HBV in the USA - in a nutshell

[Guest guest]

HBV

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2000 - A new genotype of hepatitis B virus: complete genome and phylogenetic

relatedness. (HBV) genotype was determined in plasma samples collected in

France and the US from patients chronically infected with HBV. Strain was

provisionally called HBV genotype G. Newly discovered genotype G strain

belongs to serological group adw2. PMID: 10640543

1999 - Chronic hemodialysis patients. (16.7%) individuals with HGV

acquisition had persistently raised ALT levels and chronic HBsAg positivity.

PMID: 10575179

1999 - Summary report and recommendations of the Expert Working Groups for

Strain and Laboratory Surveillance of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C

Virus. PMID: 10575786

1999 - U.S. veteran liver transplant recipients: Veteran population

represents a unique patient group to study different HCV genotypes because

of geographically diverse exposures. (45%) patients had serological evidence

of prior hepatitis B. PMID: 10520862

1999 - Older nursing home population. anti-HBc 24.1%, anti-HBs 19.5%, [45%

combined]. HBV infection correlated with ethnic status and former occupation

as a manual worker. PMID: 10484255

1999 - Hepatocellular carcinoma not related to hepatitis B virus infection

among Alaska natives. (13%) Alaska natives with HCC appeared to have chronic

hepatitis not related to HBV or HCV infection, suggesting the possibility of

some form of previously unrecognized chronic liver disease predisposing to

HCC. PMID: 10528471

1999 - CDC - Amended reports for Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B received from

each state by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the

U.S. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from 1980 to 1992. It

demonstrates that, as the 1980s unfolded, the preliminary disease reports

became less representative markers of final disease counts. PMID: 10537609

1999 - Chronic liver disease in central Harlem: the role of alcohol and

viral hepatitis. Alcohol and hepatitis viruses appear to be synergistically

hepatotoxic. Morbidity and mortality from liver disease could be decreased

further by a reduction in alcohol consumption among persons who have chronic

HBV and HCV infection, avoidance of needle sharing, and hepatitis B

vaccination. PMID: 10051493

1999 - Inmates entering the California correctional system. HBsAg, 2.2%

(men) and 1.2% (women). PMID: 10214102

1999 - Vietnamese descent were identified with SLE in Santa Clara County.

There was a high rate of prior exposure to tuberculosis and hepatitis B.

PMID: 10483029

1999 - Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C

viruses. Seattle injection drug users (IDUs) to assess whether participation

in a syringe exchange program was associated with incidence of (HBV) and

(HCV) infection. While it is possible that uncontrolled confounding or other

bias obscured a true beneficial impact of exchange use, these data suggest

that no such benefit occurred during the period of the study. PMID: 9927214

1998 - Liver transplantation at Stanford University Medical Center. We have

experienced a very low HBV recurrence rate with the use of HBIG in patients

transplanted for hepatitis B. Treatment modalities for EBV-related disease.

[33%] of the transplants performed at Stanford are in children, 42% of whom

are less than one year old. Patient and graft survival rates approaching 90%

at one year and exceeding 80% at 46 months. As a response to the limited

organ supply, we have extended our criteria for suitable donors. We have

also successfully used reduced size grafts for our pediatric patients with

good results and are continuing to expand the use of living-related partial

grafts and split allografts. PMID: 10503106

1998 - Recommendations of the October 1996 meeting in Siofok, Hungary. The

Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB) jointly organized with (WHO) and the

(CDC). Prevention of hepatitis B on the political agenda. Universal

childhood vaccination against hepatitis B. Emphasis on health economics and

strategies for resource mobilization outlined: major outcome of the meeting

was a consensus statement and recommendations for action. PMID: 9915048

1998 - Screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B. Infected infants are a

reservoir of infection throughout their lives. The infected adult carries a

relatively low risk of becoming a chronic carrier (< 10%). PMID: 9915030

1998 - Medical school employees. (96.1%) did not have a history of prior

(HBV) infection or immunization. While many employees at risk for HBV

complete the vaccination series, strategies for improving this rate could be

helpful. PMID: 9872528

1998 - Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States,

1976 -1994: NHANES III, 1988-1994 were used to estimate the annual incidence

of HBV infection by catalytic modeling. During the period covered by NHANES

II, an estimated 323,462 persons were infected annually, and 334,863 were

infected annually during the period covered by NHANES III. No statistically

significant declines in prevalence of HBV infection occurred between the two

surveys, a period during which hepatitis B vaccination targeted only limited

numbers of high-risk adults. PMID: 9806021

1998 - A prospective study of the risk of transfusion-acquired viral

infections. (8.0%) subjects had seroprevalent anti-HBc. Transfusion-

associated seroconversions to hepatitis B and C markers were observed at low

rates in the early 1990s despite testing donors for markers of both viruses.

PMID: 9800288

1998 - Perinatal hepatitis B: update & recommendations. (HBV) is the most

prevalent chronic infectious disease in the world. Without vaccine during

infancy, 90% of infants born to women positive for the virus will go on to

become lifelong carriers. There are significant sequelae associated with HBV

infection, ranging from fulminant HBV to chronic liver disease to an

increased risk for carcinoma. Administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin

(HBIG) at birth, and the administration of hepatitis B vaccine at birth, at

1 month of age, and at 6 months of age. The community health implications fo

r the care of women and children with HBV are clear. PMID: 9747087

1998 - Inactivation of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and leukocytes in

platelet concentrates. Despite the increased safety of blood achieved

through continued improvements in donor testing, concern remains about the

safety of blood components. During the past decade a number of methods to

inactivate infectious pathogens in blood components, including platelets,

have been developed. This technology is now entering the clinical trial

phase. PMID: 9704443

1998 - In situ detection of hepatitis B, C, and G virus nucleic acids in

human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues from different geographic regions.

HBV was the most prevalent in Korea [82%] and among Japanese Americans in

Hawaii [50%]. This study suggests that HCV, particularly genotype II/1b, and

HBV may play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis in these countries.

PMID: 9696026

1998 - (HCC) varies significantly among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers

from different geographic regions. Male Asian-American HBV carriers, the

prevalence of HBV DNA positivity was intermediate between the Chinese and

Senegalese. HBV DNA in serum was positively associated with serum

glutathione S-transferase, a marker of liver damage. This profound

difference in the natural history of chronic infection may be due to earlier

age of infection in China or to as yet unknown environmental or genetic

factors. PMID: 9681522

1998 - Health Care Workers [HCW] - HBV Vaccines. Implications for persons at

occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection. 88% of HCWs developed

seroprotection. Among HCWs > or = 40 years of age, the decision analysis

found excess chronic HBV infections over the working life of the cohort

associated with use of the less immunogenic vaccine compared to the other.

