H.J.Lichtenberg, " Elimination of symptoms by removal of dental amalgam from mercury poisoned patients " , J Orthomol Med 8:145-148, 1993; & \'93Symptoms before and after removal of amalgam\'94,J of Orth Med,1996,11(4):195- (119 cases)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (96) A.F.Goldberg et al, \'93Effect of Amalgam restorations on whole body potassium and bone mineral content in older men\'94,Gen Dent, \tab 1996, 44(3): 246-8; & K.Schirrmacher,1998, \'93Effects of lead, mercury, and methyl mercury on gap junctions and [Ca2+]i in bone \tab \tab cells\'94, Calcif Tissue Int 1998 Aug;63(2):134\_9. \par }\pard \fi-150\li150\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (97) Redhe O, Pleva J, " Recovery from ALS and from asthma after removal of dental amalgam fillings " , Int J Risk & Safety in Med 1994; 4:229-236, & N.Vanacore et al, Dirparimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Univer. La Sapienza, Roma, Med Lav (Italy), 1995, Nov, 86(6): 522-533.\par }\pard \fi-150\li150\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (98) A.Seidler et al, Possible environmental factors for Parkinson's disease " ,Neurology 46(5): 1275- 1284, 1996; & Vroom FO, Greer M, " Mercury vapor intoxication " , 95: 305-318, 1972; & Ohlson et al, \'93Parkinsons Disease and Occupational Exposure to Mercury\'94, Scand J. Of Work Environment Health, Vol7, No.4: 252-256, 1981; L.G. Golota, \'93Theraputic properties of Unitihiol\'94 Farm. Zh. 1980, 1: 18-22.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (99)\tab M.Nylander et al, Mercury accumulation in tissues from dental staff and controls\'94, Swedish Dental Journal, 13:235-243, 1989; & M.Nylander et al, Br J Ind Med 1991, 48(11):729-34; & \'93Mercury in pituitary glands of dentists\'94, Lancet,442, Feb 26, 1986.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (100)\tab M.Hanson et al, " The dental amalgam issue: a review " , Experientia, 47:9-22,1991; & J.A.Weiner et al, \'93Does mercury from amalgam restorations contitute a health hazard\'94, Sci Total Environ, 1990, 99(1-2): 1-22; & R.Marxkors, \'93Korrosionserscheinungen an Amalgamf llungen und Deren Auswirkungen auf den Menschlichen Organismus.\'94 Das Deutsche Zahn rztebl. 24, 53, 117 and 170, 1970 .\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (101)\tab E.Henriksson et al, " Healing of Lichenoid Reactions followin Removal of Amalgam " , J Clinical Periodontol, V22,N4, p287-94,1995 & M.Forsbec et al, Journal of Clinical Immunology, 16(1):31-40, Jan 1996; & A.Larsson et al, \'93The histopathology of oral mucosal lesions associated with amalgam\'94,\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab \tab \tab Oral Dis 1995, 1(3):152-8.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (102)\tab R.L. Siblerud et al, " Evidence that mercury from silver fillings may be an etiological factor in multiple sclerosis " , Sci Total Environ, 1994,v142,n3, p191- , & \'93Mental health, amalgam fillings, and MS\'94, Psychol Rep,1992, 70(3 Pt2), 1139-51; & T.Engalls,Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 4(1):1983, Mar, 55-61.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (103)\tab A.P.Tanchyk, " Amalgam Removal for Treatment of Arthritis " , Gen Dent,v42,n4, July 1994, p354-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (104)\tab C.F.Facemire et al, \'93Reproductive impairment in the Florida Panther\'94, Health Perspect,1995, 103 (Supp4):79-86; & J.M.Yang et al, \'93The distribution of HgCl2 in rat body and its effect on fetus\'94, Environ Sci , 1996, 9(4): 437-42; M.Maretta et al, \'93Effect of mercury on the epithelium of the fowl testis\'94, Vet Hung 1995, 43(1):153-6.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (105)\tab T.Colborn(Ed.),}{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Chemically Induced Atlerations in Functional Development}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Princeton Scientific Press,1992; & \'94 Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals " ,Eniron Heath Perspectives, V 101, No.5, Oct 1993; & B.Windham, " Health, Hormonal, and Reproductive Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals " (including mercury), Annotated Bibliography ,1996; & Giwercman A, Carlsen E, Keiding N, Skakkabaek NE, Evidence for increasing incidence of abnormalities of the human testis: a review. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101 Suppl(2): 65-71; & Trachtenberg IM, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Chronic effects of mercury in ogranisms.}{\plain \f3\fs20 U.S. Dept. Of Health,Eductation, and Welfare, Publ 74-473, 1974, \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (106)\tab G.R.Bruce, " Cytotoxicity of retrofil materials " , J Endodont., v19,n6,p288-92,1993 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (107)\tab R.L.Siblerud et al,\'94Psychometric evidence that mercury from dental fillings may be a factor in depression,anger,and anxiety " , Psychol Rep, v74,n1,1994; & Amer. J. Of Psychotherapy, 1989; 58: 575-87; }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Poisoning and Toxicology compendium}{\plain \f3\fs20 ,Leikin & Palouchek, Lexi-Comp,1998,p705 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (108)\tab M.Henningsson et al, " Defensive characteristics in individuals with amalgam illness " , Acta Odont Scand 54(3): 176-181,1996.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (109)\tab Y.X. Liang et al, " Psychological effects of low exposure to mercury vapor " ,Environmental Med Research, 60(2): 320-327, 1993; & T.Kampe et al, " Personality traits of adolescents with intact and repaired dentitions " ,Acta Odont Scand,44:95-,1986; & R.Kishi et al, Residual neurobehavioral effects of chronic exposure to mercury vapor\'94, Occupat. Envir. Med., 1994, 51:35-41; & A.Sikora et al, \'93Evaluation of mental functions in workers exposed to metalic mercury\'94, Med Pr, 1992, 43(2):109-21..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (110)\tab N.Roeleveld et al, " Mental retardation and parental occupation " , Br J Ind Med 50(10): 945-954, 1993.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (111)\tab T.W.son et al, " Billiary secretion of glutathione\_metal complexes " , Fundam Appl Toxicol,1985,5(5):816\_31; & D.Quig, Doctors Data Lab, " Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity " , Altern Med Rev, 1998;3:4, p262\_270, & J.de Ceaurriz et al, Role of gamma\_ glutamyltraspeptidase(GGC) and extracellular glutathione in disopition of inorganic mercury " ,J Appl Toxicol,1994, 14(3): 201\_; & W.O. Berndt et al, " Renal glutathione and mercury uptake " , Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1985, 5(5):832\_9; & R.K. Zulups et al, J Toxicol Environ Health, 1995, 44(4): 385-99; D.Jay, \'93Glutathione inhibits SOD activity of Hg\'94, Arch Inst cardiol Mex, 1998,68(6):457-61. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (112)\tab A.Oskarsson et al, \'93Mercury in breast milk in relation to fish consumption and amalgam\'94, Arch environ Health, 1996,51(3):234-41; & \'93Risk assessment in relation to neonatal metal exposure\'94, Analyst,1998, 123(1): 19-23; & Drasch et al, \'93Mercury in human colostrum and early breast milk\'94, J.Trace Elem. Med.Biol., 1998,12:23-27.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (113)\tab T.A.Glavinskiaia et al, \'93Complexons in the treatment of lupus erghematousus\'94, Dermatol Venerol, 1980, 12: 24-28; & A.F.Hall, Arch Dermatol 47, 1943, 610-611.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (114)\tab M.Aschner et al, \'93Metallothioein induction in fetal rat brain by in utero exposure to elemental mercury\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab vapor\'94, Brain Research, 1997, dec 5, 778(1):222-32; & T.V. O\'92Halloran, \'93Transition metals in control\par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\ \tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 Of gene expression\'94, Science, 1993, 261(5122):715-25; & Matts RL, Schatz JR, Hurst R, Kagen R. Toxic heavy metal ions inhibit reduction of disulfid bonds. J Biol Chem 1991; 266(19): 12695-702; Boot JH. Effects of SH-blocking compounds on the energy metablolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. Cell Struct Funct 1995; 20(3): 233-8. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (115)\tab G.Hall, V-TOX, Mercury levels excreted after Vit C IV as chelator\_ by number of fillings Int Symposium " Status Quo and Perspectives of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials " European Academy, Ostzenhausen/Germany. April 29 \_ May 1, 1994; & Heavy Metal Bulletin, Apr 1996,Vol.3,Issue 1, p6-8 (200 cured or significantly improved)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (116)\tab A.O.Summers et al, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 37(4):825-834,1993; & The Physiologist 33(4), A-116,1990; & J. Wireman et al, Appl Environ Microbiol, 1997, 63(11):4494-503. & M.Vimy et al,\'94 Silver dental fillings provoke an increase in mercury and antibiotic resistant bacteria in the mouth and intestines of primates\'94, APUA Newsletter, Fall, 1991. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (117)\tab C.Edlund et al, " Resistance of the Normal Human Microflora to mercury and antimicrobials " , Clin Infect Dis 22(6):944-950, 1996.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (118)\tab Tibbling L, Stejskal VDM, et al, Immunolocial and brain MRI changes in patients with suspected metal intoxication " , Int J Occup Med Toxicol 4(2):285-294,1995.\par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (119)\tab L.Ronnback et al, " Chronic encephalopaties induced by low doses of mercury or lead " , Br J Ind Med 49:233-240, 1992; & H.Langauer\_Lewowicka,\'94 }{\plain \f3\fs20 Changes in the nervous system due to occupational metallic mercury poisoning\'94 Neurol Neurochir Pol 1997 Sep\_Oct;31(5):905\_13; & Kim P, Choi BH. \'93Selective inhibition of glutamate uptake by mercury in cultured mouse astrocytes\'94, Yonsei Med J 1995; 36(3): 299-305; & s N. In vitro evidence for the role of glutatmate in the CNS toxicity of mercury. Toxicology 1992, 76(3):245-56.\par }\pard \qj\fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4\ 320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (120)\tab L.Pohl, Dept. of Dental Materials Science, Umea Univ., Sweden, " The dentist's exposure to elemental mercury during clinical work " , Acta Odontol Scand,v53,n1,p44-48,1995. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (121)\tab A.S.Rowland et al,\'93The Effect of Occupational Exposure to mercury vapor on the fertility of female dental assistants " ,Occupational & Environmental Medicine, v55,n1,1994 \par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (122) B.Ono et al, \'93Reduced tyrosine uptake in strains sensitive to inorganic mercury\'94, Genet, 1987,11(5):399-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (123)\tab I. Skare et al, " Mercury exposure of different origins among dentists and dental nurses " , Scand J Work Environ Health, 16:340-347, 1990.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (124)\tab I.Akesson et al, Dept. of Occupational Medicine, " Status of mercury and selenium in dental personel " , Arch Environ Health, 46(2): 102-109, 1991 & Chang SB et al, Factors affecting blood mercury concentrations in practicing dentists, Dent Res, 1992, 71(1):66-74; & Examination of blood levels of mercurials in practicing dentists, Anal Toxicol , 1987, 11(4):149-53.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (125)\tab G. Hall, " Perspectives of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials " , European Acadamy Symposium Article, Ostzenhausen,Germany, April 29, 1994.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (126)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 K.R.Hoyt et al, \'93Mechanisms of dopamine-induced cell death and differences from glutamate Induced cell death\'94, Exp Neurol 1997, 143(2):269-81; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 P.Froissard et al, Universite de Caen, \'93Role of glutathione metabolism in the glutamate-induced programmed cell death of neuronal cells\'94 Eur J Pharacol, 1997, 236(1): 93-99.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (127)\tab . Moszczynski et al, " The behavior of T-Cells in the blood of workers exposed to mercury " , Med Lav 85(3):239-241,1994; & " Lymphocytes, T and NK cells in men exposed to mercury " ,Int J Occup Med Environ Health,8(1):1995. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (128)\tab M.L.S.Queiroz et al, " Immunoglobulin Levels in Workers Exposed to Inorganic Mercury " , Pharmacol Toxicol 74:72-75, 1994; & \'93Presence of Micronuclei in lymphocytes of mercury exposed workers\'92, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 1999, 21(1):141-50; & D.C.Santos, \'93Immunoglubuline E in mercury exposed workers\'94, 1997, 19(3):383-92..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (129)\tab P.Hultman et al,Dept. Of Pathology, Linkoping Univ., Sweden,\'94Adverse immunological effects and immunity induced by dental amalgam " FASEB J 8:1183-1190, 1994; & Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1992, 113(2):199-208. .\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (130)\tab S. Enestrom et al, " Does amalgam affect the Immune System? " Int Arch Allergy Immunol 106:180-203,1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (131)\tab Christensen MM, Ellermann-sen S, Mogensen SC. Influence of mercury chloride on resistance to generalized infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice. Toxicology 1996, 114(1): 57-66; & S.Ellermann-sen et al, " Effect of mercuric chloride on macrophage-mediated resistance mechinisms against infection " , Toxicology, 93:269-297,1994; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & M.Kubicka-Muranyi et al, \'93Systemic autoimmune disease induced by mercuric chloride\'94, Int Arch Allergy Immunol;1996, 109(1):11-20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 & M.M.Christensen et al, Institute of Medical Microbiology, \'93Comparision of interaction of meHgCl2 and HgCl2 with murine macrophages\'94, Arch Toxicol, 1993, 67(3):205-11;\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (132)\tab K.Sato et al, " An epidemiological study of factors relating to mercury sensitization " , Arerugi 44(2): 86-92, 1995; & T.Mori et al, \'93Mercury sensitization caused by environmental factors\'94, Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 1998, 52(4):661-6.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (133)\tab M.Molin et al, " Mercury in plasma in patients allegedly subject to oral galvanism " , Scand J Dent Res 95:328-334, 1987.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (134)\tab A.M.Aronsson et al, " Dental amalgam and mercury " , Biol Metals,2:25-30,1989.