Re: Low-Moderate Protein Diets Lacking Carnosine

January 1, 2006

Hi All,

There may be hazards for AGEs in females.

Kilhovd BK, Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Torjesen PA, Birkeland KI, Berg

TJ,

Hanssen KF, Laakso M.

High serum levels of advanced glycation end products predict increased coronary

heart disease mortality in nondiabetic women but not in nondiabetic men: a

population-based 18-year follow-up study.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Apr;25(4):815-20. Epub 2005 Feb 3.

PMID: 15692098

BACKGROUND: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), modification products of

glycation or glycoxidation of proteins and lipids, have been linked to premature

atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes as well as in nondiabetic subjects.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Serum levels of AGEs were measured with an immunoassay in

samples obtained at baseline examination of a random sample of 1141 nondiabetic

individuals (535 men and 606 women), aged 45 to 64 years, living in Kuopio, East

Finland, or Turku, West Finland in 1982 to 1984. After 18 years of follow-up,

all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and coronary heart disease

(CHD)

mortality were registered on the basis of copies of death certificates.

Multivariate

regression model showed a significant association of serum AGEs with

all-cause

(P=0.012), CVD (P=0.018), and CHD (P=0.008) mortality in women but not in men.

Fasting serum AGEs in the highest quartile were an independent risk factor for

all-cause (hazards ratio

, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.11; P=0.011) and CHD (HR,

6.51; 95% CI, 1.78 to 23.79; P=0.005) mortality in women, even after the

adjustment

for confounding factors, including highly sensitive C-reactive protein.

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study is the first to show that serum levels of AGEs can predict

total,

CVD, and CHD mortality in nondiabetic women.

--- Logan <loganruns73@...> wrote:

>

> Mech Ageing Dev. 2005 Oct;126(10):1034-9.

>

> Glycation, ageing and carnosine: are carnivorous diets

> beneficial?

>

> Hipkiss AR.

>

> Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Harvey

> Research Institute, Vane Science Centre, Bart's

> and the London Queen 's School of Medicine and

> Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.

> alanandjill@...

>

> Non-enzymic protein glycosylation (glycation) plays

> important roles in ageing and in diabetes and its

> secondary complications. Dietary constituents may play

> important roles in accelerating or suppressing

> glycation. It is suggested that carnivorous diets

> contain a potential anti-glycating agent, carnosine

> (beta-alanyl-histidine), whilst vegetarians may lack

> intake of the dipeptide. The possible beneficial

> effects of carnosine and related structures on protein

> carbonyl stress, AGE formation, secondary diabetic

> complications and age-related neuropathology are

> discussed.

>

> Publication Types:

> Review

>

> PMID: 15955546 [PubMed - in process]

>

> J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-9.

>

> Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after

> dietary consumption of beef.

>

> Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA.

>

> Department of Food Science, Chenoweth Lab, University

> of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.

>

> Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide

> found in the muscle foods that has been postulated to

> be a bioactive food component. The objective of this

> research was to determine the concentration of

> carnosine in human plasma after ingestion of beef.

> Nine males and nine females were recruited for the

> study. Food devoid of meat products was given to the

> subjects so that they did not consume carnosine for 48

> h prior to the test. Subjects fasted for 12 h and then

> had blood withdrawn prior to a meal containing 200 g

> of ground beef. Additional blood samples were

> collected over the following 24 h and carnosine

> concentrations were determined by HPLC. The cooked

> ground beef used in the study contained 52% water, 24%

> protein, 22% fat, and 124 mg of carnosine/100 g of

> beef. No plasma carnosine was detected in subjects

> before the consumption of the beef. Carnosine was

> detected in plasma 15 min after beef consumption.

> Plasma carnosine concentrations continued to increase

> with a maximum (32.7 mg of carnosine/L of plasma)

> being recorded 2.5 h after consumption. Carnosine

> concentrations then decreased until no carnosine could

> be detected at 5.5 h postconsumption. These results

> indicate that dietary carnosine is absorbed into human

> plasma after the consumption of beef. Since carnosine

> has several potential health benefits, evidence of its

> bioavailability suggests that it could be a bioactive

> food component.