Hepatitis B vaccines are highly immunogenic, but have decreased

immunogenicity associated with increasing age, obesity, smoking, and male

gender; and among older adults, the presence of a chronic disease. PMID:

9651632

1998 - HBV is endemic in Asian communities in the United States. Asian

patients subsequently redeveloped HBeAg in serum. It is concluded that adult

Asian-Americans have an identical initial response rate to antiviral therapy

with interferon-alpha2b; however, the response may be less durable and does

not usually lead to loss of HBsAg. PMID: 9580255

1998 - National surveillance of dialysis associated diseases in the United

States, 1995. Alter MJ. Chronic hemodialysis centers. (HBV) occurred in

0.06% of patients, and was more likely to be reported by centers with lower

proportions of patients vaccinated against HBV. PMID: 9466509

1997 - Health care workers in the United States. Vaccination coverage was

highest (75%) for personnel with frequent exposure to infectious body fluids

(phlebotomists, laboratory personnel, and nursing staff). HBV infections

among HCWs declined from 17,000 in 1983 to 400 in 1995. 95% decline in

incidence observed among HCWs is 1.5-fold greater than the reduction in

incidence in the general US population. High percentage of HCWs have been

fully vaccinated. Vaccine-induced protection persists at least 11 years and

booster doses are not needed at this time for adults who have responded to

vaccination. PMID: 9531229

1997 - Health care workers. HBV has declined as a result of infection

control measures and vaccine-induced immunity, the prevalence of patients

who are HBsAg-positive has increased. HCWs who are exposed to the blood and

body fluids of patients should be required to receive hepatitis B vaccine.

PMID: 9353819

1997 - Hepatitis B status of Hmong patients. [from Vietnam]. (18 percent)

had acute or chronic infection (HBsAg present). The rate of infection was

highest-28 percent-in the group of patients 15 to 19 years old. The

cost of pretesting patients with an unknown HBV status and vaccinating

susceptible patients was less than the cost of vaccinating without

pretesting. PMID: 9297656

1997 - (HBV) infection occurs worldwide and is an important cause of acute

and chronic viral hepatitis in the US. 95% of adult patients recover

completely from HBV infection, 90% of children < or = 4 years of age develop

chronic infection. Active vaccination is highly efficacious. PMID: 9265901

1997 - A method for estimating hepatitis B virus incidence rates in

volunteer blood donors. Estimates based on antibody to hepatitis B core

antigen will overestimate the incidence due to false-positive results caused

by the nonspecificity of the test. 53% chance that an HBV-infected donor

with transient antigenemia would have a positive HBsAg test result. If 70%

of newly HBV-infected adults have transient antigenemia, 25% have a primary

antibody response without primary antigenemia, and 5% become chronic

carriers. The total HBV incidence rate, therefore, was estimated to be 9.54

per 100,000 person-years. The crude HBV incidence rate observed from HBsAg

test results will underestimate the true rate. The adjusted HBV incidence

rate should be used in applications such as estimations of residual HBV risk

to the blood supply and projections of the benefits of screening for HBV

DNA. PMID: 9191825

1997 - Nosocomial hepatitis B virus infection associated with reusable

fingerstick blood sampling devices--Ohio and New York City, 1996. HBV

transmission was associated with use of spring-loaded fingerstick devices on

multiple patients. PMID: 9082174

1997 - Grafting and the risk of hepatitis transmission: is there reason to

be cautious? Are we cautious enough? Cornea. PMID: 9071522

1997 - HIV and hepatitis B infection and risk behavior in young gay and

bisexual men. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 2.4%. The prevalence of hepatitis B

markers in unvaccinated men was 12.9%. Interventions should focus on young

men with histories of sexually transmitted diseases, alcohol abuse, and

depression. PMID: 9071279

1997 - Clinical management of primary liver cancer (hepatocellular

carcinoma). 4353 people who died in 1990 for whom the diagnosis of primary

liver cancer was listed on the death certificate, HBV infection was also

listed for only (3%), much less than expected based on case series. Many

patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are not tested for HBV. PMID: 9018291

1996 - Chronic hepatitis B in patients lacking hepatitis B e antigen has

been attributed to a hepatitis B virus variant (G-to-A mutation at

nucleotide 1896 in the precore region of the genome). A1896 variant was

found exclusively in patients infected with HBV genotypes C and D. Thus, the

A1896 variant is uncommon in the United States. The activity of liver

disease appears to be more closely related to the level of HBV replication.

PMID: 9011456

1996 - Large-scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors.

Screening for HBV and HCV was offered in 40 centers. HBV was 17.8%.

Hepatitis B disease was present in 0.7%. Risk factors for HBV and HCV

infection were similar in: blood transfusions, hemodialysis, IV drug use,

and sex with an IV drug user. For HBV infection, sex with multiple partners,

increasing age, and birth in South East Asia or Africa were additional risk

factors. Screening for HBV, though more costly, is reasonably efficient, and

simultaneous screening for HBV and HCV provides greater efficiency. It is

practical to consider screening for HBV and HCV in the United States,

particularly if any risk factor is present. PMID: 8903363

1996 - Evaluation of hepatitis B and C viral markers: clinical significance

in Asian and Caucasian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United

States of America. 63% were positive for serum hepatitis B surface antigen

(HBsAg). Anti-HCV was more prevalent in those who were HBsAg-negative than

in the HBsAg-positive patients (69 vs 8%). History of blood transfusion was

the only predictor for anti-HCV-positivity in HCC patients. Chronic HBV

infection was the major aetiological factor in Asian-American HCC patients,

while chronic HCV infection and alcoholism were major aetiological factors

in Caucasian HCC patients in the USA. PMID: 8912133

1996 - (HBV) infection is readily transmitted from infected mothers to their

infants at birth. An estimated 22,000 HBV carriers give birth in the United

States annually. HBV infection is more than 95% preventable if exposed

infants receive hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccine at birth. PMID:

8868626

1996 - Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen associated with recipient

hepatitis C and non-B, non-C outcomes. PMID: 8823449

1996 - Child care providers. National Health and Nutrition Survey,

representative of the US general population. 1.4% to hepatitis B core

antigen. PMID: 8823851

1996 - Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence

of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human

T-lymphotropic viruses. Baltimore. Overall, seroprevalence of HBV was 65.7%

64.7%. HCV and HBV were associated with injecting variables, and HIV was

associated with sexual variables. Renewed efforts at primary prevention of

substance abuse are indicated. PMID: 8629715

1996 - From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of

hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients--California,

Nebraska, and Texas, 1994. PMID: 8618354

1996 - Outbreaks of hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis

patients--California, Nebraska, and Texas, 1994. Occurred in five chronic

hemodialysis centers. CDC, which suggest that transmission of HBV from

hemodialysis patients with chronic HBV infection to susceptible patients

resulted from failure to identify and isolate HBV-infected patients during

hemodialysis; sharing of staff, equipment, and supplies among patients; and

failure to vaccinate susceptible patients against hepatitis B. PMID: 8598825

1996 - Alcoholism is associated with hepatitis C but not hepatitis B in an

urban population. B seropositivities in actively drinking alcoholics are

49.3%. PMID: 8633498

1996 - Viral hepatitis: a sexually transmitted disease? Incidence of

hepatitis B virus (HBV) is variable throughout the world. In North America,

the highest incidence occurs in patients who are between the ages of 15 and

25 years. PMID: 8788658

1996 - Therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection. Interferon-alpha is

currently the only therapy approved for treatment of chronic HBV in the

United States and Europe. Interferon therapy is usually associated with

significant side effects and requires subcutaneous administration.