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (135)\tab L.Bjorkman et el, " Factors influencing mercury evaporation rate from dental amalgam fillings " , Scand J Dent Res, 100(6): 354-360, 1992.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (136)\tab D. Gay et al, " Chewing releases mercury " , Lancet, 8123:985-98, 1979. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (137)\tab B.Fredin, " Studies on the Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam Fillings " , Swed J Biol Med No.3, 1988, pp8-15 & Summers,Science News, 4-10-93; & G. Sallsten et al, " Long term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam " , J Dent Res 75(1):598,1996.\par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx504\ 0\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 & ( T.Gebel et al, \'93Influence of Chewing Gum on Urine Mercury Content\'94, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed,1996,199(1):69-75 .\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (138)\tab D. Zander et al, " Studies on Human Exposure to Mercuy Amalgam Fillings " , Ubl Hyg, 1990, 190: 325-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (139)\tab G.Sallsten et al, \'93Mercury in cerebrospinal fluid in subjects exposed to mercury vapor\'94, Environmental Research, 1994; 65:195-206.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (140)\tab R.L.Siblerud, " Health Effects After Dental Amalgam Removal " , J Orthomolecular Med 5(2): 95 -106.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (141)\tab L.Siblerud et al, " Evidence that mercury from dental fillings may be an etiological factor in smoking " ,Toxicol Lett,v68,n3,1993,p307- & v69(3):305. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (142)\tab }{\plain \f3 Ariza ME; Bijur GN; MV. Lead and mercury mutagenesis: role of H2O2, superoxide\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3 dismutase, and xanthine oxidase. Environ Mol Mutagen 1998;31(4):352\_61}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; & M.E. Ariza et al, \tab \tab \'93Mercury mutagenisis\'94, Biochem Mol Toxicol, 1999, 13(2):107-12; & M.E.Ariza et al, " Mutagenic effect \tab \tab of mercury " , InVivo 8(4):559-63,1994; \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (143) P.Boffetta et al, " Carciagenicity of mercury " , Scand J Work Environ Health, 1993,19(1):1-7, & \'93Study of workers \tab compensated for mercury intoxication\'94,J Occup Med, 1994,36(11):1260-4; & J Occup Med, 36(11):1260-64, 1994; \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (144)\tab .Y Zaichick et al,\'94Trace Elements and thyroid cancer " ,Analyst, 120(3),1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (145)\tab J.M.Gorell et al, \'93Occupational exposure to mercury, manganese, copper, lead, and therisk of Parkinson\'92s disease\'94, Neurotoxicology, 1999, 20(2-3):239-47; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 J.M. Gorell et al,\'94Occupational exposures to metals as risk factors for Parkinson's disease\'94, Neurology, 1997 Mar, 48:3, 650\_8.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (146)\tab Gerhard et al, Zentralbl Gynakol, 1992, 114, 593-602: & I.Gerhard, Therapeutikon, 1993, 7, 478-91; & E.Roller et al, J Fert Reprod, 1995, 3, 31-33; & U.Vallon et al, J Fert Reprod 1995, 3,31.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (147)\tab .M.Wood, " Mechinisms for the Neurotoxicity of Mercury " , in Organotransitional Metal Chemistry, Plenum Publishing Corp, N.Y, N.Y, 1987.\par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx504\ 0\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 & R.P. Sharma et al, \'93Metals and Neurotoxic Effects\'94, J of Comp Pathology, Vol 91, 1981. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (148)\tab H.R.Casdorph, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Toxic Metal Syndrome}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Avery Publishing Group, 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (149)\tab B.Choi et al, " Abnormal neuronal migration of human fetal brain " , Journal of Neurophalogy, Vol 37, p719-733, 1978; & F. Monnet-Tschudi et al, \'93Comparison of the developmental effects of 2 mercury compounds on glial cells and neurons in the rat telencephalon\'94, Brain Research, 1996, 741: 52-59; & Chang LW, Hartmann HA, \'93Quantitative cytochemical studies of RNA in experimental mercury poisoning\'94, Acta Neruopathol(Berlin), 1973, 23(1):77-83.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (150)\tab U.S. Public Health Service, " Toxicological profile of Mercury " , 1988. & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx504\ 0\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 J.Leiskir, \'94Cytotoxity of Silver amalgam\'94, Scand J of Dental Res, 1974. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (151)\tab Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI Technical Brief: " Mercury in the Environment " , 1993; & EPRI Journal, April 1990.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (152)\tab Langworth et al, \'93Effects of low exposure to inorganic mercury on the human immune system\'94, Scand J Work Environ Health, 19(6): 405-413.1993.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (153)\tab International Acadamy of oral Medicine and Toxicology, \'93A Scientific Response to the American Dental Association Special Report and Statement of Confidence in Dental Amalgam, IAOMT, POB 608531, Orlando,32860-8531.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (154)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 K.Nordlind et al, \'93Patch test reactions to metal salts in patients with oral mucosal lesions associated with amalgal fillings\'94, Contact Dermatitis,1992, 27:3, 157-160; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 E.Djerasci et al, Int Dent J 19:481-8,1969; & A.M. et al, Contact Dermatitis due to Amalgam fillings\'94,Arch Dermatol Syphilol, 59:p116-8,1949; & R.R.White et al, J Amer Dent assoc, 92:124-7,1976; \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (155)\tab L.D.Koller, \'93Immunotoxicology of Heavy Metals\'94, Int J of Immunopharm, 2:269-279,1980; & Amer J Vet Res, vol34,p1457-,1973.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (156)\tab E.G. et al, \'93Prevelence of Mercury Hypersensitivity among Dental Students\'94, J Dent Res. 64:Abstract 1472, p338,1985; & D.Kawahara et al, \'93Epidemiologic Study of occupational Contact Dermatitis in the Dental Clinic\'94, Contact Dermatitis, Vol 28, No.2, pp114-5,1993. \par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (157) L.J Goldwater, \'93Toxicology of Inorganic Mercury\'94, ls: NY Acad Sci, 65:498-503, 1957; & J.B.Nielsen et al, \'93Evaluation \tab \tab \tab of Mercury in Hair & Blood as Biomarkers for Methylmercury Exposure\'94, Arch of Toxicology, 1994,65(5):317-321. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (158)\tab Wenstrup et al, \'93Trace element imbalances in the brains of Alzheimers patients\'94, Research, Vol 533,p125-131,1990; & F.L.Lorscheider,B.Haley,et al, \'93Mercury vapor inhibits tubulin binding...\'94, FASEB J,9(4):A-3485.,1995 & & Vance et al, 1988, Neurotoxicology, 9:197-208; & l> de Saint-s et al, \'93Inhibition by mercuric chloride fo the in vitro polymeriztion of microtubules\'94, CR ces Soc Biol Fil, 1984; 178(5):562-6.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (159)\tab W.Eggert-Kruse et al, \'93Effect of heavy metals on in vitro interacton between human sperm and cervical mucus\'94, Dtsch Med Wochenschr , 1992, 117(37):1383-9(German); E.Ernst et al, \'93Effect of mercury on human sperm motility\'94, Toxicol 1991, 68(6):440-4; & A.Daily et al, \'93Declining sperm count: evidence that Young\'92s syndrome is associated with mercury\'94, BMJ, 1996, 313(7048): 44..\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx576\ 0\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (160) B.Windham, " Health Effects of Toxic Metals: An Anotated Bibliography " ,1999. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx0\tx150\tx180\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\ \tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (161)\tab F.L.Lorscheider et al, \'93Inorganic mercury and the CNS: genetic linkage of mercury and antibiotic resistance\'94,Toxicology,1995,97(1): 19-22; & M.C., Dept. Of Pathobiology, Univ. Of Washington, \'93Antibiotic resistance in oral/respiratory bacteria\'94, Crit Rev Oral biol Med, 1998;9(4):522-\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (162) N.K.Mottet et al, \'93Health Risks from Increases in Methylmercury Exposure\'94,Health Perspect; vol63 :133-140,1985; & M.K.Mohamed et al, \'93Effects of methyl mercury on testicular functions in monkeys\'94.}{\plain \f3\fs20 Toxicol, 1987, 60(1):29-36; & M.K. Mohamed et al, Toxicol(Copenhagen), 1986,58(3):219-24; & N.F. Ivanitskaia,\'94Evaluation of effect of mercury on reproductive function of animals\'94, Gig Sanit,1991, 12: 48-51.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (163) Ahlrot-Westerlund B. Multiple Schlerosis and mercury in cerebrospinal fluid. Second Nordic Symposium on Trace Elements and Human Health, Odense, Denmark, Aug 1987; & Nutrition Research, 1985 Supplement}{\plain \f3\fs20 . \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (164)\tab Swedish National Dept. of Health, Mercury Amalgam Review Panel, 1987.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (165) Anneroth G, son T, Johansson I, Mornstad H, Skoglund A }{\plain \f3\fs20 , \'93Comprehensive Medical Examination of patients with alleged adverse effects from dental amalgams\'94, Acta Odontal Scand, 1992,50(2):101-11.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (166) H.Basun et al, J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect, \'93Metals in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer\'92s disease\'94,1991,3(4):231-58\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (167) M.L Olsted et al, \'93Correlation between amalgam restorations and mercury in urine\'94, J Dent Res, 66(6):\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 1179-1182,1987.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (168)\tab J.Laine et al, \'93Immunocompetent cells in amalgam-associated oral licheinoid contact lesions\'94, Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28(3): 117-21; & \'93Contact allergy to dental restorative materials in patients with oral lichenoid lesions\'94, Contact Dermatitis, 1997,36:3,141-6; & \'93Resolution of OLL after replacement of amalgam restorations\'94, Br J Dermatol, 1992,126(1):10-15(20 casess); & A.Adachi et al, \'93Efficacy of dental metal elimination in the management of atopic dermatitis\'94, J Dermatology, 1997, 24:1,141-6; \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (169)\tab C.H.Ngim et al, Neuroepidemiology,\'94Epidemiologic study on the association between body burden mercury level and idiopathic Parkinson\'92s disease\'94, 1989, 8(3):128-41.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (170)\tab R.L.Siblerud, \'93A commparison of mental health of multiple schlerosis patients with silver dental fillings and those with fillings removed\'94, Psychol Rep, 1992, 70(3),Pt2, 1139-51.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (171)\tab A.Jokstad, \'93Mercury excretion and ocuupational exposure of dental personnel\'94,Community Dent Oral Epidemiology, 18(3):143-8,1990.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (172)\tab B.Nilsson et al, Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Univ. Of Umea, \'93Urinary mercury excretion in dental personnel\'94, Swed Dent J, 1986,10(6):221-32; & Swed Dent J, 1986, 10(1-2):1-14; & Science of the Total Environment, 1990, 94(3):179-85.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (173)\tab D.Zander et al, \'93Mercury exposure of male dentists, female dentists, and dental aides\'94, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1992,193(4):318-28. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (174)\tab B.Willershausen et al, \'93Mercury in the mouth mucosa of patients with amalgam fillings\'94, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1992, 117:46, 1743-7.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (175)\tab L.Larkfors et al, " Methylmercury induced alterations in the nerve growth factor level in the developing brain " , Res Dev Res,62(2),1991,287- ; & Soderstrom et al, \'93The effect of mercury vapor on cholinergic neurons in the fetal brain, Brain Research & Developmental Brain Res, 1995, 85:96-108; & Toxicol Lett 1995; 75(1-3):133-44.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (176)\tab A.Jokstad et al, " Dental amalgam and mercury " , Pharmacol Toxicol, 70(4), 1992,308-13; & L.Barregard et l, \'93mercury exposure from dental amalgam\'94, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 1998,118(1):58-62\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (177)\tab S.Olsson et al, " Daily dose calculations from measurements of intra-oral mercury vapor " , J Dent Res, 71(2):414-23,1992.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (178)\tab J.Lenihan et al, \'93Mercury hazards in dental practice\'94, Br Dent J, 1973, 135: 363-376; & G.S.Nixon et al, J Oral Ther Pharm, 1965, 1: 512.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (179)\tab A.Lussi, " Mercury release from amalgam into saliva " , Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed,1993, 103(6):722-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (180)\tab Pinto OF et al, J Intl Acad Prev Med, Vol 3, No.2, 1976; & Y.Kinjo et al, \'93Cancer mortality in patients exposed to methylmercury through fish diet\'94, J Epidemiol, 1996, 6(3):134-8..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (181)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 P.W. Mathieson, \'93Mercury: god of TH2 cells\'94,1995, Clinical Exp Immunol.,102(2):229-30; Parronchi P, Brugnolo F, Sampognaro S, Maggi E. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000 Jan;121(1):2-9. Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to the Onset of Allergic Disorders.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 (182)\tab J Pleva, Mercury from dental amalgams: exposure and effects, Int J Risk & Safety in Med, 1992, 3: 1-22. }{\plain \f3\fs20 & \'93Mercury- A Public Health Hazard\'94,Reviews on Environmental Health, 1994, 10:1-27; & Mercury poisoning from dental amalgam. J. Of Orthomol. Medicine 1989, 4(3):141- 148;}{\plain \f3\fs20 & J Orthomol Psych, Vol 12, No.3, 1983}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (183)\tab World Health Organization(WHO),1991, Environmental Health criteria 118, Inorgtanic Mercury, WHO, Geneva; & Envir. H. Crit. 101, Methyl Mercury; \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (184)\tab T.H.Ingalls, J Forsenic Medicine and Pathology, Vol 4, No 1, 1953; & Epidemiology, etiology and prevention of MS\'94,Am J Fors Med & Pathology, 1983, 4:55-61; & \'93Endemic clustering of MS\'94, Am J.Fors Med Path, 1986,7:3-8\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (185)\tab L., \'93Health outcomes following amalgam removal\'94, New Zealand Psychology Journal, Sept.,1999.