Guest guest Posted July 5, 2004 Report Share Posted July 5, 2004 Whooops! Sorry Kim -- was it the mice thing???? It's probably not as bad as it sounds!!! That's how my rheumatologist described it to me. How are you feeling? Good I hope!!!! take care, Re: test results--hope this is right---susan my thoughts > > > > > " A test of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T3) is added > to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of > serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T3; higher > T3 uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism. " > > looks like from this you are taking too much Levoxyl and even though > your t3 total is within range your uptake is higher which means what > t3 is floating around in the blood stream not necessary in the cells-- > so you have more t3 not being absorbed. (hard to tell though don't > know your free t3 tests) > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm > > too much t4--for sure you are in the upper range of 11 top being at > 12 on your test-- > > armour would be better to try--and I would take less levoxyl from > these results > > > and it never hurts to increase your immune system---a Very healthy > immune system can halt the destruction of anti-bodies trying to go > after your thyroid. > > A 70 is not so bad we have seen a lot worse here---but what you want > to do is increase your immune system--many have halted this process > and seen reduced numbers!!!!! > > t3 not getting enough into your cells( we don't know your free t3 > numbers) but then you are not taking in any t3--and when you take in > too much t4 that can be overwhelming too--any symptoms of hyper??? > Blood pressure--do you know it by any chance---sweating ?? heart > racing??? how are you feeling???? > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003557.htm > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > ---------- > > THYROID FUNCTION > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > ---------- > The thyroid gland is a bilateral organ that bridges the lower larynx > and upper trachea with a narrow isthmus. A third pyramidal lobe, > remnant of the thyroglossal duct, is not unusual. As one of the most > vascularized endocrines, it receives blood from the superior thyroid > arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, and is drained by > corresponding veins into the internal jugular vein. In normal > individuals, vascularity, size and microscopic structures vary with > the levels of the pituitary tropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating > hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin, nutrition, temperature, sex and age. > > The functional units of the thyroid gland are multiple, variable- > sized follicles, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells, filled > with colloid (a proteinaceous material containing thyroglobulin, a > glycoprotein necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4). At high > magnification the cell surface lining the follicle is rich in > microvilli that project into the follicular lumen where the colloid > is secreted; hormones are secreted into the blood at the opposite > basal cell pole adjoining the rich capillary net. > > > The control of the thyroid gland cannot be viewed in isolation but > must be considered in the context of: > 1. regulation at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, > 2 thyroid hormone metabolism and > 3. interactions with receptors at target cells. > > > These connected levels of integration can be briefly outlined as > follows: > 1. At the level of the hypothalamus, thyrotropin-releasing hormone or > TRH, a tripeptide, is secreted into the portal capillaries relaying > secreted TRH to the anterior pituitary. There, TRH stimulates the > anterior lobe thyrotropes to synthesize and release thyroid- > stimulating hormone or thyrotropin or TSH. Secretion of TSH is, in > turn, inhibited by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones and > stimulated or inhibited by stimuli from higher brain centers in > response to environmental changes. > > > 2. At the pituitary level, TSH is a glycoprotein secreted by the > basophilic thyrotropes. TSH secretion is regulated by negative > feedback of thyroid hormones, i.e. the higher the serum levels of > these hormones, the lower TSH release and vice versa, and stimulation > from TRH. In the absence of TSH (e.g. by hypophysectomy in > experimental animals) thyroid function is depressed and the thyroid > gland atrophies; administration of TSH stimulates the thyroid gland > and increases circulating levels of thyroid hormones. > > > 3. At the thyroid level, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, > triiodothyronine, T3, and to a much lesser extent, reverse T3, rT3, > are iodothyronines, iodine-containing derivatives of the amino acid > tyrosine. They are synthesized by iodination and condensation of the > tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin molecules stored in the colloid of > the thyroid follicle. Iodinated thyroglobulin enters the thyroid > cells by endocytosis and is hydrolyzed there to liberate T4 and T3 > which are released into the circulation. Cells of the thyroid gland > contain