Additionally, there are a large number of patients who either fail to meet

criteria for treatment, or who, with therapy, fail to respond (at least 60%

of all patients). Moreover, interferon treatment is expensive (approximately

$5,000 for a 16 week course of 5MU daily). PMID: 8815686

1995 - Liver transplantation for hepatitis B: the con aspect. PMID: 9346580

1995 - Southeast Asian infants in Louisiana. 7.3% for children 13 to 16

years of age. HBV transmission occurs throughout childhood in US-born

Southeast Asian children, and the prevalence of chronic HBV infection

approaches that of the country of origin. PMID: 7491231

1995 - Naturally occurring core-gene-defective hepatitis B viruses.

Prevalence of core-gene-defective (HBV).

The persistence of these deletions suggests that they were stable and that

they may contribute to the chronicity of infection. PMID: 9049388

1995 - North American missionaries. 8.5% to hepatitis B virus core antigen

(total anti-HBc). Confirming the previously reported high risk of hepatitis

A and B virus infection. Hepatitis A and B vaccination is recommended for

long-term travelers to developing countries. PMID: 7573702

1995 - Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in a population of injecting

drug users. Association with drug injection patterns. [80%] of the drug

users had at least one HBV seromarker. Efforts to prevent HBV infection must

target injecting drug users early in their injecting careers. PMID: 7631637

1995 - High-risk inner-city neighborhoods in San Francisco. Alter MJ. (14%)

were anti-HBc positive. PMID: 7601432

1995 - Is hepatitis A more severe in patients with chronic hepatitis B and

other chronic liver diseases? Reveals suppression of HBV replication. PMID:

7847285

1995 - HCC is a common cause of death from cancer on a worldwide basis.

Chronic (HBV) infection is a well-documented pathogenic factor in the

etiology of HCC, accounting for the majority of cases in certain geographic

areas where HBV chronic-infection rates are high. Recent studies have

implicated (HCV) infection as another major etiologic agent of

(HBsAg)-negative HCC. The significance of HCV and HBV infections in

contributing to the occurrence of HBsAg-negative HCC has not been well

established in the United States. HCV and occult HBV infections account for

the majority of cryptogenic HCC cases in the United States. PMID: 8875608

1995 - Hospital-based surgeons. One of 740 surgeons not reporting

nonoccupational risk factors was HIV seropositive. 17% participants with

past or current HBV infection, (0.4 percent) had chronic HBV infection; all

were negative for hepatitis B e antigen. Risk factors for HBV infection

included not receiving hepatitis B vaccine and practicing surgery at least

ten years. Although not necessarily generalizable to all surgeons in

moderate to high AIDS incidence areas, these results do not indicate a high

rate of previously undetected HIV infection among surgeons who trained or

practiced in these areas, or both. Hepatitis B virus posed the highest risk

of infection with a bloodborne pathogen, followed by HCV and HIV. PMID:

8000651

1995 - Nucleotide sequence analysis of precore and proximal core regions in

patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon. IFN-alpha therapy

infrequently resulted in the appearance of mutations in the precore and

proximal core regions. PMID: 7821093

1995 - Women attending prenatal clinics in San , Puerto Rico, from

1989-1990. 0.8% were HIV seropositive. 9.2% had evidence of past or current

HBV infection, and 0.4% were HBV carriers. The age-specific HBV prevalence

ranged from 4.1% among women 15-19 years old to 18.5% among those at least

30 years old. Anti-HCV prevalence was higher among women with past or

current HBV infection than among women who were not infected. The prevalence

of chronic HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women tested in San ,

Puerto Rico, is comparable to that among pregnant women in the United

States. The prevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in San is

higher than among childbearing women in the United States. PMID: 7528370

1994 - Health care personnel at risk for blood exposure: The baseline

seroprevalences of HBV, HIV, HCV, and CMV infection were 21.7%, 0, 1.4%, and

43.4%, respectively. Despite infection control precautions and availability

of hepatitis B vaccine, these health care providers remain at risk for

acquiring bloodborne viral infections. PMID: 7995979

1994 - Hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus infections

among non-intravenous drug-using patients attending clinics for sexually

transmitted diseases. (15.3%) had antibodies to HBV (anti-HBc), (3.5%) had

antibodies to HIV. Females with anti-HIV or anti-HBc were more likely to

have anti-HCV. These observations among non-intravenous drug-using patients

suggest that sexual transmission of HCV may occur. PMID: 8169429

1994 - Sexually active inner city population. (22%) for (HBV). PMID: 8070933

1994 - Presence of hepatitis B and C viral genomes in US blood donors as

detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Group I consists of 866

healthy blood donors without HBV serologic markers, group II consists of 377

donors with ALT elevations (> 45 IU/L), group III consists of 148 donors

positive for anti-HBc, and group IV consists of eight donors positive for

both surrogate markers. 18.1% in group III were positive. HCV infection in

[18%] donors with low level HBV DNA. PMID: 8158110

1994 - Hepatitis B virus precore mutation and fulminant hepatitis in the

United States. Our study demonstrated that both wild-type and mutant HBV

strains are associated with fulminant hepatitis, and that in some patients

in the United States, factors other than precore mutations contribute to the

development of fulminant hepatitis. PMID: 8113393

1994 - North American surgeons. Private and academic general surgical,

trauma and transplantation practices. HBV exposure was 19.6%, was higher

among trauma and transplantation surgeons compared with general surgeons,

and increased significantly with age in all groups. Between 38% and 50% of

practicing surgeons may not have adequate immunity to HBV. PMID: 8279937

1993 - Viral pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.

hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections in the occurrence of

HBsAg-negative hepatocellular carcinoma has not been well established in the

United States. (29%) of these patients carried low levels of hepatitis B

virus DNA in either serum, liver/tumor tissue or both. (15%) had evidence of

hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection, whereas (13%) were infected