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (186)\tab J.Yang et al, \'93Maternal-fetal transfer of metallic mercury via the placenta and milk\'94, Lab Sci, 1997,27(2):135-41; & C.N.Ong et al, " Concentrations of heavy metal in maternal and umbilical cord blood " , Biometals, 6(1):61\_66, 1993; & J.Yang et al, \'93Maternal-fetal transfer of metallic mercury via placenta and milk " , Ann Clin Lab Sci, 27(2):135\_141, Mar 1997); & Y.K.Soong et al, J of Formosa Medical Assoc., 1991, 90(1): 59-65; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 T. Suzuki et al, Dept. Of Human Ecology, Univ. Of Tokyo, \'93Mercury in human amnotic fluid\'94,Scand J Work Environ & Health, 3:32-35,1977; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & D.A. Spencer et al, \'93Mercury Concentration in Cord Blood\'94, Arch Dis Child, 1988, 63(2):202-3; & S.Sugiyama et al, \'93Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in human umbilical cord blood in 1980 and 1990:, Kinki Univ. School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; & R.Sikorski et al,\'94The intrapartum content of toxic metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood\'94, Ginekol Pol, 1989,60(3):151-5.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (187)\tab Klobusch J, Rabe T, Gerhard I, Runnebaum B, " Alopecia and environmental pollution " Klinisches Labor 1992, 38:469\_ 476; & \'93Schwermetallbelastungen bei Patientinnen mit Alopezie\'94 Arch Gynecol. Obstet., 1993,254(1-4):278-80; & G. Kunzel et al, \'93Arch Gynecol. Obstet., 1993, 254:277-8.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (188)\tab I.I. Ship et al, School of Dental Research, Univ of Penn., Mar 1983; & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 P.A.Gronla et al, JADA, 1970, 81:923-25.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (189)\tab U.S.CDC, Toxicology Division, Atlanta, Ga. and WHO, Environmental Health Criteria 101,1990.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (190)\tab P.Urban et al, \'93Neurological examination on 3 groups of workers exposed to mercury vapor\'94, Eur J Neurology, 1999, 6(5): 571-7; & B. Polakowska, \'93Neurological Assessment of Health Status in Dentists\'94, Med Pr, 1994, 45(3):221-5; & L.Ekenvall et al, \'93Sensory perception in the hands of dentists\'94 J Work Environ Health, 1990, 16(5):334-9.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (191)\tab D.Brune et al, Scand J Dent Res, 1983,19:66-71 & Sci Tot Envir,1985,44:...; & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Metal release from dental materials\'94, Biomaterials, 1986, 7, 163-175.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (192)\tab N.Nogi, \'93Electric current around dental metals as a factor producing allergic metal ions in the oral cavity\'94, Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi, 1989, 99(12):1243-54; & M.D.Rose et al, Eastman Dental Institute, \'93The tarnished history of a posteria restoration\'94, Br Dent J 1998;185(9):436; & J. Bergdahl, }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab \tab A.J.Certosimo et al, National Naval Dental Center, \'93Oral Electricity\'94, Gen Dent, 1996, 44(4):324-6; & R.H.Ogletree et al, School of Materials Science, GIT, Atlanta,\'94Effect of mercury on corrosion of eta\'92 Cu-Sn phase in dental amalgams\'94, Dent Mater, 1995, 11(5):332-6; & R.D.Meyer et al, \'93Intraoral galvanic corrosion\'94,Prosthet Dent, 1993,69(2):141-3; & B.M.Owens et al, \'93Localized galvanic shock after insertion of an amalgam restoration\'94, Compenium, 1993, 14(10),1302,1304,1306-7.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (193)\tab E.N.Cohen et al, \'93Occupational disease in dentistry\'94, Amer. Dent Assoc, 1980, 101(1): 21-31; & G.Bjorklund, \'93Risk evaluation of the occupational environment in dental care\'94, Tidsski Nor Laegeforen, 1991, 111(8): 948-50; & A.Ahlbom et al, :Dentists, dental nurses, and brain tumors\'94, Br Med J, 1986, 202(6521):662. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (194)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 Lu SC, FASEB J, 1999, 13(10):1169\_83, \'93Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies\'94; & R.B. Parsons, J Hepatol, 1998, 29(4):595-602; & R.K.Zalups et al, " Nephrotoxicity of inorganic mercury co\_administered with L\_cysteine " , Toxicology, 1996, 109(1): 15\_29. & T.L. et al, \'93Hallevorden-Spatz Disease: cysteine accumulation and cysteine dioxygenase defieciency\'94, Ann Neural, 1985, 18(4):482-489.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (195)\tab B.Moller-Madsen et al, \'93Mercury concentrations in blood of Danish dentists\'94, Scand J Dent Res, 1988, 96(1): 56-9.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (196)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 G. Sandborgh-Englund, Pharmakinetics of mercury from dental amalgam\'94, Medical School Disertation Dept. Of Basal Oral Sciences, Karolinska Institutet,(Stolckholm),1998,1-49; & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 & G. Sandborgh-Englund et al, J Dental Res, 1998, 77(4): 615-24;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (197)\tab J., }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 A Complete Guide to Mercury Toxicity from Dental Fillings}{\plain \f3\fs20 ,Scripps Pullishing; \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (198)\tab E.S. West et al, Textbook of Biochemistry, MacMillan Co, 1957,p853; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 B.R.G.sson et al,\'94Ferotoxicity of inorganic mercury: distribution and effects of nutrient uptake by placenta and fetus\'94, Biol Res Preg Perinatal. 5(3):102-109,1984; & sson et al, Nurotoxicol. Teratol., 18:129-134;? }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (199)\tab Dr. P.Kraub & M.Deyhle, Universitat Tubingen- Institut fur Organische Chemie, \'93Field Study on the Mercury Content of Saliva\'94, 1997}{\plain \f4\fs20 http://www.uni\_tuebingen.de/KRAUSS/amalgam.html}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (20,000 people tested for mercury level in saliva and health status/symptoms compiled)\par }\pard \fi-3600\li3600\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\ \tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (200)\tab V.Nadarajah et al, \'93Localized cellular inflamatory response to subcutaneously implanted dental mercury\'94, J Toxicol Environ Health, Oct 11: 49(2):113-25.\tab \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (201)\tab J.T. Salonen et al, \'93Intake of mercury from fish and the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovasculr disease in eastern Finnish men\'94, Circulation, 1995; 91(3):645-55. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (202)\tab T.Kishimoto et al, \'93Methylmercury injury of Cultured Human Vascular EndothelialCells\'94, Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 6(4): 155-163, 1993.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (203)\tab M.J.Vimy et al, \'93Renal function and amalgam mercury\'94, Amer J Physiol, 1997,273(3/2):1199- ; & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 ( DM; Lund BO; Woods JS. Reactivity of Hg(II) with superoxide: evidence for the catalytic dismutation of superoxide by Hg(II). J Biochem Toxicol 1991 ;6(4):293\_8.}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; & K.A.Nath et al, Dept. Of Medicine, Univ. Of Minnesota, \'93Renal oxidant injury induced by mercury\'94, Kidney Int, 1996,50(3): 1032-43; & ©Ware RA et al, Ultrastructural changes in renal proximal tubules after chronic organic and inorganic mercury intoxication\'94, Environ Res, 1975, 10(1):121-40; & (d) McCann et al, Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) treatment of autoimmune kidney disease associated with mercury ( Hg++) toxicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 95(1)(Pt 2):145; & (e) G.D. Nuyts et al, \'93New occupational risk factors for chronic renal failure\'94, Lancet 1995; 346(8966):7-11.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (204)\tab Tom Warren, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Beating Alzheimer\'92s}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Avery Publishing Group, 1991.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (205)\tab M.F. Ziff et al, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 A Persuasive New Look at Heart Disease As It Relates toMercury,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Bio- Probe, Inc., ISBN 0-941011-08-9; & J. of American College of Cardiology V33,#6, pp1578\_1583, 1999.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (206)\tab R. Ma et al, \'93Association between dental restorations and carcinoma of the tongue\'94, European Journal of Cancer. Part B, Oral Oncology, 1995; 31B(4): 232-4.}{\plain \f3\fs20 R.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (207)\tab Pendergrass JC, Haley BE, Univ. Of Kentucky Dept. Of Chemistry \'93 The Toxic Effects fo Mercury on CNS Proteins: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer\'92s Disease\'94, IAOMT Symposium paper, March 1997 & \'93Mercury Vapor Inhaltion Inhibits Binding of GTP ...-Similarity to Lesions in Alzheimers Diseased Brains\'94, Neurotoxicology 1997, 18(2)::315-24; & Met Ions Biol Syst, 1997, 34:461-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (208)\tab L.T.Friberg, \'93Status Quo and perspectives of amalgam and other dental materials\'94, International symposium proceedings, G.Thieme Verlag Struttgart, 1995. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (209)\tab Mark , Environmental Health Directorate,Health Canada, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Assessment ofMercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam,}{\plain \f3\fs20 1995, Final Report; & G.M. et al,\'94A Monte Carlo Assessment of Mercury Exposure and Risks from Dental Amalgam\'94, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2(4): 709-761. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (210)\tab Mats Berlin, \'93Is amalgam in dental fillings hazardous to health?\'94, Lakartidningen, 1992; 89(37):2918-23; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Prenatal exposure to mercury vapor: Effects on brain development\'94, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 1,112, 1: 7(?) }{\plain \f3\fs20 & M.Berlin, \'93Mercury in dental filling materials- environmental medicine risk analysis\'94, paper for the Swedish Council for Coordinating and Planning Research, 1998.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (211)\tab M.J.Vimy and F.L. Lorscheider, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. Of Calgary, July 1991. (Study findings) & J. Trace Elem. Exper. Med., 1990,3, 111-123.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (212)\tab Ziff, M.F., \'93Documented Clinical Side Effects to Dental Amalgams\'94, ADV. Dent. Res.,1992; 1(6):131-134; & S.Ziff,}{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Dentistry without Mercury}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 8th Edition, 1996, Bio-Probe, Inc., ISBN 0-941011-04-6; & }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Dental Mercury}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Detox}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Bio-Probe, Inc. http://www.bioprobe.com. (cases:FDA Patient Adverse Reaction Reports-762, Dr.M.Hanson-Swedish patients-519, Dr. H. Lichtenberg-100 Danish patients,Dr. P.Larose- 80 Canadian patients, Dr. R.Siblerud, 86 Colorado patients,Dr. A.V.Zamm, 22 patients)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (213)\tab Dr. C. Kousmine, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Multiple Scherosis is Curable}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (214)\tab \'93Amalgam declared hazardous\'94, Dentistry Today, February, 1989, p1.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (215)\tab K.W. Sehnert, \'93Autoimmune Disorders\'94, Advance, Jan 1995, p47-48..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (216)\tab T.W. son et al, in }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 1988,Plenum Press, N.Y., \'93The prediction of intake of mercury vapor from amalgams\'94,p199-246 & p247-260; Environmental Health Perspective, 1993,April, 100:31-8; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 F.L. Lorscheider et al, Lancet, 1991, 337,p1103.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (217)\tab Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Toxicological Profile for Mercury }{\plain \f3\fs20 , 1999; & Apr 19,1999 Media Advisory, New MRLs for toxic substances, MRL:elemental mercury vapor/inhalation/chronic & MRL: methy mercury/ oral/acute; & http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls.html}{\plain \f3\fs20 ..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (218)\tab U.S. Dept. Of Health, ASTDR ToxFAQ CAS# 7349-97-6.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (219)\tab D.E. Cutright et al, Dept. Of Prosthodontics, Temple Univ.\'93Systemic mercury levels caused by inhaling mist during high-speed amalgam grinding\'94, J Oral Med 28(4):100-104,1973 ; & A.Nimmo et al, \'93Inhalation during removal of amalgam restorations\'94, J Prosthet Dent, 63(2):1990 Feb, 228-33.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (220)\tab Sellars WA, Sellars R. Univ. Of Texas Southwestern Medical School}{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Methyl mercury in dental amalgams in the human mouth\'94, Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 1996; 6(1): 33-37; & C Arch Environmental Health, 19,891-905, Dec 1969.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (221)\tab R. Golden et al, Duke Univ., \'93Dementia and Alzheimer\'92s Disease\'94, Minnesota Medicine, 78:p25-29, 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (222)\tab M. Daunderer, }{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Handbuch der}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Amalgamvergiftung}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Ecomed Verlag, Landsberg 1998, ISBN 3\_609\_71750\_5 (in German); }{\plain \f3\fs20 & \'93Improvement of Nerve and Immunological Damages after Amalgam Removal\'94, Amer. J. Of Probiotic Dentistry and Medicine, Jan 1991; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & Toxicologische erfahrungen am menchen; Quecksilber in der umwelf-hearing zum amalgamproblem\'94,Niedersachsiscles Umweltministerium, 1991; & \'93Amalgam\'94, Ecomed-Verlag, Landsberg, 1995; & \'93Amalgamtest\'94, Forum Prakt.Allgen.Arzt, 1990, 29(8): 213-4; & \'93Besserung von Nerven- und Immunschaden nach Amalgamsanierung\'94,Dtsch.Aschr. F. Biologische Zahnmedzin, 1990, 6(4):152-7. ( amalgam removal & DMPS,over 3,000 cases)}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (223)\tab Nicholson et al, \'93Mercury Nephrotoxicity\'94, Nature Vol 304: 633, 1983; & Friberg et al, \'93Kidney injury after chronic exposure to inorganic mercury\'94, Archives of Environ Health, Vol 15:p64, 1967; & Kazantis et al, \'93Nephrotic Syndrome Following Exposure to Mercury\'94, Quarterly J. Of Medicine, Vol 31: 403-418, 1962; & L.H.Lash, Environmental Health Perspective,1994,102(11).