Self-efficacy/beliefs

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" An efficacy expectation is the conviction that one can success truly

execute the behaviour required to produce the outcomes " (Bandura,

1977i1, p. 193).

Hence efficacy expectations will influence the persistence and effort

of an individual's behaviour, and hence in situations of strong self-

efficacy (as perceived by the individual), actions will tend to be

more active (Biddle, 1979). Mahoney (1979) outlines several useful

possibilities in enhancing self-efficacy/beliefs in athletics:

Response induction aids: aids designed to reduce danger and reduce

discrepancies between an actual and desired performance.

Imaginal rehearsal: mental practice of the desired performance.

Direct reassurance: authority figure's sincere encouragement

emphasizing confidence in the athlete's ability.

Modelling: observational learning from a model

Self-statement modification: asking the athlete to practice self-

efficious monologues prior to performance.

False performance feedback: to enable an athlete to surpass

previously unbeaten " barriers "

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Carruthers

Wakefield, UK