with hepatitis B virus alone. (29%) had no markers of hepatitis B virus or

hepatitis C virus infection. PMID: 8244256

1993 - Hemophilia. (75.6%) patients had a serologic marker for previous

hepatitis B infection; (13%) also demonstrated antibody to delta agent

(hepatitis D). (90.2%) patients demonstrated antibody for hepatitis C. The

difference between HIV antibody positive and HIV antibody negative groups

was not significant for hepatitis A but was significant for hepatitis B and

hepatitis C. Of the patients with a hepatitis B serologic marker, all had

antibody to hepatitis C. Of patients, without a hepatitis B serologic

marker, only (60%) had antibody to hepatitis C. PMID: 8263502

1993 - Preventing neonatal hepatitis B infection during the perinatal

period. (HBV) infection is a growing problem with serious long-term

consequences. Hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccines, and

current recommendations for eliminating transmission of HBV during the

perinatal period. PMID: 8133358

1993 - Nucleotide sequence analysis of the precore region in patients with

fulminant hepatitis B in the United States. All delta [HDV] coinfected

patients harbored known wild type strains of HBV. The prevalence of precore

mutations in 37 patients from the United States was lower than reported

elsewhere; only two patients were found to have the G to A transition

mutation in the precore region at position 1896. We conclude that HBeAg

negative HBV mutants do not play a predominant etiologic role among North

American patients with fulminant hepatitis B. PMID: 8405863

1993 - Blood exposure and the risk of hepatitis B virus infection in

firefighters. Margolis HS. The risk of infection with bloodborne pathogens

among public safety workers is not well defined. The adjusted prevalence of

hepatitis B virus infection among male employees (4.5%) was not

significantly different than the prevalence in American men (6.8%). Although

the overall risk of hepatitis B virus infection is not greater among fire

department employees than the general population, blood contact with skin

may elevate this risk. PMID: 8271077

1993 - Forensic autopsy cases. 23.2% for HBV, 19.1% for HCV, and 1.0% for

HTLV-I/II. Intravenous drug users (IVDU) showed significant increased

prevalences of HIV-1, HBV, and HCV. 83.6% of the IVDU were infected with at

least one of the three viruses, 25.5% with HIV-1, and 47.3% with both HBV

and HCV. The data indicate that the overall prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV

seropositivity in the autopsy population of an inner city medical examiner

office is much higher than that of the general population. Routine testing

only for HIV-1 would have missed 86% of the infections with HCV or HBV.

Universal precautions should be strictly employed by all personnel working

in this environment. PMID: 8228879

1993 - Recombinant immunoblot assays for hepatitis C in human

immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected US Navy personnel. Anti-HCV detected

by four-antigen RIBA was associated with increasing age, black or Hispanic

race, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. PMID: 8382719

1993 - Community acquired viral hepatitis B and C in the United States.

Alter MJ. In the United States, most reported cases of hepatitis B occur in

adults as a result of behavioural, lifestyle, or occupational exposures,

but a significant number of children also become infected in well defined

settings. Although only 1-3% of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections

occur in children under 5 years of age, they account for 20-30% of all

chronic infections. A new strategy for HBV prevention in the USA includes

integration of HBV vaccine into childhood immunisation schedules.Vaccination

strategies that target high risk groups have not been effective. This study

suggests that HCV may be a major cause of liver disease and persistent

viraemia in the United States. PMID: 8314488

1992 - U.S. Navy and Marine Corps enlisted recruits. Anti-HBc in (2.3%),

HBsAg in (0.3%), and anti-HCV in (0.3%). For recruits born in the U.S., the

prevalence of anti-HBc was 1.3%. For the 7% of recruits born outside the

U.S., the prevalence was 14.0%. This study indicates that there is a

relatively low risk of hepatitis A, B, and C infection among Navy and Marine

Corps recruits. PMID: 1470350

1992 - Outpatients - Developmentally disabled. 21% showed serologic evidence

of past hepatitis B virus infection on the basis of hepatitis B core

antibody positivity. (2.7%) were also positive for hepatitis B surface

antigen. Hepatitis B virus is common among outpatients with developmental

disabilities in suburban New York City. PMID: 1280075

1992 - Mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma: roles of hepatitis

B virus and aflatoxin contamination in the diet. The possible interaction of

chronic HBV infection and p53 gene mutation, suggested by these data,

indicates a mechanism by which HBV infection beginning early in life could

contribute to the subsequent development of HCC. PMID: 1279184

1992 - Adopted Romanian children. [80%] Romanian orphans adopted by U.S.

families were found to have chronic (HBV) infection after negative test

results were reported in Romania before adoption. Another child with known

HBV infection was found to be coinfected with hepatitis D virus. There is a

high incidence of HBV infection in Romanian orphans, and results of tests

for HBV are unreliable in Romania. PMID: 1403391

1992 - United States Armed Forces blood donors. (1.7%) had antibody to

hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). These findings indicate that the

prevalence of serologic markers for viral hepatitis is low in military blood

donors, but that residence in the Western Pacific is a risk factor for

hepatitis B and CMV infection. PMID: 1325694

1992 - Regional level I trauma center population. (1.7%) had active HBV.

PMID: 1321915

1992 - Emergency department patients. Inner-city emergency department. [5%

Acute] seropositive for HBV, 18 percent for HCV, and 6 percent for HIV-1. In

a population of patients in an inner-city emergency room, HBV, HCV, and

HIV-1 are all highly prevalent. PMID: 1373867

1992 - Military personnel assigned to US Navy ships. 3.7% to hepatitis B

core antigen (anti-HBc). These data indicate that military personnel

deployed outside the United States are at increased risk of viral hepatitis

infection and should be considered for vaccination. PMID: 1552201

1992 - IVDU in northern California. 72% were reactive for the antibody to

HCV, 71% for the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, 12% for HTLV-I/II

antibodies, and 1% for the HIV-1 antibody. PMID: 1310362

1991 - Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens--OSHA. Final rule. The

Occupational Safety and Health Administration hereby promulgates a standard

under section 6( of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the

Act), 29 U.S.C. 655 to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure to (HBV),

(HIV) and other bloodborne pathogens. PMID: 10115865

1991 - Internationally adopted children. B surface antigen was positive in

5% of the children. Directed screening tests should be a routine component

of the medical evaluation of all children adopted from abroad, regardless of

age, sex, or country of origin. PMID: 1649404

1990 - Risk assessment for aflatoxin: II. Implications of human epidemiology

data. Recent research indicates that, if aflatoxin contributes to the

development of liver cancer, it almost always does so in the presence of HBV

infection. PMID: 2287783

1990 - American missionaries in Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa between

1967-1984. Prior to service, 3% had anti-HBs; post; 26%. Over the next

decade, the median annual attack rate was 4.2% for HBV. Differences in the

missionary HBV infection rate among the various African nations served

tended to reflect differences in the magnitude of chronic HBV carriage among

indigenous population groups. We conclude that missionaries to sub-Saharan

Africa are at enhanced risk of both HAV and HBV infection, and that all

should receive passive immunization with immune globulin and active

immunization with hepatitis B vaccine. PMID: 2173432

1990 - Hepatitis C infection in two urban hemodialysis units. Emeryville,

California. (12%) were anti-HCV(+). Of these, (73%) had antibodies to the

hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) indicating prior hepatitis B infection;

one patient was hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)(+). Staff members (19%)

of them were anti-HBc(+). PMID: 2119469

1990 - Comparison of enzyme immunoassay with radioimmunoassay for the

detection of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen as the only marker of

hepatitis B infection in a population with a high prevalence of hepatitis B.

Alaska Natives screened during a hepatitis B control program that were

initially positive by EIA for only anti-HBc. EIA detection of anti-HBc was

found to be less specific than RIA. PMID: 2196336

1990 - Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis B virus in Belle Glade,

Florida. The overall prevalence of past or present HBV infection was 26%.