\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (224)\tab M.S. , Amer. J. Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol 143, No 4:440- 443, 1982.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (225)\tab S. Yannai et al, \'93Transformationss of inorganic mercury by candida albicans and saccharomyces cerevisiae\'94, Applied Envir Microbiology,1991, 7:245-247; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & N.E.Zorn et al, \'93 A relationship between Vit B-12, mercury uptake, and methylation\'94, Life Sci, 1990, 47(2):167-73; & W.P.Ridley et al, Environ Health Perspectives, 1977, Aug 19, 43-6; & R.E.DeSimone et al, Biochem Biophys Acta, 1973,May 28; & Yamada, Tonomura}{\plain \f1\fs20 \'93}{\plain \f3\fs20 Formation of methyl Mercury Compounds from inorganic Mercury by Chlostridium cochlearium\'94 J Ferment Technol1972 50:159\_1660}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (226)\tab (a)B.J. Shenker et al, Dept. Of Pathology,Univ. Of Penn. School of Dental Med.,\'94Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes:Alterations in cell viability\'94 Immunopharmacologicol Immunotoxical, 1992, 14(3):555-77; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 M.A. et al, \'93Mercuric chloride induces apoptosis in human T lymphocytes\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 153(2):250\_7 1998; & Rossi AD,Viviani B, Vahter M. Inorganic mercury modifies Ca2+ signals, triggers apoptosis, and potentiates NMDA toxicit in cerebral granule neurons. Cell Death and Differentiation 1997; 4(4):317-24. }{\plain \f3\fs20 & Goering PL, D, Rojko JL, Lucas AD. Mercuric chloride-induced apoptosis is dependent on protein synthesis. Toxicol Lett 1999; 105(3): 183-95; }{\plain \f3\fs20 , }{\plain \f3\fs20 & ( B.J. Shenker et al}{\plain \f3\fs20 \'93Immune suppression of human T-cell activation\'94, Immunopharmacologicol Immunotoxical, 1992, 14(3):555-77, & 14(3):539-53; & 1993, 15(2-3):273-90;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (227)\tab Dr. Pierre blais, Health Canada, 1976 & Discovery, Feb 1997 (TV,Quebec)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (228)\tab Dr. T. Rau, Paracelsus Alergy Clinic, Lustmuhle, Switzerland,1996(www); & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 Dr. B. Shelton, Director, The Allergy Center, Phoenix, Arizona, in (293); & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 E. Cutler,}{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Winning the War against Asthma & Allergies}{\plain \f3\fs20 , DAMS()\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (229)\tab M.,editor, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Defense Against Mystery Syndromes\'94}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Chek Printing Co., & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 March, 1994(case histories documented)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (230)\tab S. , M.D., }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Chemical Sensitivity}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Keats Publishing,\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (231)\tab Larsen,A.H. et al,\'93Mercury Discharge in Waste Water from Dental Clinics\'94 Water Air and Soil Pollution, Jan 1996: 86(1-4): 93-99 ; & Rubin, P.G. et al, Archives of Environmental Health, Juul 1996; 51(4):335-337; & A. Lindvall et al, \'93Mercury in the Dental Practice: Contamination of Ambient Air and Waste Water, FDI World Dental Congress, Aug19,1993, Goteborg,Swe \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (232)\tab Adolph Coors Foundation, \'93Coors Amalgam Study: Effects of placement and removal of amalgam fillings\'94, 1995. (www) & Internations DAMS Newsletter, p17, Vol VII, Issue 2, Spring 1997. (31 cases)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (233)\tab Sven Langworth et al,\'94Amalgamnews and Amalgamkadefonden, 1997 and Svenska Dogbladet,1997 (286 cases); & F.Berglund,Bjerner/Helm,Klock,Ripa,Lindforss,Mornstad,Ostlin), \'93Improved Health after Removal of dental amalgam fillings\'94, Swedish Assoc. Of Dental Mercury Patients, 1998. (www.tf.nu) (over 1000 cases) (Sweden has banned amalgam fillings & Gov\'92t maintains health records on all citizens)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (234)\tab P.E. Bigazzi, \'93Autoimmunity and Heavy Metals\'94, Lupus, 1994; 3: 449-453; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Pollard KM, Pearson Dl, Hultman P. Lupus-prone mice as model to study xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity. Envriron Health Perspect 1999; 107(Suppl 5): 729-735; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Nielsen JB; Hultman P. Experimental studies on genetically determined susceptibility to mercury\_induced autoimmune response. Ren Fail 1999 May\_Jul;21(3\_4):343\_8.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (235)\tab H.J.Hamre, Mercury from Dental Amalga and Chronic Fatigue Syndrom\'94, The CFIDS Chronicle, Fall 1994, p44-47.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (236)\tab G.J., American Academy of Head,Neck, and Facial Pain, Oct 21, 1994\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (237)\tab H.D., The calcium-selenium-mercury connection in cancer and heart disease\'94, Hypotheses, 1997, 48(4):335-60.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (238)\tab World Health Organizaition Scientific Panel Members( Dr. Lars Friburg- chairman, Dr. Fritz Lorscheider, Professor of Medical Physiology, Univ. Of Calgary; Dr. Murray Vimy, Professor of Oral Biology and Dental Medicine, Univ. Of Calgary Medical School. ***\par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 Dr. Vasken Aposhian, Dept. Head, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Univ. Of Arizona; Dr. Eggleston, Univ. Of Califoria, researcher on mercury in the brain; Dr. Boyd Haley, Univ. Of Kentucky reasearcher on mercury in the brain and Alzheimer\'92s Disease ( http://www.altcorp.com/); Dr. Gustav Drasch, Univ. Of Munich, reaearcher on mercury in brains of dead infants and fetuses; Dr. D. Echeverria, Neuro-Toxicologist, researcher on reproductive problems and birth defects in dental workers; BBC Panorama Program on Dental Amalgam:\'94The Poison in Your Mouth\'94, June 1994.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (239)\tab J.M.Varga et al, \'93High incidence of cross stimulation by natural allergens of rat basophilic lekemia cells sensitized with IgE antibodies\'94, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 1995, 108(2):196-9; & J.H.Gainer, \'93Activation of Rauscher leukemia virus by metals\'94, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1973, 51(2).609-13.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (240)\tab K.W. Hinkleman et al, \'93Mercury release during ultrasonic scaling of amalgam\'94, J Dent Res. 74(SE):131, Abstract 960, 1995;\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (241)\tab R.Schoeny, U.S.EPA, \'93Use of genetic toxicology data in U.S. EPA risk assessment: the mercury study\'94, Environ Health Perspect, 1996, 104, Supp 3: 663-73; & C.H.Lee et al, \'93Genotoxicity of phenylHg acetate in humans as compared to other mercury compounds\'94, 392(3):269-76. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (242)\tab J.Constantinidis et al, Univ. Of Geneva Medical School, \'93Hypothesis regarding amyloid and zinc in the pathogenisis of Alzheiemer Disease\'94, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , 1991, 5(1):31-35 & G. Bjorklund, \'93Can mercury cause Alzheimer\'92s\'94,Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen,1991 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (243)\tab P.R. et al, National Research Council of Canada, \'93Effects of aluminum and mercury on the structure of chromatin\'94, Biochemistry, May 2 1989, 28(9):3911-3915.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (244)\tab H.Basun et al, Dept. Of Geriatric Medicine, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden, \'93Trace metals in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer\'92s disease\'94, J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 1991; 3(4):231-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (245)\tab P.Lokken, \'93Lethal mercury poisoning in a dental assistant\'94, Nor Tannlaegeforen Tid, Apr 1971, 81(4):275-288 & R. Wronski et al, \'93A case of panarteritis nodoa assciated with chronic mercury poisoning\'94, Dtsch Med Wohenschr, Mar 1977, 102(9):323-325.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (246)\tab K.Iyer et al, \'93Mercury Poisoning in a dentist\'94, Arch Neurol,1976, 33:788-790.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (247)\tab E.C.Lonnroth et al, \'93Adverse health reactions in skin, eyes, and respiratory tract among dental personnel in Sweden\'94, Swed Dent J, 1998, 22(1-2): 33-45; & L.Kanerva et al,\'94Occupational contact urticaria\'94, Contact Dermatitis, 1996, 35(4): 229-33.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (248)\tab Y.Finkelstein,\'93The enigma of parkinsonism in chronic borderline mercury intoxication, resolved by challenge with penicillamine. Neurotoxicology, 1996, Spring, 17(1): 291-5.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (249)\tab C.H.Ngim et al, Dept. of Occupational Medicine, Univ. Of Singapore,\'93Chronic neurobehavioral effects of elemental mercury in dentists\'94, Brithish Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1992; 49(11):782-790.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (250)\tab B.A.Rybicki et al,\'94Parkinson's disease mortality and the industrial use of heavy metals in Michigan\'94, Mov Disord, 1993, 8:1, 87\_92. & Yamanaga H, \'93Quantitative analysis of tremor in Minamata disease\'94, Tokhoku J Exp Med, 1983 Sep, 141:1, 13\_22\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (251)\tab Y.Omura et al, Heart Disease Research Foundation, NY,NY, \'93Role of mercury in resistant infections and recovery after Hg detox with cilantro\'94, Acupuncture & Electro-Theraputics Research, 20(3):195-229, 1995; & \'93Mercury exposure from silver fillings\'94, Acupunture & Electrotherapy Res, 1996, 133- \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (252)\tab B.J.Shenker et al, Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Pennsylvania, \'93Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphoctes and monocytes: Alterations in cellular glutathione content\'94, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1993, 15(2-3):273-90.\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (253) S.Langworth et al, \'93Exposure to mercury vapor and impact on health in the dental profession in Sweden\'94, J Dent Res, 1997, 76(7):1397-404.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (254) al-Saleh I, Shinwari N. Urinary mercury levels in females: influence of dental amalgam fillings. Biometals 1997; 10(4): 315-23.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (255)\tab D.C. Rice, \'93Evidence of delayed neurotoxicity produced by methylmercury developmental exposure\'94, Neurotoxicology, Fall 1996, 17(3-4), p583-96.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (256)\tab D.B.Alymbaevaet al, Med Tr Prom Ekol, 6:13-15, 1995 (Russian)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (257)\tab I. et al, \'93Pteridines and mono-amines: relevance to neurological damage\'94, Postgrad Med J, 62(724): 113-123, 1986}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; & A.D.Kay et al, \'93Cerebrospinal fluid biopterin is decreased in Alzheimer\'92s disease\'94, Arch Neurol, 43(10): 996-9, Oct 1986; & T.Yamiguchi et al, \'93Effects of tyrosine administreation on serum bipterin In patients with Parkinson\'92s Disease and normal controls\'94, Science, 219(4580):75-77, Jan 1983; & T.Nagatsu et al, \'93Catecholoamine-related enzymes and the biopterin cofactor in Parkinson\'92s\'94, Neurol, 1984, 40: 467-73.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (258)\tab J.M.Aguiar et al, \'93Heavy metals and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from ambulatory patients\'94, Chemother, 1990, 2(4):238-40.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (259)\tab C.K.Mittal et al, \'93Interaction of heavy metals with the nitric oxide synthase\'94, Mol Cell Biochem,149-150:263-5, Aug 1995; & J.P.Bolanos et al, \'93Nitric Oxide mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain\'94, \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (260)\tab J.S. Woods et al, \'93Urinary porphyrin profiles as biomarker of mercury exposure: studies on dentists\'94, J Toxicol Environ Health, 40(2-3):1993, p235-; & \'93Altered porphyrin metabolites as a biomarker of mercury exposure and toxicity\'94, Physiol Pharocol, 1996,74(2):210-15, & Canadian J Physiology and Pharmacology, Feb 1996; & M.D. et al, \'93Validity of urine samples for low-level mercury exposure assessment and relationship to porphyrin and creatinine excretion rates\'94, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, Apr 1996 & J.S. Woods et al, \'93Effects of Porphyinogenic Metals on Coproporphrinogen Oxidase in Liver and Kidney\'94 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol 97, 183-190, 1989.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (261)\tab New Scientist: This Week, Nov 22, 1997, p4 (and editorial), and Jan 10, 1998; and Neurotoxicology and Teratology, Jan 1998, Vol 19, p417.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (262)\tab Chang LW, \'93The neurotxicology and pathology of organomercury, organolead, and organotin\'94 J Toxicol Sci, 1990, 15 Suppl 4: 125-51; & \'93Latent effects of methyl mercury on the nervous system after prenatal exposure\'94, Environ Res 1977, 13(2): 171-85.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (263)\tab H.Iioka et al, \'93The effect of inorganic mercury on placental amino acid transport\'94, Nippon sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, 1987, 39(2): 202-6.