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Hi Rich, you may find this interesting, today's news:

Mitochondria findings may help beat wide range of disease

New findings explaining the complicated process by which the " energy

substations " of human cells split apart and recombine may lay the

groundwork for new treatment approaches to a wide range of diseases,

including some cancers and neurodegenerative diseases such as

Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

Researchers from The s Hopkins University's Integrated Imaging

Center; the University of California, ; and the California

Institute of Technology collaborated on two new studies analyzing the

mechanisms and proteins that underlie the fission-fusion cycle of the

cellular powerplants, called mitochondria. Their findings were

published in two recent issues of the journal Science.

" To understand the role that mitochondria play in both normal and

aberrant cell biology, it is essential to first understand the fusion-

fission process that occurs continuously in normal, healthy cells, "

said J. McCaffery, a research scientist in the s Hopkins

Department of Biology, director of the Integrated Imaging Center, and

an author on both studies.

Mitochondria constantly split and recombine and as cells divide, they

pass along to each " daughter " cell the full complement of

mitochondria necessary for healthy cell physiology. Recent research

suggests that when this process goes awry, healthy cells die,

resulting in diseases ranging from optic atrophy (the most common

inherited form of blindness), to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (a

disease in which nerves in the hands, feet and lower legs die off),

to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (which arise from

neurodegenerative cell death), and even to some types of cancer.

Until now, though, understanding of those diseases was greatly

limited by a lack of knowledge about the mitochondrial fusion portion

of the cycle.

" Fusion of single membranes is a well-delineated process, involving

well-known, well-studied proteins, " McCaffery said. " However, the

same cannot be said for mitochondrial fusion, in which the key

sequence of events and facilitating proteins remain largely unknown. "

The mitochondrial fusion process is challenging to understand because

mitochondria are structurally very complex, double-membrane bound

organelles. In order for separate mitochondria to fuse, two distinct,

compositionally very different membranes must join. Understanding how

mitochondria accomplish this while maintaining the integrity of their

compartments and the appropriate segregation of membranes and

proteins is a fundamental question that the researchers sought to

answer.

McCaffery's team helped tackle this question by studying isolated

mitochondria that had been removed from cells, observing them in test

tubes using both light and electron microscopy. This cell-free

approach allowed researchers a first-ever glimpse into the sequence

of events underlying outer and inner membrane fusion.

What they discovered -- that mitochondria removed from their host-

cell environment were nonetheless able to fuse -- surprised them

because it suggested that mitochondria contain within themselves all

the proteins necessary for fusion. This stands in stark contrast to

the process of single-membrane fusion, which requires many additional

cellular proteins to carry out this important function.

" We observed two distinct stages, with the first involving outer

membrane fusion yielding an intermediate structure of two conjoined

mitochondria, followed by the subsequent fusion of the inner

membranes giving rise to a single mitochondrion, " McCaffery

said. " Understanding the discrete molecular events that underlie

dynamic mitochondrial behavior has the potential to reveal keen

insights into the basic and essential cell-mitochondria relationship,

leading to increased understanding of the aging process; and

potential treatments and perhaps cures of those age-related scourges

of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. "

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Hi Rich,

Many thanks for pinpointing a large part of the missing jigsaw in these

illnesses. We are getting much closer to finding the nature of the beast

since this last conference.

> Hi, all.

>

> I want to thank all of you who have sent messages of appreciation

> and encouragement to me. I'm glad to hear that my efforts on the

> glutathione paper and on reviewing the AACFS conference are of

> help.

>

> I intend to continue writing reviews as I can find the time to do

> so, but I hope everyone will be patient, since I will also be doing

> some family-related things today and in the coming days. I think I

> understand how curious many of you are about the talks given at the

> conference, and I will get to them as I am able.

>

> Hang in there.

>

> Rich

>

>

>

>

>

>

> This list is intended for patients to share personal experiences with each

other, not to give medical advice. If you are interested in any treatment

discussed here, please consult your doctor.

>

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  • 3 weeks later...

Hi, Jill.

Yes, I think this is fascinating stuff! I knew that mitochondria

divided to form new mitochondria, but I didn't know that they fuse

back together. I wonder what the purpose of that is. (I know that

most biologists object to looking for " purpose " in living systems,

but I'm an engineer at heart, and I believe in design!)

Rich

>

> Hi Rich, you may find this interesting, today's news:

>

> Mitochondria findings may help beat wide range of disease

> New findings explaining the complicated process by which

the " energy

> substations " of human cells split apart and recombine may lay the

> groundwork for new treatment approaches to a wide range of

diseases,

> including some cancers and neurodegenerative diseases such as

> Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

> Researchers from The s Hopkins University's Integrated Imaging

> Center; the University of California, ; and the California

> Institute of Technology collaborated on two new studies analyzing

the

> mechanisms and proteins that underlie the fission-fusion cycle of

the

> cellular powerplants, called mitochondria. Their findings were

> published in two recent issues of the journal Science.

>

> " To understand the role that mitochondria play in both normal and

> aberrant cell biology, it is essential to first understand the

fusion-

> fission process that occurs continuously in normal, healthy

cells, "

> said J. McCaffery, a research scientist in the s

Hopkins

> Department of Biology, director of the Integrated Imaging Center,

and

> an author on both studies.

>

> Mitochondria constantly split and recombine and as cells divide,

they

> pass along to each " daughter " cell the full complement of

> mitochondria necessary for healthy cell physiology. Recent

research

> suggests that when this process goes awry, healthy cells die,

> resulting in diseases ranging from optic atrophy (the most common

> inherited form of blindness), to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (a

> disease in which nerves in the hands, feet and lower legs die

off),

> to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (which arise from

> neurodegenerative cell death), and even to some types of cancer.

>

> Until now, though, understanding of those diseases was greatly

> limited by a lack of knowledge about the mitochondrial fusion

portion

> of the cycle.

>

> " Fusion of single membranes is a well-delineated process,

involving

> well-known, well-studied proteins, " McCaffery said. " However, the

> same cannot be said for mitochondrial fusion, in which the key

> sequence of events and facilitating proteins remain largely

unknown. "

>

> The mitochondrial fusion process is challenging to understand

because

> mitochondria are structurally very complex, double-membrane bound

> organelles. In order for separate mitochondria to fuse, two

distinct,

> compositionally very different membranes must join. Understanding

how

> mitochondria accomplish this while maintaining the integrity of

their

> compartments and the appropriate segregation of membranes and

> proteins is a fundamental question that the researchers sought to

> answer.

>

> McCaffery's team helped tackle this question by studying isolated

> mitochondria that had been removed from cells, observing them in

test

> tubes using both light and electron microscopy. This cell-free

> approach allowed researchers a first-ever glimpse into the

sequence

> of events underlying outer and inner membrane fusion.

>

> What they discovered -- that mitochondria removed from their host-

> cell environment were nonetheless able to fuse -- surprised them

> because it suggested that mitochondria contain within themselves

all

> the proteins necessary for fusion. This stands in stark contrast

to

> the process of single-membrane fusion, which requires many

additional

> cellular proteins to carry out this important function.

>

> " We observed two distinct stages, with the first involving outer

> membrane fusion yielding an intermediate structure of two

conjoined

> mitochondria, followed by the subsequent fusion of the inner

> membranes giving rise to a single mitochondrion, " McCaffery

> said. " Understanding the discrete molecular events that underlie

> dynamic mitochondrial behavior has the potential to reveal keen

> insights into the basic and essential cell-mitochondria

relationship,

> leading to increased understanding of the aging process; and

> potential treatments and perhaps cures of those age-related

scourges

> of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. "

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