Prevalence of HBV infection was 3% in children aged 2-10 years and increased

to 31% in adults greater than 17 years. In this community, HBV infection was

transmitted predominantly by heterosexual contact. PMID: 2313121

1990 - Anti-HCV correlated with both alanine aminotransferase level and the

presence or absence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The detection

of anti-HCV in donors who have neither an elevation of alanine

aminotransferase level nor presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen

suggests that donor screening for anti-HCV will further reduce the risk of

transfusion-associated hepatitis. PMID: 2104548

1989 - Prevalence of hepatitis B in an indigent, multi-ethnic community

clinic prenatal population. (5.3%) were found positive for the HBsAG, all

were asymptomatic. 13% of the Asian patients and 1% of the Latino subjects

positive for HBsAg. PMID: 2592920

1989 - Southeast Asian children. Since the end of the war in Vietnam,

approximately 850,000 Southeast Asian refugees have come to the United

States. (HBV) infection is highly endemic in Southeast Asia, and the virus

is most commonly transmitted during the perinatal period or during

childhood. Vaccination can prevent the serious sequelae of HBV in a high

percentage of the pediatric population. PMID: 2593073

1989 - National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United

States, 1987. Alter MJ. 1,630 chronic hemodialysis centers in the United

States in 1987 in conjunction with the annual facility survey done by the

Health Care Financing Administration. During the last 12 years, the

incidence of HBV infection decreased from 3.0% to 0.2% among patients and

from 2.6% to 0.1% among staff members. Over the same time, the prevalence of

HBsAg-positivity declined from 7.8% to 1.7% among patients and from 0.9% to

0.4% among staff members. Hepatitis B vaccine was given by 88% of the

centers. The incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1987 was reported to be

1.2% among patients and 0.2% among staff members. [14%] of the centers

reported pyrogenic reactions among their patients, and 46% reported

septicemia in the absence of pyrogenic reactions. Pyrogenic reactions were

significantly more likely to be reported by centers that practiced high flux

dialysis. In 1987, 64% of centers reported that they reused disposable

dialyzers. These centers treated 70% of the dialysis patient population.

PMID: 2558696

1989 - Canadian Armed forces. The initial prevalence rates fell at the lower

end of the spectrum when compared with those found in United States military

personnel, Canadian military health personnel, and certain Canadian civilian

populations. High cost of the hepatitis B vaccine indicate that mass

immunization for HBV in the Canadian Forces population cannot be justified

on the basis of this study. PMID: 2515482

1989 - Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States.

1976 to 1980. Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1976 to 1980. Of

14,488 scientifically selected participants aged 12 to 74. Ages 65 to 74,

the prevalence was 6.9%. In the black population, the overall weighted

estimate of prevalence was 13.7%. In this racial group, there was a dramatic

increase with age, with the oldest age groups having a prevalence of 39.6%.

Low prevalence of infection in young children that began to rise between

ages 12 and 18. The results of this study in a representative sample of the

United States population show that adult black Americans are at high risk

for hepatitis B infection. Other independent predictors of HBV positivity

include male sex; residing in the South, Northeast, or West; residing in a

city of 250,000 or more people; serving in the armed forces; living below

the poverty level; and having a positive treponemal test for syphilis. PMID:

2773982

1989 - Vaccination of neonates and children. Infants born to HBsAg-positive

mothers at birth with a combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and

hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective means of preventing the chronic

HBV carrier state and its potential complications. Other investigations

indicate that the hepatitis B vaccine alone may be of value in preventing

perinatal transmission of HBV in developing countries that are unable to

afford hepatitis B immunoglobulin. PMID: 2528296

1989 - IVDU - Addicts treated at Lexington in the period 1971-1972 were

studied. These patients, admitted from 41 different states, had a mean

period of addiction of 5.4 years. Hepatitis was the most common associated

medical condition: 87% had serologic markers of (HBV) infection,

Gynecomastia was evident in 2% of male subjects. We conclude that both HBV

and HAV were important infectious disease risks in these addicts, and that

many evidenced deficiencies in immune function well before AIDS became a

major public health concern. PMID: 2599682

1989 - Pregnancy. Because of the poor sensitivity of high-risk criteria in

distinguishing pregnant women who harbor the hepatitis B virus, these

recommendations have recently been revised to call for the routine screening

of all pregnant women in the United States. PMID: 2665319

1989 - Viral hepatitis. An important sexually transmitted disease. Hepatitis

B is an important sexually transmitted disease. Both HAV and NANB can be

transmitted sexually, but are much less important than HBV. PMID: 2710226

1989 - Universal precautions:CDC perspective. We know that the risk to

health-care workers of acquiring HBV infection in the health-care setting is

greater than that of acquiring HIV infection. We know that blood is the

primary concern and that the risk following needlestick injury or a cut

involving exposure to blood from an HIV-infected individual is approximately

0.5%. PMID: 2545005

1988 - New York City obstetrics service. Revealed that women born outside

the United States and those with a positive test for or history of a

sexually transmitted disease were more likely to be infected with HBV.

Obstetric clinics with large immigrant populations should consider screening

all patients for HBV. PMID: 3341502

1987 - HBV and its sequelae in Alaskan natives. This programme includes:

serological screening of all Alaskan Natives; immunisation of susceptible

persons, including all newborn babies, with hepatitis B vaccine; and testing

HBsAg-positive carriers twice a year for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) to detect

HCC at an early stage. 53,000 Alaskan Natives (84% of the total Native

population) After complete immunisation of 90% of the susceptibles in the

area with the highest infection rates in Alaska, the annual incidence of

acute symptomatic HBV infection decreased from 215 to 14 cases per 100,000

population. After the introduction of AFP screening, the 1-year-case-

fatality rate for HCC fell, from 100%, to 50%. PMID: 2444845

1987 - US Army soldiers in Europe. Univariate analysis indicated moderate

but not significant increases in risk associated with a history of multiple

sex partners and a history of disciplinary problems while in the military.

When evaluated with multivariate analysis, the only risk factor that was

significantly associated with HBV infection was injection of drugs while

assigned to the study unit. Two sources of misclassification bias were

identified, both of which acted to underestimate the true risk associated

with identified risk factors. PMID: 3502133

1987 - Community hospital personnel. 31 community hospitals located

throughout the United States [HBV] was 8.4%. The institutional

seroprevalence ranged from 0 per cent to 16.7 per cent with a median of 8.2

per cent. Although there are limitations to this survey, the results suggest

that the well established increased risk of contracting HBV infection among

certain groups of health-care workers in urban teaching medical centers may

also hold true for personnel in similar occupational and professional

categories in community hospitals. PMID: 3605482

1987 - Emergency physicians. (HBV) markers in emergency physicians has been

shown to be approximately 13%, roughly three times the prevalence in the

general population. PMID: 2953346

1987 - Community teaching hospital. Pasadena, California. Antibodies to the

hepatitis B virus were detected in 14.5% of 1,745 employees tested.