\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (264) }{\plain \f3\fs20 B.R. sson et al, \'93 \'94Behavioral effects of prenatal metallic mercury inhalation exposure in rats\'94, Neurotoxicol Teratol, \tab 1993, 15(6): 391-6; & A. Fredriksson et al,\'94Prenatal exposure to metallic mercury vapour and methylmercury produce \tab interactive behavioral changes in adult rats\'94, Neurotoxicol Teratol, 1996, 18(2): 129-34; & \'93Behavioral effects of neonatal \tab metallic mercury exposure in rats\'94, Toxicology, 1992, 74(2-3):151\_160;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (265)\tab K.Lohmann et al, \'93Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Disorder in patients with neuroltoxic illnesses\'94, Gesundheitswesen, 1996, 58(6):322-31.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (266)\tab N.Matsuo et al, \'93Mercury concentration in organs of contemporary Japanese\'94, Environ Health, 1989, 44(5): 298-303; & R.Schiele et al, \'93Study on the normal mercury concentrations of human organs\'94, Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg (, 1981, 173(1-2_:45-62; & T. Suzuki et al, \'93The hair-organ relationship in mercury concentration in contemporary Japan\'94, Arch Environ Health, 1993, 48(4):221-9; & K.Schmid et al, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1996,199(1):24-37,\'94Hazardous burden by country\'94\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (267)\tab R. Brun, ,Epideology of ... Contact Dermatitis, 1975, 1(4):214-217; & \par }\pard \li1440\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\\ tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 L.Nebenfuhrer et al, \'93Hg allergy ...\'94,Contact Dermatitis,1984, 10(2):121-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (268)\tab J.J.Weening et al, \'93mercury induced immune complex glomerulopathy\'94, Chap 4, p36-66, VanDendergen, 1980, & P.Duuet et al, \'93Glomerulonephritis induced by heavy metals\'94, Arch Toxicol. 50:187-194,1982 & Transplantation Proceedings,Vol XIV(3),1982,482-\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (269)\tab (a)C.J.G. et al, \'93Mercuric chloride induced anitnuclear antibodies In mice\'94, Toxic Appl Pharmacology, 1986, 86:159-169. & ( P.Andres, IgA-IgG disease in the intestines of rats ingesting HgCl\'94, Clin Immun Immunopath, 30:488-494, 1984; & © F.Hirsch et al, J Immun.,136(9), 3272-3276, 1986 & (d)J.Immun.,136(9):3277-3281; & (e)J Immun., 137(8),1986,2548- & (f)Cossi et al, \'93Benefiecial effect of human therapeutic IV-Ig in mercury indueced autoimune disease\'94 Clin Exp Immunol, Apr, 1991; & (g)El-Fawai HA, Waterman SJ, De Feo A, Shamy MY. Neuroimmunotoxicology: Humoral Assesment of Neurotoxicity and Autoimmune Mechinisms. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 41(1): 60-1. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (270)\tab D.W.Eggleston, \'93Effect of dental amalgam and nickel alloys on T-lympocytes\'94,J Prosthet Dent. 51(5):617-623,1984; & D.W.Eggleston et al, J Prosthet Dent, 1987,58(6),704-7; & J of the American Medical Assoc., Sept 96; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Tan XX, Tang C, Castoldi AF, Costa Lg. Effects of inorganic and organic me}{\plain \f3\fs20 rcury on intracellular calcium levels in rat T lymphocytes. J Toxicol Environ Health 1993, 38(2):159-70.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (271)\tab B.A.Weber, \'93The Marburg Amalgam Study\'94, Arzt und Umwelt, Apr, 1995; (266 cases) & ( \par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 B.A. Weber, \'93Amalgam and Allergy\'94, Institute for Naturopathic Medicine, 1994; & ©\par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 B.A. Weber, \'93Conuctivitis sicca(dry eye study)\'94,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Institute for Naturopathic Medicine, 1994;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20\lang1031 B.A.Weber, \'93Alternative treatment of Multiple Schlerosis, Tumor, or Cancer\'94, Institute for Naturopathic Medicine 1997 (40 MS cases), http://home,t\_online.de/home/Institut_f._Naturheilverfahren/patinf.htm " }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (272)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 BJ Shenker, \'93Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by methyl mercury\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1999,157(1):23-35; Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 1992; 14(3):555-77; & Immunotoxicol, 1992, 14(3):539-53; & \'93Low-level MeHg exposure causes human T-cells to undergo apoptosis: evidence of mitochondrial disfunction\'94, Environ Res, 1998, 77(2):149-159; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 O.Insug et al, \'93Mercuric compounds inhibit hunan moncyte function by inducing apoptosis: evidence for formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), development of mitochondrial membrane permeability, and loss of reductive reserve\'94, Toxicology, 1997, 124(3):211-24; }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (273)\tab R.Schiele et al, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Univ. Of Erlamgem- Nurnberg, \'93Studies of organ mercury content related to number of amalgam fillings\'94,Symposium paper, March 12, 1984, Cologne, Germany; ( & 38); & \'93Quecksilber-Mobiliztion durch DMPS bei Personen mit und ohne Amalgamfullungen\'94, Zahnarztl. Mitt, 1989, 79(17): 1866-1868; & J.J.Kleber, \'93Quecksilberverkonzen- tration im Urin nach DMPS\'94 in [status Quo and Perspectives of Amalgam], L.T. Friberg(ed.), Georg-Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1005, p 61-69.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (274)\tab L.Friberg et al, \'93Mercury in the brain and CNS in relation to amalgam fillings\'94, Lakartidningen, 83(7):519-521,1986(Swedish Medical Journal); & T.Suzuki etal, Ind Health,4:69-75,1966.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (275)\tab L.M.Mikhailova et al, \'93Influence of occupational factors on disease of reproductive organs\'94, Pediatriya Akusherstvoi Ginekologiya,33(6):56-58,1971\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (276) }{\plain \f3\fs20 ATSDR/EPA Priority List for 1999: Top 20 Hazardous Substances, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,U.S. \tab \tab Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/99list.html}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & U.S. Environmental Protection \tab \tab Agency, Hazardous Air Pollutant Hazard Summary Fact Sheets, EPA: In Risk Information System, 1995.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (278)\tab NIDR/ADA Workshop, Biocompatibility of Metals in Dentistry, JADA, 109(3): 469-471, Sept 1984. ( & 38)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (279)\tab M.J. et el, \'93Mercury in human hair; residents of Madrid, Spain\'94, Arch Environ Health, 1985, 40(4):225-8; & D.Airey, Mercury in human hair: a review\'94 Environmental Health Perspectives,1983. 52:303-316; & \'93Total mercury concentrations in human hair form 13 coutnries\'94, Sci Total Environ 1983, 32(2): 157-80; & S.A.Katz et al, \'93Use of hair analysis for evaluating mercury intoxication of the human body\'94, J Appl Toxicol, 1992, 12(2): 79-84..\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (280)\tab S.Nonaka et al, Nat. Inst. of Mental Health, Bethesda Md., \'93Lithium treatment protects neurons in CNS from glutamate induced excitibility and calcium influx\'94, Neurobiology, Vol 95(5):2642-2647, Mar 3, 1998.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (281)\tab T.W. son et al, \'93Transport of elemental mercury into fetal tissues\'94, Biol. Neonate. 21:239-244, 1972; }{\plain \f3\fs20 & }{\plain \f3\fs20 M.R.Greenwood et al, \'93Transfer of metallic mercury into the fetus\'94, Experientia, 28:1455-1456, 1972;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (282)\tab Press Release, Swedish Council for Planning and Coordinating Research (FRN), Stockholm, 19 February, 1998.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (283)\tab A.Ahlbom et al, \'93Dentists, dental nurses, and brain tumors\'94, British Medical Journal, Vol292, March 8, 1986, p262.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (284)\tab R.Glass, \'93Mortality of New England Dentists\'94, U.S. Dept. Of Health, Public Health Service, Washington D.C., 1966; & R. Simpson et al, \'93Suicide rates of Iowa dentists\'94, J. Of Amer. Dental Assoc.,1983,v107:441-; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 B.B.Arnetz et al, \'93Suicide among Swedish Dentists\'94, Scand J Soc Med, 1987, 15(4):243-6.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (285)\tab R.C.Perlingeiro et al, \'93Polymorphonuclear phagentosis in workers exposed to mercuryvapor\'94, Int J Immounopharmacology\'94, 16(12):1011-7,1994; & Hum Exp Toxicol 1995, 14(3):281-6; & M.L. Queiroz et al, Pharmacol Toxicol, 1994, 74(2):72-5; & ( J.W.Albers et al, \'93Neurological abnormalities associated with remote occupational elemental mercury exposure\'94,Ann Neurol 1988, 24(5):651-9 ; & \'a9 L.Soleo et al, \'93Effects of low exposure to inorganic mercury on pyschological performance\'94, Br J Ind Med, 1990, 47(2):105-9; & (d)P.J. et al, \'93Effect of exposure to elemental mercury on short term memory\'94, Br J Ind Med 1983, 40(4):413-9.; & (e)M.S.Hua et al, \'93Chronic elemental mercury intoxication\'94, Brain Inj, 1996, 10(5):377-84; & (f) Gunther W, et al, \par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab \tab Repeated neurobehavioral investigations in workers ...., Neurotoxicology 1996; 17(3-4):605-14.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (286)\tab M. Lai et al, \'93Sensitivity of MS detections by MRI\'94, Journal of Neurology, Neruosurgury, and Psychiatry, 1996, 60(3):339-341.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (287)\tab M.C. Newland et al,\'94Behavioral consequences of in utero exposure to mercury vapor in squirrel monkeys\'94, Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology, 1996, 139: 374-386; & \'93Prolonged behavioral effects of in utero exposure to methyl mercury or lead\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1994, 126(1):6-15;\par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 & K.Warfvinge et al, \'93Mercury distribution in neonatal cortical areas ...after exposure to mercury vapor\'94, Environmental Research, 1994, 67:196-208.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (288)\tab Rajanna B, Hobson M, L, Ware L, Chetty CS. Effects of cadmium and mercury on Na(+)-K(+)ATPase and uptake of 3H-dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1990, 98(5):291-6; & M.Hobson & B.Rajanna, \'93Influence of mercury on uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine\'94, Toxicol Letters, Dep 1985, 27:2-3:7-14; & McKay SJ, Reynolds JN, Racz WJ. Effects of mercury compounds on the spontaneous and potassium-evoked release of [3H]dopamine from mouse striatial slices. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1986, 64(12):1507-14.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (289)\tab J.Mai et al, Biological Trace Element Research,1990;24:109-117.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (290)\tab D. Echeverria et al, \'93Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam: new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden\'94 FASEB J, Aug 1998, 12(11):971-980; & Amalgam and Health, Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research, 1999; p297-307.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (291)\tab H.A.Huggins & TE Levy, \'93cerebrospinal fluid protein changes in MS after Dental amalgam removal\'94, Alternative Med Rev, Aug 1998, 3(4):295-300.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (292)\tab M.Daunderer, H.Schiwara, et al, Quecksilber, Methylquecksilber, ... in Korpermaterial von Amalgamtrager\'94, Klin Lab 38, 391-403,1992; & M.Gradl et al, in }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Akute und chronische Toxizitat von Spurenelemente,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft nbH, Stuttgart, 1993, p65-71; & A.Gebhardt, Ermittlung der Quecksilberbelastung aus Amalgamfullurngen, Labormedizin 16,384-386,1992; & R.Mayer et al, \'93Zur Ermittlung de Quecksilberfreisetzung aus Amalgamfullungen\'94, Die Quintessenz 45, 1143-1152,1994; & K.Mayer, \'93Risikobestimmung der Amalgambelastung\'94, ZWR, 105(4):213-218 & 105(5):280-283; & \'93Amalgam: zeitbombe in mund?\'94, ZWR, 1995,104(3):209-214; & JGD Birkmayer et al, \'93Quecksilberdepots im Organismus korrelieren mit der Anzahl der Amalgamfullungen\'94, Biol. Zahnmedizin, 1990, 6(2):57-61. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (293)\tab H.Huggins,Burton Goldberg, & Editors of Alternative Medicine Digest,}{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Chronic Fatigue Fibromyalgia & Environmental Illness}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Future Medicine Publishing, Inc, 1998, p197-; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 U.Dorffer, \'93Anorexia Hydragyra: ...\'94, Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd., 1989, 137(8): 472. }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (294)\tab \'93Do amalgam fillings influence manic depression?\'94,Journal of Orthomol. Medicine}{\plain \f4\fs20 , }{\plain \f3\fs20 1998, http://www.depression.com/news/news_981116.htm.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (295)\tab Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th Ed., & Plum, W.B. Saunders and Company, Philadelphia, 1996, p 69; & Comprehensive Psychiatry, 18(6), 1977, pp595-598, & }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Poisoning & Toxicology Compendium,}{\plain \f3\fs20 Leikin and Palouchek, Lexi-Comp., Cleveland, 1998; & on\'92s Principles Of Internal Medicine, 14th Ed., McGraw-Hill, N.y., 1998.\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (296) L.Bucio et al, Uptake, cellular distribution and DNA damage produced by mercuric chloride in a human fetal hepatic cell line. \tab \tab Mutat Res 1999 Jan 25;423(1\_2):65\_72; & L.Verschaeve et al, \'93Comparative in vitro cytogenetic studies in mercury-exposed \tab human lymphocytes\'94, Muta Res, 1985, 157(2-3):221-6; & L.Verschaeve,\'93Genetic damage induced by low level mercury \tab \tab exposure\'94, Envir Res,12:306-10,1976. \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (297)\tab P.E.Schneider et al, \'93Mercury release from Dispersalloy amalgam\'94, IADR Abstrats, #630, 1982; & N.Sarkar, \'93Amalgamtion reaction of Dispersalloy Reexamined\'94, IADR Abstracts #217, 1991; & N.K. Sarkar et al, IADR Abstracts # 895, 1976; & R.S.Mateer et al, IADR Abstracts #240, 1977; & N.K.Sarkar et al, IADR Abstracts, #358, 1978; & N.W. Rupp et al, IADR Abstracts # 356, 1979.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (298)\tab C. Toomvali, \'93Studies of mercury vapor emission from different dental amalgam alloys\'94, LIU-IFM-Kemi-EX 150, 1988; & A.Berglund,\'94A study of the release of mercury vapor from different types of amalgam alloys\'94, J Dent Res, 1993, 72:939-946; & D.B.Boyer, \'93Mercury vaporization from corroded dental amalgam\'94 Dental Materials, 1988, 4:89-93; & V.Psarras et al, \'93Effect of selenium on mercury vapour released from dental amalgams\'94, Swed Dent J, 1994, 18:15-23; & L.E.Moberg, \'93Long term corrosion studies of amalgams and Casting alloys in contact\'94, Acta Odontal Scand 1985, 43:163-177; & L.E. Moberg, \'93Corrosion products from dental alloys\'94, Published Dissertation, Stockholm, 1985.