TSH receptors. Binding of TSH to its receptors activates the > enzyme adenylate cyclase with increase in intracellular cAMP. Most of > TSH actions are mediated through this cAMP increase but some depend > on stimulation of cell membrane phospholipids. > > > The major secreted product of the thyroid gland is T4 while T3 is > secreted only in small amounts and derives mainly from the peripheral > deiodination of T4. One third of circulating T4 is converted to T3 in > peripheral tissues. Both hormones are present in serum either bound > to proteins or in the free state. T3 is less tightly bound to plasma > proteins than is T4 and is therefore more readily available for > cellular uptake. The free hormone is biologically active and > interacts with specific receptors localized in the membrane, > mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus of responsive cells. T3 binds to > nuclear receptors to a much greater extent than T4, hence T3 is more > rapidly and biologically active than T4. T3 and T4 are deiodinated > and deaminated in the tissues. In the liver, they are conjugated, > pass into the bile and are excreted into the intestine. Conjugated > and free hormones are also excreted by the kidney. > > > This aspect of thyroid function may be summarized by pointing out > that: > 1. the major source of circulating T3 is not from thyroid secretion, > but from peripheral deiodination of T4; > 2. the negative feedback at the pituitary anterior lobe is > principally through T4 taken from the circulation and converted in > the thyrotrope to T3 by thyrotrope deiodinase; > 3. the peripheral deiodination depends on the physiological state of > the organism. It allows an autonomy of response of the tissues to the > hormones. Deiodination can convert T4 (a less active hormone) to T3 > (a more active hormone) or not. The conversion depends on activities > of the various deiodinating enzymes. > > > > > > > > > > > Hi Guys -- > > Picked up my test results from my dr.'s office yesterday -- here's > they are. I had asked him at my last visit if I had " autoimmune > hypothyroidism " and he said he hadn't run an antibodies test. So he > ran it this time along with free t4 -- (I think)..... > > Thyroid Peroxidase Ab >70 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0-2 > IU/mL > > > > T3 Uptake 38.6 H Out of Range - Reference Range 25-36 % > > T4 (Thyroxine) 11.0 Within Range - Reference Range 4.5-12.0 ug/dL > > Free Thyroxine Index 4.2 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 > uIU/mL > > TSH 2.4 Within Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 uIU/mL > > T3, Total 97 Within Range - Reference Range 80-181 ng/dL > > > > I'm on Levoxyl 136 -- and he said to stay on it for next 3 months > and test > > again....with the t3 in low normal -- would I do better with > additional t3 > > or Armour? I see a new dr. on Wednesday that prescribes Armour. > > > > Any input is much appreciated!!!! > > > > Thanks again!!!!! > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted July 6, 2004 Report Share Posted July 6, 2004 yah he he he.. im actually not doing so good the past couple days.. stomach pains have come back and so is the crying and bad thoughts.. i need to go and look for some sort of adrenal meds today i think.. even my bladder is hurting.. i really think theres soemthing in corn pops im alergic to (muching on it as its one of the few cereals i could munch on but i guess i'll not get it again) Re: test results--hope this is right---susan > my thoughts > > > > > > > > > > " A test of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T3) is added > > to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of > > serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T3; higher > > T3 uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism. " > > > > looks like from this you are taking too much Levoxyl and even though > > your t3 total is within range your uptake is higher which means what > > t3 is floating around in the blood stream not necessary in the cells-- > > so you have more t3 not being absorbed. (hard to tell though don't > > know your free t3 tests) > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm > > > > too much t4--for sure you are in the upper range of 11 top being at > > 12 on your test-- > > > > armour would be better to try--and I would take less levoxyl from > > these results > > > > > > and it never hurts to increase your immune system---a Very healthy > > immune system can halt the destruction of anti-bodies trying to go > > after your thyroid. > > > > A 70 is not so bad we have seen a lot worse here---but what you want > > to do is increase your immune system--many have halted this process > > and seen reduced numbers!!!!! > > > > t3 not getting enough into your cells( we don't know your free t3 > > numbers) but then you are not taking in any t3--and when you take in > > too much t4 that can be overwhelming too--any symptoms of hyper??? > > Blood pressure--do you know it by any chance---sweating ?? heart > > racing??? how are you feeling???? > > > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003557.htm > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ---------- > > > > THYROID FUNCTION > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ---------- > > The thyroid gland is a bilateral organ that bridges the lower larynx > > and upper trachea with a narrow isthmus. A third pyramidal lobe, > > remnant of the thyroglossal duct, is not unusual. As one of the most > > vascularized endocrines, it receives blood from the superior thyroid > > arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, and is drained by > > corresponding veins into the internal jugular vein. In normal > > individuals, vascularity, size and microscopic structures vary with > > the levels of the pituitary tropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating > > hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin, nutrition, temperature, sex and age. > > > > The functional units of the thyroid gland are multiple, variable- > > sized follicles, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells, filled > > with colloid (a proteinaceous material containing thyroglobulin, a > > glycoprotein necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4). At high > > magnification the cell surface lining the follicle is rich in > > microvilli that project into the follicular lumen where the colloid > > is secreted; hormones are secreted into the blood at the opposite > > basal cell pole adjoining the rich capillary net. > > > > > > The control of the thyroid gland cannot be viewed in isolation but > > must be considered in the context of: > > 1. regulation at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, > > 2 thyroid hormone metabolism and > > 3. interactions with receptors at target cells. > > > > > > These connected levels of integration can be briefly outlined as > > follows: > > 1. At the level of the hypothalamus, thyrotropin-releasing hormone or > > TRH, a tripeptide, is secreted into the portal capillaries relaying > > secreted TRH to the anterior pituitary. There, TRH stimulates the > > anterior lobe thyrotropes to synthesize and release thyroid- > > stimulating hormone or thyrotropin or TSH. Secretion of TSH is, in > > turn, inhibited by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones and > > stimulated or inhibited by stimuli from higher brain centers in > > response to environmental changes. > > > > > > 2. At the pituitary level, TSH is a glycoprotein secreted by the > > basophilic thyrotropes. TSH secretion is regulated by negative > > feedback of thyroid hormones, i.e. the higher the serum levels of > > these hormones, the lower TSH release and vice versa, and stimulation > > from TRH. In the absence of TSH (e.g. by hypophysectomy in > > experimental animals) thyroid function is depressed and the thyroid > > gland atrophies; administration of TSH stimulates the thyroid gland > > and increases circulating levels of thyroid hormones. > > > > > > 3. At the thyroid level, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, > > triiodothyronine, T3, and to a much lesser extent, reverse T3, rT3, > > are iodothyronines, iodine-containing derivatives of the amino acid > > tyrosine. They are synthesized by iodination and condensation of the > > tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin molecules stored in the colloid of > > the thyroid follicle. Iodinated thyroglobulin enters the thyroid > > cells by endocytosis and is hydrolyzed there to liberate T4 and T3 > > which are released into the circulation. Cells of the thyroid gland > > contain TSH receptors. Binding of TSH to its receptors activates the > > enzyme adenylate cyclase with increase in intracellular cAMP. Most of > > TSH actions are mediated through this cAMP increase but some depend > > on stimulation of cell membrane phospholipids. > > > > > > The major secreted product of the thyroid gland is T4 while T3 is > > secreted only in small amounts and derives mainly from the peripheral > > deiodination of T4. One third of circulating T4 is converted to T3 in > > peripheral tissues. Both hormones are present in serum either bound > > to proteins or in the free state. T3 is less tightly bound to plasma > > proteins than is T4 and is therefore more readily available for > > cellular uptake. The free hormone is biologically active and > > interacts with specific receptors localized in the membrane, > > mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus of responsive cells. T3 binds to > > nuclear receptors to a much greater extent than T4, hence T3 is more > > rapidly and biologically active than T4. T3 and T4 are deiodinated > > and deaminated in the tissues. In the liver, they are conjugated, > > pass into the bile and are excreted into the intestine. Conjugated > > and free hormones are also excreted by the kidney. > > > > > > This aspect of thyroid function may be summarized by pointing out > > that: > > 1. the major source of circulating T3 is not from thyroid secretion, > > but from peripheral deiodination of T4; > > 2. the negative feedback at the pituitary anterior lobe is > > principally through T4 taken from the circulation and converted in > > the thyrotrope to T3 by thyrotrope deiodinase; > > 3. the peripheral deiodination depends on the physiological state of > > the organism. It allows an autonomy of response of the tissues to the > > hormones. Deiodination can convert T4 (a less active hormone) to T3 > > (a more active hormone) or not. The conversion depends on activities > > of the various deiodinating enzymes. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Hi Guys -- > > > Picked up my test results from my dr.'s office yesterday -- here's > > they are. I had asked him at my last visit if I had " autoimmune > > hypothyroidism " and he said he hadn't run an antibodies test. So he > > ran it this time along with free t4 -- (I think)..... > > > Thyroid Peroxidase Ab >70 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0-2 > > IU/mL > > > > > > T3 Uptake 38.6 H Out of Range - Reference Range 25-36 % > > > T4 (Thyroxine) 11.0 Within Range - Reference Range 4.5-12.0 ug/dL > > > Free Thyroxine Index 4.2 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 > > uIU/mL > > > TSH 2.4 Within Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 uIU/mL > > > T3, Total 97 Within Range - Reference Range 80-181 ng/dL > > > > > > I'm on Levoxyl 136 -- and he said to stay on it for next 3 months > > and test > > > again....with the t3 in low normal -- would I do better with > > additional t3 > > > or Armour? I see a new dr. on Wednesday that prescribes Armour. > > > > > > Any input is much appreciated!!!! > > > > > > Thanks again!!!!! > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted July 6, 2004 Report Share Posted July 6, 2004 Oh, bummer - I'm sorry you are not feeling well Kim -- I'm not sure what's in corn pops -- but I do know corn is not the easiest thing to digest. Do you think maybe your Armour needs to be increased? How long have you been on it???? Hope you start feeling better and can get the adrenal meds you might need!!!! take care, Re: test results--hope this is right---susan > my thoughts > > > > > > > > > > " A test of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T3) is added > > to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of > > serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T3; higher > > T3 uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism. " > > > > looks like from this you are taking too much Levoxyl and even though > > your t3 total is within range your uptake is higher which means what > > t3 is floating around in the blood stream not necessary in the cells-- > > so you have more t3 not being absorbed. (hard to tell though don't > > know your free t3 tests) > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm > > > > too much t4--for sure you are in the upper range of 11 top being at > > 12 on your test-- > > > > armour would be better to try--and I would take less levoxyl from > > these results > > > > > > and it never hurts to increase your immune system---a Very healthy > > immune system can halt the destruction of anti-bodies trying to go > > after your thyroid. > > > > A 70 is not so bad we have seen a lot worse here---but what you want > > to do is increase your immune system--many have halted this process > > and seen reduced numbers!!!!! > > > > t3 not getting enough into your cells( we don't know your free t3 > > numbers) but then you are not taking in any t3--and when you take in > > too much t4 that can be overwhelming too--any symptoms of hyper??? > > Blood pressure--do you know it by any chance---sweating ?? heart > > racing??? how are you feeling???? > > > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003557.htm > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ---------- > > > > THYROID FUNCTION > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ---------- > > The thyroid gland is a bilateral organ that bridges the lower larynx > > and upper trachea with a narrow isthmus. A third pyramidal lobe, > > remnant of the thyroglossal duct, is not unusual. As one of the most > > vascularized endocrines, it receives blood from the superior thyroid > > arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, and is drained by > > corresponding veins into the internal jugular vein. In normal > > individuals, vascularity, size and microscopic structures vary with > > the levels of the pituitary tropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating > > hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin, nutrition, temperature, sex and age. > > > > The functional units of the thyroid gland are multiple, variable- > > sized follicles, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells, filled > > with colloid (a proteinaceous material containing thyroglobulin, a > > glycoprotein necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4). At high > > magnification the cell surface lining the follicle is rich in > > microvilli that project into the follicular lumen where the colloid > > is secreted; hormones are secreted into the blood at the opposite > > basal cell pole adjoining the rich capillary net. > > > > > > The control of the thyroid gland cannot be viewed in isolation but > > must be considered in the context of: > > 1. regulation at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, > > 2 thyroid hormone metabolism and > > 3. interactions with receptors at target cells. > > > > > > These connected levels of integration can be briefly outlined as > > follows: > > 1. At the level of the hypothalamus, thyrotropin-releasing hormone or > > TRH, a tripeptide, is