Employees of Asian extraction (33.3%) and blacks (23.1%) had a higher

prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus than Hispanics (13.7%) and

whites (10.2%). PMID: 2952617

1986 - Ophthalmologists [eye doc]. (7.1%) had serologic evidence of prior

hepatitis (positive hepatitis B surface antibody and antibody to the core

antigen of hepatitis . The infection rate for ophthalmologists appears

lower than that previously described for physicians involved in surgical and

nonsurgical medical specialties. However, caution is still recommended.

PMID: 3808632

1986 - Institutionalized mentally retarded clients. Hepatitis B surface

antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus markers were 12% and 66%. HBsAg

prevalence was higher in males, Down syndrome, ambulatory, and older

clients, and those with longer institutionalization. Serum alanine

aminotransferase levels were abnormal in 31% of HBsAg positive and 10% of

HBsAg-negative clients. PMID: 2940879

1986 - Urban EMS Workers - Houston firefighters assigned to EMS, HBV (26%).

A strong correlation was observed between HBV infection and years of work

exposure in EMS regardless of job description (paramedic versus emergency

medical technician). PMID: 3954182

1986 - The hepatitis B carrier state. Acute hepatitis B virus infection

resolves in 95% of patients within one year. The remaining 5% have

persistent infection and become chronic carriers. In the United States,

there are nearly one million carriers, who are at increased risk of

developing immune-complex disorders and liver diseases. PMID: 2938461

1986 - Hepatitis in clinical practice. 2. Non-A non-B and delta hepatitis.

No definitive policy exists to exclude this disease as a cause of

posttransfusion hepatitis. Delta agent is epidemiologically linked to (HBV)

infection, either as a coinfection or as a superinfection in chronic

hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Recognition of hepatitis due to delta

agent will probably increase as testing for this agent becomes more

available and its presence becomes more generally well known throughout the

medical profession. PMID: 3081883

1985 - Minnesota hospital personnel. Results of a ten-year statewide survey.

Between 1974 and 1983, (97%) identified as work related. Our findings

indicate that HBV seroprevalence studies significantly overestimate the

current incidence of HBV infections among personnel in most hospital

settings. PMID: 2933536

1985 - Immune responses to hepatitis B virus and tuberculosis infections in

Southeast Asian refugees. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hepatitis B

virus infections are common in the Philadelphia Southeast Asian refugee

population. Statistically significant association between a negative

tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative (PPD)) and viral

replication (hepatitis B e antigen positivity (HBeAg)). This finding

suggests that bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination might reduce the

prevalence of infectious carriers, thereby ultimately reducing the incidence

of hepatitis B infection. PMID: 3877457

1985 - HBV-DNA can be integrated into the genome of hepatocytes.

Postexposure immunization of neonates born of HBsAg-positive mothers is

particularly important in preventing vertical, or perinatal, transmission of

infection. PMID: 3932987

1985 - Wisconsin male prisoners: Logistic regression was used to develop a

model of relative risk (RR) of HBV infection. Use of illicit intravenous

(IV) drugs was the most important risk factor because of a high prevalence

of IV drug use. Other important risk factors were: prior hepatitis or

jaundice, race, transfusion, and age. Previous imprisonment was not an

independent risk factor for HBV, hence selective serologic screening and

vaccination of prisoners are justified rather than mass screening and

vaccination. The remaining prisoners constitute a low-risk group for HBV

infection and do not require serologic screening or vaccination.

PMID: 4037160

1985 - Personnel at St Louis Children's Hospital. It is concluded that St

Louis Children's Hospital has not been a high-risk environment for HBV

exposure in recent years. However, caution is advised in generalizing these

conclusions because other children's hospitals may serve a patient

population at higher risk of HBV infection. Different hospitals may face

markedly different risks of HBV exposure. PMID: 4011355

1985 - Dermatologists. Serologic evidence for previous infection was found

in 15.4%, indicating that dermatologists are an at-risk population

comparable to many other specialties of medicine. Dermatologists with a

history of blood transfusion, tattoo, and homosexuality had an increased

prevalence of serologic markers for HBV. The type of practice, extent of

surgery, and glove-wearing practices did not correlate with HBV serologic

markers. PMID: 3989028

1985 - Emergency physicians. 16% in general dentists, 28% in surgeons, 23%

in anesthesia personnel, and 30% in emergency department nurses. The overall

prevalence for markers in this study was 15.5%. This prevalence was five

times greater than the general population. Emergency physicians should be

considered a high-risk group for HBV infection. PMID: 3970395

1985 - Hospital workers, (14%). Prevalence of infection was strongly related

to race (Asian greater than Black greater than White), sex (male greater

than female) and increasing age. Risk related to health occupation, studied

by examining the change in HBV prevalence with duration in occupational

group, was most strongly correlated with frequency of contact with blood

during work. Among different occupation groups, risk of HBV infection also

correlated closely with degree of blood-needle contact during daily work.

Risk may be most easily estimated by quantitating degree of blood-needle

contact during daily work. PMID: 3871428

1984 - Emergency physicians. HBV in the general population in the United

States is approximately 3% to 5%, the prevalence in the health professions

has been found to be higher. Survey of emergency physicians was two and a

half to four times that of the general population. [min 7.5% - 20% max]

Because of the increased risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus, early

immunization against this disease through the use of hepatitis B vaccine

should be considered by physicians in the practice of emergency medicine.

PMID: 6518048

1984 - Tennessee prisoners. 29.5% had one or more serum markers for (HBV).

Thirty-two possible risk factors were analyzed for association with

possession of HBV serum markers. Intravenous drug use while incarcerated,

race, education, military service history, and duration of prior and current

imprisonments, in that order of importance. Given the modest contribution of

incarceration to overall risk, mass immunization of prisoners against HBV

seems unwarranted. Prisoners with unusually long sentences or who use

intravenous drugs in prison are subgroups at particularly high risk. PMID:

6481188

1984 - Anesthesia personnel. 154 physician anesthesiologists (MD) and

certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNA) at four university-affiliated

medical centers to determine the prevalence of serologic markers of (HBV).

The overall prevalence of seropositivity was 18.8% (range 10.2-30.3%).

Markers did not increase with an increase in the participants' age or length

of time in the specialty. The current methods of HBV infection control were

not associated with a decreased prevalence of serum markers. The majority of

the susceptible anesthesia personnel at these four institutions did not plan

to receive the hepatitis B vaccine when surveyed at the time of this study.

PMID: 6465559

1984 - (HB) vaccines have been commercialized. H-B- Vax (Merck, Sharp &

Dohme) is administered intramuscularly in two 20 micrograms doses one month

apart, followed by a booster injection six months after the initial dose.

Hevac B Pasteur is injected subcutaneously in three 5 micrograms doses at

monthly intervals, with a booster dose 12 months after the first.