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (299)\tab H. Lichtenberg, \'93Mercury vapor in the oral cavity in relation to the number of amalgam fillings and chronic mercury poisoning\'94, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 1996, 11:2, 87-94.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (300)\tab C.Hock et al, \'93Increased blood mercury levels in patients with Alzheimer\'92s disease\'94, J. Neural Transm, 1998, 105(1):59-68.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (301)\tab Chang LW, Neurotoxic effects of mercury, Environ. Res.,1977, 14(3):329-73; & Histochemical study on the localization and distribution of mercury in the nervous system after mercury intoxication, Exp Neurol, 1972, 35(1):122-37; & Ultrastructural studies of the nervous system after mercury intoxication, }{\plain \f3\fs20 Acta Neuropathol(Berlin), 1972, 20(2):122-38 and 20(4):316-34.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (302)\tab D, Klinghardt, IAOMT Conference & tape, 1998; \'93large study by M.Daunderer(Germany) of MS patients after amalgam removal\'94.\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (303) H.V.Aposhian et al, \'93Mobilization of Mercury in Humans by DMPS\'94, Envir. Health Perspectives, Vol 106, Supp. 4, Aug.1998; \tab \tab & Toxicology, 1995, 97(1-3): 23-38; & \'93Urinary Mercury after Administration DMPS\'94, FASEB J., 6: 2472-2476, 1992.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (304)\tab M.J.Vimy et al, \'93Mercury from Maternal Silver Tooth Fillings: a source of neonatal exposure\'94, Biological Trace Element Research, 56: 143-52,1997.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (305)\tab S. Soederstroem et al, \'93The effect of mercury vapor on chloinergic neurons in the fetal brain\'94,Developmental Brain Research,85(1):96-108.1995; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 E.M. Abdulla et al, \'93Comparison of neurite outgrowth with neurofilament protein levels In neuroblastoma cells following mercuric oxide exposure\'94, Clin Exp Pharmocol Physiol, 1995, 22(5): 362-3.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (306)\tab E.M.Oliveira et al, \'93Mercury effects on the contractile activity of the heart muscle\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1:86-91,1994;\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (307)\tab }{\plain \f3\fs20 Duhr EF, Pendergrass JC, Slevin JT, Haley BE: HgEDTA complex inhibits GTP interactions with the E\_site of brain beta\_tubulin. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 1993; 122 (2): \tab 273\_80.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (308)\tab N.Sorenson et al, \'93Prenatal methyl mercury expsoure as a cardiovascular risk factor at 7 years of age\'94 Epidemiology, 1999, 10(4):370-4: & D.O.Marsh et al, \'93Fetal Mehylmercury Poisoning\'94, Ann Neurol, 1980, 7:348-55.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (309)\tab The Tribune, Mesa, Az., 13 Apr 1998, ( Mills, Apalachee Junction)\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (310)\tab R.L.Siblerud, \'93The relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and the cardiovascular system\'94, Science of the Total Envir., 1990, 99(1-2): 23-35.\par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (311)\tab }{\plain \f2\fs20 Chang LW, Hartmann HA,\'94Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in experimental mercury intoxication\'94. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1972;21(3):179-84; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Ware RA, Chang LW, Burkholder PM, \'93An ultrastructual study on the blood-brain barrier disfunction following mercury intoxication\'94,Acta Neurolpathol(Berlin),}{\plain \f3\fs20 1974,30(3): 211-214; & Prenatal and neonatal toxicology and pathology of heavy metals\'94 Adv Pharmacol Chemother., 1980, 17:195-231.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-720\li720\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (312)\tab Hanson, }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 The Key to Ultimate Health}{\plain \f3\fs20 , 1999; & J.Lee(MD), }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Hormones}{\plain \f3\fs20 , DAMS, ()\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (313) V.D.M.Stejskal et al, \'93Mercury-specific Lymphocytes: an indication of mercury allergy in man\'94, J. Of Clinical Immunology, 1996, Vol 16(1);31-40.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (314) M.Goldman et al,1991,\'93Chemically induced autoimmunity ....\'94,Immunology Today,12:223-; & K. Warfyinge et al, \'93Systemic autoimmunity due to mercury vapor exposure in genetically susceptible mice\'94, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1995, 132(2):299-309;}{\plain \f3\fs20 & L.M. Bagentose et al, \'93Mercury induced autoimmunity in humans\'94, Immunol Res, 1999,20(1): 67-78; & \'93Mercury-induced autoimmunity\'94, Clin Exp Immunol, 1998, 114(1):9-12;}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (315) B.Engin-Deniz et al,\'94Die queckssilberkonzentration im spichel zehnjariger kinder in korrelation zur anzahl und Grobe iher amalgamfullungen\'94, Zeitschrift fur Stomatologie,1992, 89:471-179;\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (316) B.J.Shenker et al, Dept. Of Pathology, Univ. Of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, \'93Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes: Alterations in B-cell function and viability\'94 Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 1993, 15(1):87-112; & J.R.Daum,\'94Immunotoxicology of mercury and cadmium on B-lumphocutes\'94, Int J Immunopharmacol, 1993, 15(3):383-94..\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (317) S.Zinecker, \'93Amalgam: Quecksilberdamfe bis ins Gehirn\'94, der Kassenarzt, 1992, 32(4):23; \'93Praxiproblem Amalgam\'94, Der Allgermeinarzt, 1995,17(11):1215-1221. (1800 patients)\par }\pard \sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7\ 200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (318) V.Schneider, \'93Untersuchungen ...\'94, Dissertation, furt, a>M.,1976.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (319) H.D.Utt,\'93Mercury Breath\'94,Journal of Calif. Dental Assoc., 1984,12(2):41; & ( A.V. Motorkina et al, \'93Hg release from amalgam fillings into oral cavity\'94, Stomatologiiia(Mosk): 1997, 76(4):9-11.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (320) U.F.Malt et al, \'93Physical and mental problems attributed to dental amalgam fillings\'94, Psychosomatic medicine, 1997, 59:32-41. (99 cured) \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (321) R.L.Siblerud, \'93Relationship between dental amalgam and health\'94, Toxic Substances Journal, 1990b. 10:425-444; & \'93Effects on health following removal of dental amalgams\'94, J Orthomolecular Med,5(2): 95-106, & \'93Relationship betweem amalgam fillings and oral cavity health\'94 Ann Dent, 1990, 49(2): 6-10, (86 cured)\par }\pard \fi-720\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f4\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab (322) P.Engel, \'93Beobachtungen uber die gesundheit vor und nach amalgamentfernug\'94,Separatdruck aus Schweiz. Monatsschr Zahnm. 1998, vol 108(8).(75 cases amalgam removal) http://soho.globalpoint.ch/paul\_engel\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx57\ 60\tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (323) Dr. Kohdera, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka Univ, Internationsl Congress of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, EAACI, Stockholm, June 1994; & Heavy Metal Bulletin, Vol 1, Issue 2, Oct 1994. (160 cases cured-eczema); & P.Dallmann,\'94kon nen durch Quecksilber entstehen? PeDa_Eigenverisg, 1995; & G. Ionescu, Biol Med, 1996, (2): 65-68; SS Tsyganok, \'93Unithiol in treatment of dermatoses\'94, Vestn.Dermatol.Venerol., 1978, (9): 67-69.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (324) D. Bangsi et al, \'93Dental amalgam and multiple sclerosis\'94, International J of Epidemiology, 1998, Aug, 27(4):667-71; & E. Mauch et al, \'93umweltgifte und multiple sklerose\'94, Der Allgremeinarzt, 1996, 20:2226-2220.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (325) B. Arvidson(Sweden), Inorganic mercury is transported from muscular nerve terminals to spinal and brainstem motorneurons. Muscle Nerve, 1992, 15(10);1089-94, & JD. Heavy metals and trace elements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Clin 1987 Feb;5(1):43\_60; & M. Su et al, Selective involvement of large motor neurons in the spinal cord of rats treated with methylmercury. J Neurol Sci,1998, 156(1):12-7; .\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (326) E.Baasch, \'93Is multiple sclerosis a mercury allergy?\'94, Schweiz arch Neurol Neurochir Psichiatr, 1966, 98:1-19; & J. Clausen, \'93Mercury and MS\'94, Acta Neurol Scand, 1993;87:461-; & " Sur un cas de mercurialisme chronique simulant la sclerose en plaque " ,Nord med Ark Stockholm 1880 xii no 17 1\_48 1 pl & P. Le Quesne,\'93Metal-induced diseases of the nervous system\'94,1982,Br J Hosp Med,28:534- \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (327) G. Danscher et al, Environ Res, \'93Localization of mercury in the CNS\'94, 1986, 41:29-43; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 Danscher G; Horsted\_Bindslev P; Rungby J. Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings.}{\plain \f3\fs20 Exp Mol Pathol 1990;52(3):291\_9}{\plain \f3\fs20 ; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 \'94Ultrastructural localization of mercury after expsoure to mercury vapor\'94, Prog Histochem Cytochem, 1991, 23:249-255; & R.Pamphlett et al, \'93Entry of low doses of mercury vapor into the nervous system\'94, Neurotoxicology, 1998, 19(1):39-47; & Pamphlett et al, \'93Oxidative damage to nucleic acids in motor neurons containing Hg\'94, J Neurol Sci,1998,159(2):121-6. (rats & primates)\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (328) P.McKeever et al, \'93Patterns of antigenic exproession in human glioma cells\'94, Crit Rev Neurobiology, 1991, 6:119-147.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (329) B. Arvidson et al, Acta Neurol Scand, \'93Retograde axonal transport of mercury in primary sensory neurons\'94 1990,82:324-237 & Neurosci Letters, 1990, 115:29-32; & S.M. Candura et al, \'93Effects of mercuryic chloride and methyly mercury on cholinergic neuromusular transmission\'94, Pharmacol Toxicol 1997; 80(5): 218-24; & Castoldi AF et al, \'93Interaction of mercury compounds with muscarinic receptor subtypes in the rat brain\'94, Neurotoxicology 1996; 17(3-4): 735-41; & C Rouleau et al, Environmeantal Science and Technology, Oct 1, 1999.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (330) C.M. Tanner et al,\'93Abnormal Liver Enzyme Metablolism in Parkinson\'92s\'94,Neurology, 1991, 41(5): Suppl 2, 89-92; & M.Watanabe et al, Amino Acids, 1998, 15(2): 143-50 & M.T.Heafield et al, " Plasma cysteine and sulphate levels in patients with Motor neurone disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease " , Neurosci Lett, 1990, 110(1\_2), 216,20; & A.Pean et al, " Pathways of cysteine metabolism in MND/ALS " , J neurol Sci, 1994, 124, Suppl:59\_61.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (331) C.Gordon et al, \'93Abnormal sulphur oxidation in systemic lupus erythrmatosus(SLE)\'94, Lancet, 1992,339:8784,25-6; & P.Emory et al, \'93Poor sulphoxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthitis\'94, Ann Rheum Dis, 1992, 51:3,318-20; & P.Emory et al, Br J Rheumotol, 1992, 31:7,449-51.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (332) M.J.Trepka et al, \'93Factors afftecting internal mercury burdens among German children\'94, Arch Environ Health, 1997, 52(2):134-8; & L.Soleo et al, \'93Influence of amalgam fillings on urinary mercury excretion\'94(S.Italy), G Ital Med Lav Ergon,1998,20(2): 75-81 .\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (333) A.J.Freitas et al, \'93Effects of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ on Ca2+ fluxes in the rat brain\'94, Brain Research, 1996, 738(2): 257-64; & P.R.Yallapragoda et al,\'93Inhibition of calcium transport by Hg salts\'94 in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex\'94, J Appl toxicol, 1996, 164(4): 325-30; & E.Chavez et al, \'93Mitochondrial calcium release by Hg+2 " ,J Biol Chem, 1988, 263:8, 3582-; A. Szucs et al, Cell Mol Neurobiol, 1997,17(3): 273-8; & D.Busselberg, 1995, \'93Calcium channels as target sites of heavy metals\'94,Toxicol Lett, Dec;82\_83:255\_61; & Cell Mol Neurobiol 1994 Dec;14(6):675\_87;\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (334) T.Nguyen et al, Mol Immunol,1996,3(4):379-86; & P.Eggleton etal, \'93Pathophysicological roles of calreticulin in autoimmune disease\'94, Scand J Immunol, 1999, 49(5): 466-73.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (335) A. Engqvist et al, \'93Speciation of mercury excreted in feces from individuals with amalgam fillings\'94, Arch \tab Environ Health, 1998, 53(3):205-13; & Dept. of Toxicology & Chemistry, Stockholm Univ., National Institute for Working Life, 1998.(www.niwl.se/ah/1998-02.html)\par }\pard \sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (336) G.S. Hill, \'93Drug Associated glomerulopathies\'94 Toxicol Pathol, 1986, 14(1):37-44; & \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab M.Monestier et al, European J Immunology, 1994, 29(3): 723-30.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (337) H.G. Abadin, et al, U.S. ATSDR, \'93Breast-feeding exposure of infants to mercury, lead, and cadmium: A Public Health \tab Perspective\'94, Toxicol Ind Health, 1997, 13(4): 495-517.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (338) W.Y.Boadi et al, Dept. Of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, T-I Inst of Tech., Haifa, Israel, \'93In vitro effect of mercury \tab on enzyme activities and its accumulation in the first-trimester human placento\'94, Environ Res, 1992, 57(1):96-106; & \'93In vitro \tab exposure to mercury and cadmium alters term human placental membrane fluidlty\'94, Pharmacol, 1992, 116(1): 17-23; & \tab J.Urbach et al, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel, \'93Effect of inorganic mercury on in \tab vitro placental nutrient transfer and oxygen consumption\'94, Reprod Toxicol, 1992,6(1):69-75; & W.B. Karp et al, \'93Correlation of \tab human placental enzymatic activity with trace metal concentration in placenta\'94, Environ Res. 13:470- 477,1977.