secreted into the portal capillaries relaying > > secreted TRH to the anterior pituitary. There, TRH stimulates the > > anterior lobe thyrotropes to synthesize and release thyroid- > > stimulating hormone or thyrotropin or TSH. Secretion of TSH is, in > > turn, inhibited by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones and > > stimulated or inhibited by stimuli from higher brain centers in > > response to environmental changes. > > > > > > 2. At the pituitary level, TSH is a glycoprotein secreted by the > > basophilic thyrotropes. TSH secretion is regulated by negative > > feedback of thyroid hormones, i.e. the higher the serum levels of > > these hormones, the lower TSH release and vice versa, and stimulation > > from TRH. In the absence of TSH (e.g. by hypophysectomy in > > experimental animals) thyroid function is depressed and the thyroid > > gland atrophies; administration of TSH stimulates the thyroid gland > > and increases circulating levels of thyroid hormones. > > > > > > 3. At the thyroid level, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, > > triiodothyronine, T3, and to a much lesser extent, reverse T3, rT3, > > are iodothyronines, iodine-containing derivatives of the amino acid > > tyrosine. They are synthesized by iodination and condensation of the > > tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin molecules stored in the colloid of > > the thyroid follicle. Iodinated thyroglobulin enters the thyroid > > cells by endocytosis and is hydrolyzed there to liberate T4 and T3 > > which are released into the circulation. Cells of the thyroid gland > > contain TSH receptors. Binding of TSH to its receptors activates the > > enzyme adenylate cyclase with increase in intracellular cAMP. Most of > > TSH actions are mediated through this cAMP increase but some depend > > on stimulation of cell membrane phospholipids. > > > > > > The major secreted product of the thyroid gland is T4 while T3 is > > secreted only in small amounts and derives mainly from the peripheral > > deiodination of T4. One third of circulating T4 is converted to T3 in > > peripheral tissues. Both hormones are present in serum either bound > > to proteins or in the free state. T3 is less tightly bound to plasma > > proteins than is T4 and is therefore more readily available for > > cellular uptake. The free hormone is biologically active and > > interacts with specific receptors localized in the membrane, > > mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus of responsive cells. T3 binds to > > nuclear receptors to a much greater extent than T4, hence T3 is more > > rapidly and biologically active than T4. T3 and T4 are deiodinated > > and deaminated in the tissues. In the liver, they are conjugated, > > pass into the bile and are excreted into the intestine. Conjugated > > and free hormones are also excreted by the kidney. > > > > > > This aspect of thyroid function may be summarized by pointing out > > that: > > 1. the major source of circulating T3 is not from thyroid secretion, > > but from peripheral deiodination of T4; > > 2. the negative feedback at the pituitary anterior lobe is > > principally through T4 taken from the circulation and converted in > > the thyrotrope to T3 by thyrotrope deiodinase; > > 3. the peripheral deiodination depends on the physiological state of > > the organism. It allows an autonomy of response of the tissues to the > > hormones. Deiodination can convert T4 (a less active hormone) to T3 > > (a more active hormone) or not. The conversion depends on activities > > of the various deiodinating enzymes. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Hi Guys -- > > > Picked up my test results from my dr.'s office yesterday -- here's > > they are. I had asked him at my last visit if I had " autoimmune > > hypothyroidism " and he said he hadn't run an antibodies test. So he > > ran it this time along with free t4 -- (I think)..... > > > Thyroid Peroxidase Ab >70 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0-2 > > IU/mL > > > > > > T3 Uptake 38.6 H Out of Range - Reference Range 25-36 % > > > T4 (Thyroxine) 11.0 Within Range - Reference Range 4.5-12.0 ug/dL > > > Free Thyroxine Index 4.2 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 > > uIU/mL > > > TSH 2.4 Within Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 uIU/mL > > > T3, Total 97 Within Range - Reference Range 80-181 ng/dL > > > > > > I'm on Levoxyl 136 -- and he said to stay on it for next 3 months > > and test > > > again....with the t3 in low normal -- would I do better with > > additional t3 > > > or Armour? I see a new dr. on Wednesday that prescribes Armour. > > > > > > Any input is much appreciated!!!! > > > > > > Thanks again!!!!! > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted July 6, 2004 Report Share Posted July 6, 2004 well im trying to go flour fruit and everything free so corn and potaoes are my last hope yea i think its time for me to up the thyroid.. course i could be pmsing Re: test results--hope this is > right---susan > > my thoughts > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > " A test of thyroid function in which triiodothyronine (T3) is added > > > to a patient's serum in vitro to measure the relative