Serotesting before vaccination is only useful in people with an exposed

probability of positive HBV markers well over 10%. Serotesting after

vaccination should be done in health care personnel where non-responders can

be protected with intermittent injections of HB immunoglobulin. In selected

cases combined passive-active immunization may be useful. PMID: 6729415

1984 - Epidemiological analysis of the significance of low-positive test

results for antibody to hepatitis B surface and core antigens. low levels of

anti-HBs alone and low levels of anti-HBc alone, occurred at constant

frequencies (2.72 and 0.4%, respectively), regardless of the prevalence of

HBV infection in the population. Presently available tests for anti-HBs and

anti-HBc at low levels are often nonspecific and should be interpreted with

caution. PMID: 6715519

1983 - Role of hepatitis B virus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID: 6137700

1983 - The cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccination will be

cost-saving for populations with annual attack rates of five per cent, if

direct medical costs only are considered or, for populations with annual

attack rates on the order of one per cent, if indirect medical costs are

included. PMID: 6425416

1982 - Surveillance and prevention of hepatitis in health care personnel.

There was an increase in numbers of laboratory, dialysis, and surgery

personnel treated with HBIG in 1980. A smaller number of hepatitis cases was

reported in individuals working in these areas in 1980 compared with 1979.

PMID: 7137101

1982 - Vaccine, we examined the cost effectiveness of three strategies:

vaccinating everyone; screening everyone and vaccinating those without

evidence of immunity; and neither vaccinating nor screening, but passively

immunizing those with known exposure. Neither screening nor vaccination is

the lowest-cost strategy for the general population. Vaccination of

susceptible persons will save medical costs for populations with annual

attack rates above 5%. Vaccination may be considered cost effective (or cost

saving when indirect costs are included) for populations with attack rates

as low as 1 to 2%. PMID: 6810170

1982 - American soldiers. Subtype ayw was predominant in Germany, whereas

adr was predominant in South Korea. Non-A, non-B hepatitis accounted for 27%

of cases in West Germany, but only 3% in South Korea. These findings

indicate that hepatitis B is the most prevalent form of viral hepatitis

among US soldiers worldwide but also suggest substantial differences in the

epidemiology of this infection in South Korea and West Germany. Such data

will be useful in developing hepatitis B immunization policy within the

military. PMID: 7124711

1982 - Hepatitis B in homosexual men: sexually transmitted disease clinics

in the United States, 6.1% had hepatitis B surface antigen, 52.4% had

antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, and 3.0% of the men who had no

other indicator of infection with (HBV) had antibody to hepatitis B core

antigen. The rate of seropositivity for HBV indicated by the presence of one

or more of these serologic markers was 61.5%. Anal-genital intercourse,

oral-anal intercourse, and rectal douching were significantly related to

evidence of HBV infection, but oral-oral contact and oral-genital contact

were not. Trauma to the rectal mucosa is a feature common to the practices

that were significantly related to seropositivity for HBV. PMID: 7086206

1982 - Geographic differences in HBV related, autoimmune, and cryptogenic

chronic active hepatitis. Chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Autoimmune

hepatitis was higher among Jewish patients than among patients of

Anglo-Saxon or Latin ethnic background in New York. Thus, environmental

and/or ethnic factors may influence the prevalence of the four major types

of CAH. PMID: 7176841

1981 - Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaskan natives, 1969-1979.

Familial and geographic clustering of PHC patients was noted in areas known

to be hyperendemic for (HBV) infection. A high prevalence of (HBsAg) in

serum of patients in the younger age group suggests that HBV infection might

be a factor associated with the development of PHC in young Eskimos. PHC in

Alaskan Natives is apparently not closely associated with alcoholic

cirrhosis. PMID: 6273329

1981 - Factors relating to transmission of viral hepatitis in a United

States military population stationed in Thailand. Social and sexual contact

with the indigenous population, including prostitutes, residence within the

Thai community and marijuana use were behavioral areas that were associated

with the acquisition of hepatitis B. Ever having maintained a Thai mistress

were found to be significant and independent risk factors by multiple

regression analysis. PMID: 7223733

1981 - Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) was discovered in serum samples from

captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) at the Penrose Research Laboratory in

December, 1977. WHV belongs to the same class of viruses as (HBV), the cause

of serum hepatitis in man. Both appear to be associated with chronic

hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in their respective hosts. Woodchucks

trapped from southeastern Pennsylvania, central New Jersey, and north

central land during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979 were tested

for evidence of WHV infection. In 1978, (13.7%) woodchucks were positive for

WHV antigens and in 1979, (16.9%) tested positive. In addition, (29.5%)

woodchucks trapped in 1979 had antibodies to WHV antigens. The data indicate

a high prevalence of WHV in woodchucks from the areas surveyed. PMID:

7241716

1981 - Studies on the maternal-infant transmission of the hepatitis B virus

and HBV infection within families. PMID: 7232758

1980 - Association of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatocellular

carcinoma in American patients. Philadelphia area with (HCC). (HBV)

infection was found in 51.5% of the HCC patients, 5.3% of the colon cancer

patients, 11.1% of the lung cancer patients, and 10.7% of the blood donors.

(70.6%) were positive for anti-HBc alone, while all of the seropositive lung

cancer patients and donors were positive for anti-HBs alone. The wide

disparity between seropositivity for HBsAg and anti-HBc in the HCC patients

is an unusual feature, for which an age effect may be the best explanation.

PMID: 6260695

1980 - Vasculitis in Eskimos living in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B-associated vasculitis occurred during a four-year period in

Eskimos living in southwest Alaska, an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B.

(HBV) infection ranged from 18.2% to 73.1%.The results provide epidemiologic

evidence of the clinical association between HBV infection and vasculitis.

PMID: 7420721

1980 - NIAID News. Summary of the U.S.-Japan Hepatitis Panel Conference.

PMID: 6255041

1980 - Epidemiology of HBV-associated delta agent: geographical distribution

of anti-delta and prevalence in polytransfused HBsAg carriers. Anti-delta

was prevalent in unselected HBsAg-positive Italians. Parenteral transmission

of the delta agent was confirmed by a separate survey of the prevalence of

anti-delta in 648 polytransfused patients with chronic blood disorders,

which showed a higher prevalence of anti-delta in HBsAg-positive

haemophiliacs than in the general HBsAg-positive population of Italy,

Germany, and the U.S.A. PMID: 6104036

1980 - Posttransfusion hepatitis: European perspective and prophylaxis.

PMID: 6246871

1979 - New data on the epidemiology of viral hepatitis. Russian. PMID:

229643

1979 - Hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S.A., etiologic considerations.

Localization of hepatitis B antigens. 75.0% patients with HCC in

nonalcoholic chronic active liver disease showed evidence of active HBV

infection. PMID: 215488

1978 - Pediatric oncology unit. Evidence of past or present HBV infection

was detected in patients (18%) and in employees (16%). The prevalence was

higher among patients receiving chemotherapy (19%) than among those not

receiving chemotherapy (7%). The prevalence of HBV serologic markers, while

much higher than generally found among healthy children in the United

States, was low compared to previously reported prevalences in such

settings, and may reflect the use in recent years of blood and blood

products screened by " third generation " methods (radioimmunoassay and

reversed passive hemagglutination) for hepatitis B surface antigen and the

use of all volunteer blood donors. This prevalence suggests that perhaps

there is less urgent need for the use of hepatitis B immune globulin and

hepatitis B vaccine (when it becomes available) in oncology units than had

been anticipated from earlier data in oncology units. PMID: 662509

1977 - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg. Prevalence

in homosexual and heterosexual men. Thus, previous exposure to (HBV) was

estimated to be 8.8 times greater for homosexual men than for heterosexual

men. Four of four HBsAg positive sera from homosexual men were subtyped as

" ad, " whereas subtype " ay " is preponderant in intravenous drug abusers.