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (339) H.Drexler et al, \'93The mercury concentration in breast milk resulting from amalgam fillings and dietary habits\'94, Environ Res, 1998, 77(2):124-9. \par }\pard \fi-9360\li9360\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\ \tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (340) Herrman M. Schweinsberg F. \'93Mercury burden from amalgam fillings\'94, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, \tab 1993,194(3):271-91.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (341) A.Tosti et al, \'93Contact stomatitis\'94, Semin Cutan Med Surg, 1997, 16(4):314-9; & T.Nakada et al, \'93Patch test materials for mercury allergic contact dematitis\'94, Dermatitis, 1997, 36(5):237-9.\par }\pard \fi-180\li180\sl0\tx180\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (342) V.Stejskal, \'93MELISA: A New Technology for Diagnosing and Monitoring of Metal Sensitivity\'94, Proceedings: 33rd Annual Meeting of American Acadamy of Environmental Medicine, Nov. 1998, Baltimore, land.\par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (343) P.L.Bigazzi, \'93Autoimmunity induced by metals\'94, in Chang, L., }{\plain \ul\f3\fs20 Toxicology of Metals}{\plain \f3\fs20 , Publishers, CRC Press Inc. \tab 1996., p835-52.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (344) G.A.Caron et al, \'93Lymphocytes transformation induced by inorganic and organic mercury\'94, Int Arch Allergy,1970, 37:76-\tab 87.\par }\pard \fi-8640\li8640\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\ \tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (345) N.H.Nielsen et al, \'93The relationship between IgE-mediated and cell-mediated hypersensities\'94, The\tab Glostrup Allergy Study, \par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Denmark, British J of Dermatol, 1996, 134:669-72.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (346) Clauw DJ, \'93The pathogenesis of chronic pain and fatigue syndroms: fibromyalgia\'94 Med Hypothesis, 1995, 44:369-78; & \tab Hanson S, Fibromyalgia, glutamate, and mercury. Heavy Metal Bulletin, Issue 4, 1999, p5,6. \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (347) G.Benga \'93Water exchange through erythrocyte membranes\'94 Neurol Neurochir Pol 1997 \tab Sep\_Oct;31(5):905\_13 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (348) A Kistner, \'93Quecksilbervergiftung durch Amalgam: Diagnose und Therapie\'94 ZWR, 1995,104(5):412-417; & Mass C, Bruck \tab W. \'93Study on the significance of mercury accumulation in the brain from dental amalgam fillings through direct mouth-nose-\tab brain transport\'94, Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1996; 198(3): 275-91.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (349) M.Schaeffer et al, \'93Risikofaktor Amalgam-Ein Problemstoff\'94,Schriftenreihe mweltmedizin, Forum Medizin \tab Verlagsgesellschaft, 1996; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 (b)Nixon, DE, Mussmann GV, Moyer TP. Inorganic, organic, and total mercury in blood \tab and urine. J Anal Toxicol, 1996; 10(1): 17-22.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (350) F. Schweinsberg, \'93Risk estimation of mercury intake from different sources\'94, Toxicol. Lett. 1994, 72: _45-51; & L.D. \tab Pzheusskaia, \'93Disintoxication therapy of patients with nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the the female genital organs\'94, \tab Akush. Ginekol 1977, (4): 30-34; \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (351) S.Halbach et al, \'93Thiol chelators and mercury effects on isolated heart muscle\'94, Plzen.Lek. Sborn, 1990,62(Supp), 39-41, \tab 1990; & \'93Sulhydryl-induced restoration of myocardial contractility after alteration by mercury\'94, Arch. Toxicol. 63(Supp 13) \tab 349-352, 1989; & N.V.Klykov, \'93Treatment of patients with mycardial infarction\'94, Vrach.Delo.1979,(12):50-3; & \'93Treatment of \tab patients with chronic circulatory insufficiencey\'94 Kardiologila, 1972,12(1):126-31.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (352) B.Arnold, Eigenschaften und Einsatzgebiete des Chelatbildners:DMPS\'94, Z.Umweltmedizin 1997,5(1):38- ; & Diagnostik un \tab Monitorung vonSchwermetallbelastungen,I,II, ZWR,1996, 105(10): 586-569 & (11):665-; & Therapie der \tab Schwermetallbelastung, Mineraloscope, 1996,(1):22-23.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (353) P.P Guida, \'93Theraputic efficacy of unithiol in Buschke\'92s scherodrma\'94, Vrach. Delo.1983, (8): 36-38; & A.A.Dubinskii et al, \tab \'93Morpholcial changes in the skin in scleroderma after treatment with unithiol\'94, Vrach.Delo.1978, (10): 112-114.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (354) W.Behnke, \'93Kopfschmerz un Migrane: Schon mal an Amalgam gegcht?\'94, Der Allgemeinarzt, 1995, 17(11): 1222-1223; & \tab J.Lechner, \'93Quecksilberbelastung,...\'94, Dtsch. Z. Biol. Zahnmed. 1992,8(1): 8-14.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (355) W.Kostler, \'93Beeinflubung der zellularen Immunabwehr drch Quecksilberfreisetzung\'94, Forum Prakt. Allgem. Arzt, 1991, \tab 30(2):62-3; & P.Schleicher, \'93Schwermetalle schadigen das Immunsystem\'94, Mineraloscope, 1996, (1): 37; & \'93Immunschaden \tab durch Toxine\'94 Argumente+Fakten der Medizin, 1992, 05; & W. Scheicher, Dissertation, Universitat Karlsruhe, 1977.\par }\pard \fi-8640\li8640\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\ \tx6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (356) M.Daunderer, Die Amalgamvergiftung und ihre medizinische Folgen\'94, Forum Prakt.Allgem.Arzt, \tab 1991, 30(2): 44-66; & \par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab M.Daunderer, \'93Jugendicher starb an Amalgam\'94, Forum Prakt.Allgen. Arzt, 29(11): 294\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (357) S.B.Elhassani, \'93The many faces of methylmercury poisoning\'94, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1982(8): 875-9; & N.Neuburger et al, \tab \'93Kompendium Umweltmedizin\'94, MediVerlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg, 1996; & \par }\pard \li216\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 O.Oster et al, \'93Die Pathobiochemie, Diagnose und Therapie der Metall- und Metalloidintoxikation-2. Die Quecksilberintoxikation, Intensivmed, 1985, 22(3):130-9 \par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (358) N.I. Shtelmakh et al,\'93Comparative treatments of rheumatoid arthities\'94, Vrasch. Delo.,1982, (1):49-52. \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (359) G. Tapparo, :Toxische Untersunchungen zu Amalgam\'94, Die Zahn Arztwoche, 1992\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (360) Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR, Influence of DMPS on the mobilization of mercury from tissues of rats \tab pretreated with \tab mercuric chloride, phenylmercury acetate, or mercury vapor, Toxicology 1989;54(3):323-33 ..(361) K.H.Friese, \'93Konnen \tab Amalgamplomben angebornene Innenohrschaden verusachen?\'94, Therapeutikon, 1993, 7(11): 492-496; & \'93Amalgamvergiftung-\tab moglicher Zusammenhang mit angeborener Schwerhorlgkeit, Der Naturarzt, 1995, 135(8): 13-15; & E.Bonnet, \'93Okopadiatrie-\tab Verbindung zur Naturheilkunde\'94, Arztezeitschr Naturheikunde, 1995, 36(4): 272-78.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (362) G.Bohmer et al, \'93Quecksilber-Mobilisation mit dern DMPS bei arztlichem und zahnarztlichem Personal im Vergleich\'94, Der \tab Artikulator(30): 11-12, 1989; & W.Legrum, \'93Wie problematisch ist der Dentalwerkstoff Amalgam?\'94, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., \tab 1990, 115(39): 1490-1494; & M.Cikrt et al, \'93Mobiliztion of mercury using DMPS\'94, 1993, Plzen Lek. Sborn. 68(Supp) 119; & \tab R.Hickel et al, \'93Die Quecksilberbelastung von Zahnmedizinstudenten anch beruflicher Amalgaexposition, Dtsch. Zahnarztl.Z \tab 1995, 50(7): 506-10.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (363) J.W.Reinhardt, Univ. Of Iowa College of Dentistry, \'93Side effects: mercury contribution to\par }\pard \li720\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\t\ x7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 body burden from dental amalgam\'94, Adv Dent Res, 1992, 6: 110-3.\par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (364) W. Bayer, Erfahrungsheikunde 1992,41(10): 628-633; & B.Gabard, Arch Toxicol, 1978, 39(4): 289- 298; & H. Pscheidl, \tab \'93Amalgamvergiftung- eine chronische Krankheit und ihre Therapie\'94, ACD, 1994, 3(4):153-166.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (365) C. Schulte-Uebbing, \'93Umweltbedingte Frauenkranheiten\'94, Sonntag-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996; & \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Umweltmedizin in der Frauenheilkunde, Arztezeitschr. Naturheilkunde, 35(2):9-17.\par }\pard \fi-216\li216\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (366) \'93Zahnamalgam und Schwangerschaft\'94, Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd. 1995, 55(6): M63-M65; & T. Zinke, \'93Gibt es neue Erkenntnisse zur Amalgamproblematic?\'94, in Status Quo and perspectiveves of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials, L.F. Friberg(Ed.), Georg=Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1995, p1-7. \par }\pard \fi-216\li216\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (367) I. Gerhard, \'93Amalgam aus gynakologischer Sicht\'94, Der Frauenarzt, 1995,36(6): 627-28; & \'93Schdstoffe und Fertillitatsstorungen\'94, Schwermetalle und Mineralstoffe, Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd, 1992, 52(7):383-396; & \'93Reproductive risks of heavy metal and pesticides in women\'94, in: Reproductive Toxicology, M.(ed.), VCH Weinhelm, 1993, 167-83; & \par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab \'93Unfruchtbarkeit bei Frauen durch Umwelterkrankungen, JD. Kruse-Jarres(Ed.), 1993, 51-68.\par }\pard \fi-216\li216\sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (368) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Stejskal VDM, Danersund A, Lindvall A, Hudecek R, Nordman V, Yaqob A et al. \tab Metal- specific memory lymphoctes: biomarkers of sensitivity in man. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 1999.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \sl0\tx216\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (369) Sterzl I, Prochazkova J, Stejaskal VDM et al, Mercury and nickel allergy: risk facotrs in fatigue and \tab \tab autoimmunity. Neuroendocrinology Letters 1999; 20:221-228.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (370) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Magos L, son TW, Hudson AR. The effects of dose of elemental mercury and first pass circulation time on organ \tab distribution of inorganic mercury in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; \tab 991(1):85-9.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (371) Halbach S. Estimation of mercury dose by a novel quantitation of elemental and inorganic species \tab released from \tab amalgam. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 67(5): 295-300.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (372) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Atchison WD. Effects of neurotoxicants on synaptic transmission. Neuroltoxicol Teratol 1998; \tab 10(5):393-416.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (373) Marcusson JA. Psychological and somatic subjective symptoms as a result of dermatological patch testing with metallic \tab mercury and PHA. Toxicol Lett 1996; 84(2): 113-22; & \'91The frequency of mercury intolerance in patients with CFS and \tab healthy controls\'94, Contact Dermatitis. 1999 Jul;41(1):60\_1\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (374)\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (375) Stejskal VDM, Danersund A, Lindvall A. Metal-specific memory lympocytes: biomarkers of sensitivity in man. Neuroendocrinology Letters 1999.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (376) Melchart D, Wuhr E, Weidenhammer W, Kremers L. A multicenter survey of amalgam fillings and subjective complaints in non-selected patients in the dental practice. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106:770-77 (6,744 patients in 34 clinics)\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (377) Murtomaa H, Haavio-Manila e, Kandolin I. Burnout and its causes in Finnish dentists. Comunity Dental Oral Epidemiol 1990; 18:208-12.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (378) Cheraskin E, Ringsdorf Wm, Medford FH. Daily vitamin C consumption and fatigabilit. J Am Gerialr Soc 1976; 24:136-37.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (379) Mac EM, Mann AH, HC. Interferons as mediatorors of psychiatric morbidity. The Lancet 1978; Nov 21, 1175-78; & Hickie I, Lloyd A. Are cytokines associated with neuropsychiatric syndrome in humans? Int J Immunopharm 1995; 4:285-294.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (380) Komaroff AL, Buchwald DS. Chronic fatigue syndrom: an update. Ann Rev Med 1998; 49: 1-13; & Buchwald DS, Wener MH, Kith P. Markers of inflamation and immune activation in CFS. J Rheumatol 1997; 24:372-76.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (381) Demitrack MA,Dale JK. Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue sydrome. J Clin endocrinol Metabol 1991; 73:1224-1234; & Turnbull AV, Rivier C. Regulation of the HPA axis by cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 1995; 20:253-75.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (382) Sterzl I, Fucikova T, Zamrazil V. The fatigue syndrome in autoimmune thyroiditis with polyglanular activation of autoimmunity. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 1998; 44: 456-60.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (383) Saito K. Analysis of a genetic factor of metal allergy-polymorphism of HLA-DR-DO gene. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasschi 1996; 63: 53-69; & Prochazkova J, Ivaskova E, Bartova J, Stejskal VDM. Immunogentic findings in patients with altered tolerance to heavy metals. Eur J Human Genet 1998; 6: 175.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (384) Kuklinski B. Glutathione Transferasen und Krankheit. Seitschrift fur Umweltmedizin 1999; 7:39-45.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (385) Kohdera T, Koh N, Koh R. Antigen-specific lympocyte stimulation test on patients with psoriasis vulgaris. XVI International Congress of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Oct 1997, Cancoon, Mexico; & Ionescu G. Schwermetallbelastung bei atopischer Dermatitis und Psoriasis. Biol Med 1996; 2:65-68.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (386) Biospectron Lab ....... & Doctors Data Lab ,http://www.doctorsdata.com , inquiries @doctors data.com, & Great Smokies Diagnostic Lab, http://www.gsdl.com; & MetaMatrix Lab, http://www.metamatrix.com ..