>

> PMID: 15941308 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

>

> Physiol Res. 2002;51(3):313-6.

>

> Advanced glycation end products and nutrition.

>

> Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Sebekova K, Schinzel R,

> Klvanova J.

>

> Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine,

> Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

>

> Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may play an

> important adverse role in process of atherosclerosis,

> diabetes, aging and chronic renal failure. Levels of

> N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine and fluorescent AGE

> values were estimated in two nutritional population

> groups--alternative group (vegetarians--plant food,

> milk products, eggs) and traditional group (omnivorous

> subjects). Vegetarians have a significantly higher

> carboxymethyllysine content in plasma and fluorescent

> AGE values. Intake of proteins, lysine and

> monosaccharides as well as culinary treatment,

> consumption of food AGEs (mainly from technologically

> processed products) and the routes of Maillard

> reaction in organism are the substantial sources of

> plasma AGEs. Vegetarians consume less proteins and

> saccharides. Lysine intake is significantly reduced

> (low content in plant proteins). Subjects on

> alternative nutrition do not use high temperature for

> culinary treatment and consume low amount of

> technologically processed food. Fructation induced AGE

> fluorescence is greater as compared with that induced

> by glucose. It is due to higher participation of a

> more reactive acyclic form of fructose. Intake of

> vegetables and fruit with predominance of fructose is

> significantly higher in vegetarians. Comparison of

> nutrition and plasma AGEs in vegetarian and omnivorous

> groups shows that the higher intake of fructose in

> alternative nutrition of healthy subjects may cause an

> increase of AGE levels.

>

> PMID: 12234125 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

>

> Eur J Nutr. 2001 Dec;40(6):275-81.

>

> Plasma levels of advanced glycation end products in

> healthy, long-term vegetarians and subjects on a

> western mixed diet.

>

> Sebekova K, Krajcoviova-Kudlackova M, Schinzel R,

> Faist V, Klvanova J, Heidland A.

>

> Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine,

> Bratislava, Slovak Republic. sebekova@...

>

> BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that food-derived

> Maillard's reaction products are absorbed and yet can

> be detected in the circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY: We

> postulated that consumption of the heat-treated food

> by omnivores could be reflected by higher plasma

> levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in

> comparison with vegetarians, who in cooking (by

> keeping away from meat) use lower temperatures and

> less time for heating. METHODS: Plasma fluorescent

> AGEs (350/450 nm) and N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine

> (CML, competitive ELISA) levels were investigated in 3

> groups of healthy vegetarians (9 vegans-V, 19

> lactoovo-vegetarians--VLO and 14 semi-vegetarians--VS)

> and compared with those of age-matched omnivores (O,

> n=19). Mean duration of vegetarian diet was V: 7.2 +/-

> 1.0,VLO: 8.2 +/- 0.8 and VS: 7.9 +/- 1.1 years.

> RESULTS: Both fluorescent AGE (O: 9.9 +/- 0.5; V: 10.8

> +/- 0.7, LO: 13.1 +/- 0.8* and SV: 11.6 +/- 1.2 x

> 10(3) AU), and CML levels (O: 427.1 +/- 15.0,V: 514.8

> +/- 24.6*, LO: 525.7 +/- 29.5**, SV: 492.6 +/- 18.0*

> ng/ml) were significantly lower in omnivores than in

> vegetarians. Plasma glucose, parameters of renal

> function (plasma concentration of creatinine and

> cystatin C, calculated glomerular filtration

> rate--GFR) as well as C-reactive protein levels were

> within the normal range and did not differ

> significantly between the groups. Thus, neither

> decline of kidney function nor inflammatory processes

> contributed to the rise in plasma AGEs. CONCLUSION:

> Enhanced plasma AGE levels in vegetarians in

> comparison to omnivores are herein presented for the

> first time. Mechanisms of AGE elevation and potential

> pathophysiological relevance of this finding are to be

> elucidated in prospective studies.

>

> PMID: 11876491 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

__________________________________

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January 1, 2006