Guest guest Posted October 18, 2006 Report Share Posted October 18, 2006 http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Toxins/T2.html T-2 Toxin: essential data Symptoms, Treatment, Decontamination Syndrome Name none Symptoms * skin irritation * loss of function in: o intestines, o bone marrow, o lymph nodes, o spleen o thymus * Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (time course: 8 weeks with rapid onset of symptoms) * burning sensation in alimentary tract * vomiting * tachycardia * leukopenia * petechial hemorrhages with necrosis in skin * internal hemorrhages Onset of Symptoms There is a fairly quick (<20 minutes) response similar to that seen with mustard (blistering of the skin and irritation of the eyes and throat). Symptoms of systemic poisoning appear relatively slowly (>8-12 hours.) Rapid diagnostic assay None, but rapid and sensitive assays for the detection and monitoring of trichothecenes in cereals are available. They may not be readily adaptable to human diagnostics. Antidote None Supportive Care Removal of ingested toxins by treatment with adsorbents such as superactivated charcoal; treatment of symptoms Inactivation Decontamination with soap and water. Return to Top Toxicology of T-2 LD50's by Route of Administration Test Organism Inhalation Intravenous Subcutaneous Dermal Mouse 0.24-0.94 mg/kg 3.8 mg/kg 1.6-2.1 mg/kg >10 mg/kg Guinea pig 5749 mg.min.m-3 Rat 2000 mg.min.m-3 Pig <2.7 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg Return to Top Chemical Properties Structure CA Name Trichothec-9-ene-3,4,8,15-tetrol,12,13-epoxy-, 4,15-diacetate 8-(3-methylbutanoate), (3.alpha.,4.beta.,8.alpha.)- Trivial Names * Fusariotoxin T 2 * Insariotoxin * Mycotoxin T 2 * NSC 138780 * T 2 * T 2 mycotoxin Registry Number 21259-20-1 RTECS Number YD0100000 Molecular Formula C24 H34 O9 Molecular weight 466.57 Solubility Insoluble in water, soluble in lower alcohols and polar solvents including * methanol, * ethanol, * isopropanol * propylene glycol, * acetone, * ethyl acetate * chloroform, * dimethyl sulfoxide pKa in water Not applicable Complete synthesis None Return to Top Site of Action T-2 and most of the other trichothecene mycotoxins considered for use as weapons act by inhibiting protein synthesis. They do this by reacting with components of the ribosomes: the structure within the cell where proteins are made. The specific site of action of T-2, which is a reaction with a critical site on the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is known. Protein synthesis is an essential function in all tissues, but tissues where cells are actively and rapidly growing and dividing are very susceptible to the toxins. Susceptible tissues therefore include: the lining of the digestive tract, the wear and tear of the digestive process is constantly being repaired; bone marrow, the site of the continuous formation of new red and white blood cells; the lymph nodes, a key site in the immune system; the spleen, also a vital component of the immune system the liver, metabolically the most active tissue of the body. Tissues like the brain and muscle are less severely affected. Source Several species of the genus Fusarium synthesize the toxin. A definitive list is hard to construct because of the problems of identification of species within the genus. Fermentation of T-2 toxin can be very efficient with yields of several grams of the toxin for every kilogram of substrate, even using relatively inefficient culture on a solid medium rather than liquid fermentation. Agent Properties Trichothecenes are different from most other potential weapons toxins because they can act through the skin. The possibility of an attack has the advantage to the user of forcing the defender into protective clothing. Trichothecenes are actually very effective blister agents. The minimal dose of T-2 toxin required to produce skin injury is about 400-fold lower than it is for mustard. Blistering and eye damage are likely well below exposure to a lethal dose. Inhalation toxicity is comparable to that of mustard or ite. These toxins are relatively easy to manufacture. The producer organisms are robust and can be grown in large fermentation vessels. A terrorist may be able to make a crude trichothecene preparation by practicing poor grain