\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (387) Caulk, Inc. (amalgam manufacturer), http://www.caulk.com/mSDSDFU/DISPERSDFU.html.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (388) Sata K, Kusada Y, Zhang Z, Ueda K, Ishi Y, Mori T, et al. An epidemiological study of mercury sensitization. Allergology International 1997; 46:201-6.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (389) Brunker P, Rother D, Sedlmeier R. J Mol Gen Genet 1996; 251(3); & MV. Environ Mol Mutagen 1996; 27(1): 30-3.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (390) Ellingsen DG, Nordhagen HP, sen Y. Uninary selenium excretion in workers with low exposure to mercury vapour. J Appl toxicol 1995; 15(1): 33-6.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (391) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Schumann K. The toxicological estimation of heavy metal content(Hg,Cd,Pb) in food for infants and small children. Z Ernahrungswiss 1990; 29(1):54-73. (article in German with English abstract)}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (392) Gebbart E. Chromosone Damage in Individuals exposed to heavy metals. Curr Top Environ Toxicol Chem 1985; 8: 213-25.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (393) Furuhjelm M, Jonson B. Int J of Fertility 1962, 7(1); 17-21; & Dr. J.K Sherman, Univ. Of Arkansas, study reported in Washington Star Newspaper, Jan 7, 1979.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (394) Blatter B, van der Star M, Roeleveld N. Int Archieves of Occup and Environ Health 1987; 59: 551-7.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (395) Baranski B. Environmental Health Perspectives 1993; 101(suppl 2): 85-90; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 & Baranski B. Effect of mercury on the sexual cycle and prenatal and postnatal development of progeny. Med Pr 1981; 32(4): 271-6.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (395) Shapiro IM, Cornblath DR, Sumner AJ. Neurophysiological and neuropshchological function in mercury- exposed dentists. The Lancet 1982; 1:1147-1150; & Szzell BP and Oler J. Chronic low-level mercury exposure and neuropshycological functioning. J of Clin and Exper Neuropsych 1986; 8:581-93.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (396) Epidemiologisk undersokning av fosterkador hos 1.2 milj. barn, fodda sedan 1967; \tab Norge\tab yrkesmed. Avd. Haukelands sykehus. Aftenposton 6 mpv 1997.}{\plain \f4\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (397) Hudecek R, Danersund A. Removal of Incompatible Dental Material in Patients with \tab Intolerance of \tab Dental Materials. In: Amalgam and Health: The Swedish Council for \tab Planning and Research \tab Coordination, 1999, p78-84.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (398) Saengsirinavin C, Pringsulaka P. Mercury levels in urine and head hair of dental \tab personnel. J \tab Dent Assoc Thai 1988; 38(4): 170-9.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (399) Herber RF, Wibowo AA. Exposure of dentists and assistants to mercury: levels in urine and hair related to conditions of practice. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988; 16(3): 153-8; \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (400) Kim DE, Song KB, Kim YJ. Mercury contents in hair of dental personnel and evaluation of various agents suppressing mercury vaporization. Taehan Chikkwa Uisa Hyophoe Chi 27(7): 649-59.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (401) Sikorski R, Juszkiewicz T. Women in dental surguries: reproductive hazards in occupational exposure to mercury. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1987; 59(6):551-7.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (402) Ando T, Wakisaka I, Hatano H. Mercury concentration in gray hair. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1989; 43(6):1063-8.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (403) Mayall FG; Hickman J; Knight LC; Singharo S. " An amalgam tattoo of the soft palate: a case report with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. J Laryngol Otol, 1992 Sep, 106:9, 834-5; & Pierson HF. " Pharmacological perturbation of murine melanoma growth by copper chelates.Cancer Lett, 1985 Mar, 26:2, 221-33.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (404) M. E. Godfrey, Candida, Dysbiosis and Amalgam. J. Adv. Med. vol 9 no 2 (1996); & Romani L, Immunity to Candida Albicans: Th1,Th2 cells and beyond. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999, 2(4):363-7. \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (405)}{\plain \f4\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 Stejskal, Vera Stejskal. }{\plain \f3\fs20 The role of metals in autoimmune diseases and the link to neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology Letters, 20:345\_358, 1999. \par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 see #218 \par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (406) Goering Pl, Rowland AS. Toxicity assessment of mercury vapor drom dental amalgams. Fundam. Appl Toxicol 1992; 19:319-329. \par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (407) Eedy DJ, Burrows D, Dlifford T, Fay A. Elevated T cell subpopulations in dental students.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 J prosthet Dent 1990; 63(5):593-6. \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (408) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Wehner\_Caroli J; Scherwitz C; Schweinsberg F; Fierlbeck G. Exacerbation of pustular psoriasis in \tab mercury poisoning. Hautarzt 1994 Oct;45(10):708\_10.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (409) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Autism: a unique form of mercury poisoning. \tab http://www.canfoundation.org/newcansite/sciwatch/invest.html}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (410) J.R. Cade et al, Autism and schizophrenia linked to malfunctioning enzyme for milk protein digestion. \tab Autism, \tab Mar 1999.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (411) Puschel et al, Mercury inhibits activity of dipetyl-peptidase IV. European J Biochem 1982; 126:359-365.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (412) Stefanovic V. et al, Kidney ectopeptidases in mercuric chloride-induced renal failure. Cell Physiol \tab Biochem \tab 1998; 8(5): 278-84. \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (413) Autism-Mercuryegroups, web group of parents with autistic kids and autism doctors and \tab researchers; & http://www.edelsoncenter.com.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (414) Reichrtova E et al, \'93Cord Serum Immunoglobulin E Related to Enviornmental Contamination of \tab Human Placentas with Oganochlorine Compounds\'94, Envir Health Perspec, 1999, 107(11):895-99}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (415)Wecker L, SB, Cochran SR, Dugger DL, WD. Trace element concentrations in hair from \tab autistic children. Defic Res 1985; 29(Pt 1): 15-22}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (416) Rothstein JD, LJ, Kuncl RW. Decreased glutamte transport by the brain and spinal cord in ALS.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab New Engl J Med 1992, 326: 1464-8.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (417) Folkers K et al, Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in subjects reacting to MSL-\tab Glutamate. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1981, 100: 972; & Felipo V et al, L-carnatine increases the \tab affinity of glutamate for quisqualate receptors and prevents glutamate neurotoxicity. Neurochemical \tab Research 1994, 19(3): 373-377; & Akaike A et al, Protective effects of a vitamin-B12 \tab \tab analog(methylcobalamin, against glutamate cytotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. European J of \tab Pharmacology 1993, 241(1):1-6 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (418) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Srikantaiah MV; Radhakrishnan AN. Studies on the metabolism of vitamin B6 in the small intestine. \tab Purification and properties of monkey intestinal pyridoxal kinase. Indian J Biochem 1970 Sep;7(3):151\_6.}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (419) }{\plain \f3\fs20 Lipozencic J; Milavec\_Puretic V; Pasic A. Contact allergy and psoriasis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 1992 \tab Sep;43(3):249\_54;}{\plain \f3\fs20 & Roujeau JC et al, Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Analysis of 63 \tab cases; Arch Dermatol 1991 Sep;127(9):1333\_8; & Yiannias JA; Winkelmann RK; Connolly SM. Contact \tab sensitivities in palmar plantar pustulosis (acropustulosis). Contact Dermatitis 1998 Sep;39(3):108\_11\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (420) Rivola J, Krejci I, Imfeld T, Lutz F}{\plain \f3\fs20 . }{\plain \f3\fs20 Cremation and the environmental mercury burden}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1990;100(11):1299\_303; & Matter\_Grutter C, Baillod R, Imfeld T, Lutz F.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Mercury emission measurements in a crematorium. The dentistry aspects. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed \tab \tab 1995;105(8):1023\_8 }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (421) Yoshida M; Kishimoto T; Yamamura Y; Tabuse M; Akama Y; Satoh H}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Amount of mercury from dental amalgam filling released into the atmosphere by cremation.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1994 Jul;41(7):618\_24}{\plain \f3\fs20 .}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (422) Reese Km. Mercury emissions from crematoria. Chem & Engin News,\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 \tab 12-7-98, p80-81; & Lancet 1998; 352, 1602.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (423) }{\plain \f3\fs20 C.R. et al, \'93Mercury intoxication simulating ALS\'94, JAMA, 1983, 250(5):642-5; & T.Barber, \'93Inorganic mercury \tab intoxification similar to ALS\'94, J of Occup Med, 1978, 20:667-9; }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (424) Munch G; Gerlach M; Sian J; Wong A; Riederer P. Advanced glycation end products in neurodegeneration: more than early \tab markers of oxidative stress? Ann Neurol 1998 Sep;44(3 Suppl 1):S85\_8.}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (425) Hu H; Abedi\_Valugerdi M; Moller G. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with mercury in vitro induces a \tab response in T cells from genetically determined low\_responders and a shift of the interleukin profile. \tab Immunology 1997 Feb;90(2):198\_204; & Hu H; Moller G; Abedi\_Valugerdi M. Major histocompatibility \tab complex class II antigens are required for both cytokine production and proliferation induced by mercuric \tab chloride in vitro. J Autoimmun 1997 Oct;10(5):441\_6; & }{\plain \f3 Hu H; Moller G; }{\plain \f3\fs20 Abedi\_Valugerdi M. \tab Mechanism of mercury\_induced autoimmunity: both T helper 1\_ and T helper 2\_type responses are involved. \tab Immunology 1999 Mar;96(3):348\_57}{\plain \f3\fs20 .\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (426) Hultman P, Nielsen JB. The effect of toxicokinetics on murine mercury-induced autoimmunity. Environ Res 1998, 77(2): 141-8.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (427) Chetty CS, McBride V, Sands S, Rajanna B. Effects in vitro on rat brain Mg(++)-ATPase. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1990, \tab 98(5):261-7; & }{\plain \f3\fs20 M.Burk et al, Magnesium, 4(5-6): 325-332, 1985}{\plain \f3\fs20 }{\plain \f3\fs20 ?}{\plain \f3\fs20 \par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (428) O\'92Carroll RE, Masterton G, Goodwin GM. The neuropsychiatric sequelae of mercury poisoning. The Mad Hatter\'92s disease \tab revisited. Br J Psychiatry 1995, 167(1): 95-8.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (429) Rodier P.M. Developing brain as a target of toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103(Supp 6): 73-76.\par }\pard \fi-360\li360\sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\t\ x6480\tx7200\tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 \tab Rice, DC, Issues in developmental neurotoxicology: interpretation and implications of the data. Can J Public Health 1998; 89(Supp1): S31-40; & Rice DC, Barone S, Critical Periods of Vulnerability for the Developing Nervous System: Evidence from human and animal models. Environ Health Persect 2000, 108(supp 3):511-533.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 {\plain \f3\fs20 (430) Fukino H, Hirai M, Hsueh YM, Yamane Y. Effect of zinc pretreatment on mercuric choride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat \tab kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1984, 73(3): 395-401.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (431) T, Pitts K, Mc Garvey JA, Summers AO. Bacterial oxidation of mercury metal vapor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, \tab 64(4): 1328-32.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (432) Sutton KG, McRory JE, Guthrie H, Snutch TP. P/Q-type calcium channels mediate the activity-dependent feedback of \tab syntaxin-1A. Nature 1999, 401(6755):800-4;\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (433) Epidemiologisk undersokning av fosterkador hos 1.2 milj. barn, fodda sedan 1967; Norge \tab yrkesmed. Avd. \tab Haukelands \tab sykehus. Aftenposton 6 mpv 1997.\par }{\plain \f3\fs20 (434) Echeverria D et al, Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam vapor(Hg0): new distinctions between recent \tab exposure and Hg body burden. Swedish Council for Coordinating and Research, 1999.\par }\pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 \additive\f2 \pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 \additive\cf1\f2 \pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 \f4\fs16 \pard \sl0\tx360\tx720\tx1440\tx2160\tx2880\tx3600\tx4320\tx5040\tx5760\tx6480\tx7200\\ tx7920\tx8640\tx9360 \f4\fs16 } Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted August 31, 2000 Report Share Posted August 31, 2000 Hi Alice , The amalg6w.doc didn't work. Any other suggestions? Thanks, Kaye Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted September 1, 2000 Report Share Posted September 1, 2000 Go to www.amalgam.org Not sure, but that probably tells how to join it. Let me know if you have trouble and I'll ask the list. I don't recall just what I did. Seems as if I had some trouble getting on myself. It is a strict, focused list. Good luck, Alice Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Recommended Posts
Join the conversation
You are posting as a guest. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.