Future public health measures to control HBV infection should address the

prevention of sexually transmitted HBV infection among homosexual men. PMID:

579199

1977 - Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general

hospital. After a sharp increase in viral hepatitis cases, mostly type B,

among the 2000 employees of a general hospital during three years,

we conducted an investigation. Ward employees, 8% had antibody to (anti-HBS)

and 1% had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

seropositivity was highest for employees who worked closely with

hemodialysis and renal transplant patients and for those who claimed that

their ward was understaffed. [24%] occurred in clinical lab workers. Of 70

current lab employees, 17% were positive for anti-HBS and none for HBSAg.

HBV seropositivity was highest for those working in the chemistry section

(highest there among those performing blood-gas determinations and those

working with the multi-channel autoanalyzers) and those who routinely got

blood on their skin and clothes at work. All seropositive employees worked

routinely with blood. These data support the hypotheses that many hospital

employees contract hepatitis B from exposure to HBSAg-positive patients and

many clinical laboratory employees contract it from exposure to

HBV-contaminated blood. PMID: 333905

1977 - Hepatitis B: new aspects, practical implications. Virology and

epidemiology. The most important development, though, has been production of

a vaccine with the prospect of controlling at least hepatitis B in the near

future by active immunization. However, immunization experiments in man

should proceed with the utmost caution and one must not underestimate the

difficulties which still have to be overcome before vaccination against

hepatitis B becomes routine. PMID: 857308

1977 - Epidemiology of hepatitis B in two Alaska communities. 54.8% in the

two villages included a 13.9% prevalence of HBsAg and a 40.9% prevalence of

anti-HBs. The data suggest that efficient transmission of hepatitis B virus

occurs within the household setting in these villages by other than

classically established parenteral routes. PMID: 835563

1976 - Viral hepatitis: problems of incidence and control in military

personnel. PMID: 960730

1976 - The economic impact of viral hepatitis in the United States. PMID:

181777

1976 - Viral type A and type B hepatitis. Morphology, biology, immunology

and epidemiology--a review. Viral hepatitis is one of the most serious

infectious diseases in the United States and is of great concern to the

public health agencies, hospitals and research labortories. Progress in our

knowledge of this disease has been based on cooperation between specialists

in many diverse scientific disciplines employing sophisticated scientific

instruments and technics. Close cooperation between clinical pathologists

and clinicians is of great importance in diagnosis. Biologic, immunologic,

epidemiologic and morphologic studies have resulted in the demonstration

that the disease is the result of infection with at least two different

viruses, described as type A and type B hepatitis viruses. . . Publication

Types: Review PMID: 58555

1976 - The clinical problem of hepatitis transmission. Although blood banks

in this country have been testing every unit of blood for hepatitis B

surface antigen (HBSAg) by one of the highly sensitive " third generation "

methods (radioimmunoassay or reversed passive hemagglutination) since

September, 1975, post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) still remains the major

hazard to patients who require transfusion with blood and blood products.

Nevertheless, PTH cases not associated with HBV or HAV, which are termed

non-A, non-B hepatitis, continue to occur commonly among transfused

patients. The outstanding risk factor responsible for the development of PTH

has been shown to be blood from paid donors in every study which has

evaluated this factor. PMID: 799307

1976 - Hepatitis B is usually transmitted indirectly by percutaneous routes,

and the increase in drug abuse has brought about a change in its

epidemiologic pattern. PMID: 174067

1976 - Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in an institution for mentally

retarded persons. Antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected

in 40% of the Down's syndrome and 57% of the matched other retarded

patients. Hepatitis B virus infection as measured by presence of either

Hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody was similar in the Down's syndrome

patients (59%) and the matched other retarded patients (63%).

Male patients had a higher frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen chronic

carriers and a lower frequency of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen

than the female patients. Antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen was

detected in 33% of the employees. Employees who worked on wards with a high

frequency of Hepatitis B virus infection had a high frequency of Hepatitis B

surface antibody (50%) whereas those working on wards with a low frequency

of infection had a low frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (9%).PMID:

129004

1975 - Epidemic hepatitis B: a sustained outbreak in a large military

population. Highest attack rates in low-ranking soldiers with disciplinary

problems. PMID: 1202956

1975 - Dental Association session. Of 1245 practitioners, 0.9 per cent were

positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, and 12.7 per cent were antibody

positive. Of those who had had clinical hepatitis while studying or

practicing dentistry, 43 per cent were seropositive. These data indicate an

increased frequency of infection with hepatitis B virus among general

dentists, and are compatible with relatively uniform endemicity of

subtype/ad strans of that agent in the general population for several

decades. PMID: 1160951

1975 - Antibody to hepatitis-B core antigen in patients with primary hepatic

carcinoma. 4% of controls from the U.S. had anti-HBc. These data support the

hypothesis that chronic infection with hepatitis-B virus is aetiologically

related to P.H.C., especially in Asia and Africa, although other factors

must also be involved. PMID: 49648

1972 - VA Med - A massive institutional outbreak of infectious hepatitis.

PMID: 5048892

1972 - Eight years of surveillance of patients hospitalized with hepatitis:

interpretation of data in light of epidemic parenteral drug abuse and

availability of testing for hepatitis-associated antigen. PMID: 4624887

[Note: 8 years = from 1964-1972]

1972 - Community outbreak of infectious hepatitis: assays of SGOT and

Australian serum hepatitis antigen. PMID: 4504213

1972 - Subdeterminants d and y of hepatitis B antigen as epidemiologic

markers. PMID: 4623998

1971 - Remarks on the problem of Australia antigen as an etiologic factor in

the outbreak of viral hepatitis. PMID: 5119935

1971 - Frequency of Australia antigen in patients with leukaemia in

different countries. PMID: 4103075

1970 - Hepatitis-associated antigen in blood donor populations. Relationship

to posttransfusion hepatitis. PMID: 4989996

1970 - Australia antigen serology in the Holy Cross football team hepatitis

outbreak. PMID: 4193356

1970 - Szmuness W, et al. The serum hepatitis virus specific antigen (SH): a

preliminary report of epidemiologic studies in an institution for the

mentally retarded. PMID: 4246662

1970 - Immunologic distinction between infectious and serum hepatitis. PMID:

4314269

Incidence = Rate, range or amount of occurrence or influence.

Prevalence = The proportion of individuals in a population having a disease.

Ref:

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National Institutes of Health, PubMed.

To get the citation abstracts listed above as references above just enter

'only' the PMID 'numbers' at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/