husbandry. The Fusarium species that make trichothecenes grow on staple cereals such as wheat and barley. Aflatoxin-producing fungi prefer oil-rich seed such as maize (Zea mays, Indian corn or corn in the US). Outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) that killed thousands in an already devastated post-World War II Soviet Union had their origins in grains left over winter in the fields under conditions ideal for trichothecene synthesis. These grains were scant gleanings that would have been left for the birds in better days. The toxins would most likely be spread as an aerosol with the yellow rain used in Indo-China being described as a sticky yellow liquid. The fungi themselves could be used as an economic weapon against well-regulated agricultures, such as those of North America and Europe where the appearance of the disease on any significant scale could trigger stringent responses including destruction of crops. Return to Top Terrorist Acquisition and Attempted Use. * None confirmed. Return to Top International Disease Classification Codes for T-2 Poisoning Disease ICD-9-CM ICD-10 Toxic effects of aflatoxins & other mycotoxins as food contaminants -------------------------------------------------------- http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Toxins/Satra.html Satratoxin H: essential data Symptoms and Treatment, Toxicity, Chemistry, Site of Action, Sources, Properties, Terrorist Interest, IDC Codes Symptoms, Treatment, Decontamination Syndrome Name Stachybotrotoxicosis Symptoms * burning and blistering of mouth and nose * a rash that becomes a moist dermatitis * nosebleeds * chest pain * pulmonary hemorrhage * hyperthermia (raised temperature) * headache * fatigue * diarrhea Onset of Symptoms Relatively slow (minutes to hours) Rapid diagnostic assay None Antidote None Supportive Care Removal of ingested toxins by treatment with adsorbents such as superactivated charcoal; treatment of symptoms Inactivation Decontamination with soap and water. Toxicology. Satratoxin H has an LD50 for mice of 1.0-1.4 mg/kg upon intraperitoneal injection. Otherwise, it is reported to be about five times as toxic as T-2 toxin. More extensive toxicological information can be found by following this link. Chemical Properties Structure CA Name Spiro[5,9:16,18-dimethano-1H,3H,23H-[1,6,12] trioxacyclooctadecino[3,4-d]][1]benzopyran-17 (18H),2'-oxirane]-3-14(9H)dione,6,7,16,16a,19a,22- hexahydro-25-hydroxy-9-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16a,21- dimethyl,(2'R,4E,9R,10E,12Z,16R,16aS,18R,19aR23aR,25R)- Trivial Names * Satratoxin H Registry Number 53126-64-0 RTECS Number Molecular Formula C29 H36 O9 Molecular weight Solubility Insoluble in water, soluble in lower alcohols and polar solvents including * methanol, * ethanol, * isopropanol * propylene glycol, * acetone, * ethyl acetate * chloroform, * dimethyl sulfoxide pKa in water Not applicable Complete synthesis None Return to Top Site of Action Not known,but like most of the other trichothecene mycotoxins considered for use as weapons act by inhibiting protein synthesis affecting tissues where cells are actively and rapidly growing and dividing. Source Stachybotrys chartarum, also known as Stachybotrys atra and Stachybotrys alternans in older publications. Return to Top Agent Properties Unlike T-2 toxin, satratoxin H does not appear to be particularly effective as a blistering agent on the skin, but is effective against moist tissues such as the mouth, nose, and throat. The producer organism grows readily in damp environments, such as damp hay and has become recognized as a public health problem in houses that have become damp, e.g. through flooding, because it growth on cellulosic substrates such as the paper covering of wallboard. It may not be necessary to isolate toxins from cultures as the spores and fragments of the fungal mass are themselves effective carriers of the toxins. Terrorist Acquisition and Attempted Use. * None confirmed. Return to Top International Disease Classification Codes for Satratroxin H Poisoning Disease ICD-9-CM ICD-10 Toxic effects of aflatoxins & other mycotoxins as food contaminants ---------------------------------- Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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