affinities of > > > serum proteins and of an added competitive substance for T3; higher > > > T3 uptakes are associated with hyperthyroidism. " > > > > > > looks like from this you are taking too much Levoxyl and even though > > > your t3 total is within range your uptake is higher which means what > > > t3 is floating around in the blood stream not necessary in the > cells-- > > > so you have more t3 not being absorbed. (hard to tell though don't > > > know your free t3 tests) > > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003688.htm > > > > > > too much t4--for sure you are in the upper range of 11 top being at > > > 12 on your test-- > > > > > > armour would be better to try--and I would take less levoxyl from > > > these results > > > > > > > > > and it never hurts to increase your immune system---a Very healthy > > > immune system can halt the destruction of anti-bodies trying to go > > > after your thyroid. > > > > > > A 70 is not so bad we have seen a lot worse here---but what you want > > > to do is increase your immune system--many have halted this process > > > and seen reduced numbers!!!!! > > > > > > t3 not getting enough into your cells( we don't know your free t3 > > > numbers) but then you are not taking in any t3--and when you take in > > > too much t4 that can be overwhelming too--any symptoms of hyper??? > > > Blood pressure--do you know it by any chance---sweating ?? heart > > > racing??? how are you feeling???? > > > > > > http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003557.htm > > > > > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > ---------- > > > > > > THYROID FUNCTION > > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > ---------- > > > The thyroid gland is a bilateral organ that bridges the lower larynx > > > and upper trachea with a narrow isthmus. A third pyramidal lobe, > > > remnant of the thyroglossal duct, is not unusual. As one of the most > > > vascularized endocrines, it receives blood from the superior thyroid > > > arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, and is drained by > > > corresponding veins into the internal jugular vein. In normal > > > individuals, vascularity, size and microscopic structures vary with > > > the levels of the pituitary tropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating > > > hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin, nutrition, temperature, sex and age. > > > > > > The functional units of the thyroid gland are multiple, variable- > > > sized follicles, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells, > filled > > > with colloid (a proteinaceous material containing thyroglobulin, a > > > glycoprotein necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4). At high > > > magnification the cell surface lining the follicle is rich in > > > microvilli that project into the follicular lumen where the colloid > > > is secreted; hormones are secreted into the blood at the opposite > > > basal cell pole adjoining the rich capillary net. > > > > > > > > > The control of the thyroid gland cannot be viewed in isolation but > > > must be considered in the context of: > > > 1. regulation at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, > > > 2 thyroid hormone metabolism and > > > 3. interactions with receptors at target cells. > > > > > > > > > These connected levels of integration can be briefly outlined as > > > follows: > > > 1. At the level of the hypothalamus, thyrotropin-releasing hormone > or > > > TRH, a tripeptide, is secreted into the portal capillaries relaying > > > secreted TRH to the anterior pituitary. There, TRH stimulates the > > > anterior lobe thyrotropes to synthesize and release thyroid- > > > stimulating hormone or thyrotropin or TSH. Secretion of TSH is, in > > > turn, inhibited by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones and > > > stimulated or inhibited by stimuli from higher brain centers in > > > response to environmental changes. > > > > > > > > > 2. At the pituitary level, TSH is a glycoprotein secreted by the > > > basophilic thyrotropes. TSH secretion is regulated by negative > > > feedback of thyroid hormones, i.e. the higher the serum levels of > > > these hormones, the lower TSH release and vice versa, and > stimulation > > > from TRH. In the absence of TSH (e.g. by hypophysectomy in > > > experimental animals) thyroid function is depressed and the thyroid > > > gland atrophies; administration of TSH stimulates the thyroid gland > > > and increases circulating levels of thyroid hormones. > > > > > > > > > 3. At the thyroid level, thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T4, > > > triiodothyronine, T3, and to a much lesser extent, reverse T3, rT3, > > > are iodothyronines, iodine-containing derivatives of the amino acid > > > tyrosine. They are synthesized by iodination and condensation of the > > > tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin molecules stored in the colloid of > > > the thyroid follicle. Iodinated thyroglobulin enters the thyroid > > > cells by endocytosis and is hydrolyzed there to liberate T4 and T3 > > > which are released into the circulation. Cells of the thyroid gland > > > contain TSH receptors. Binding of TSH to its receptors activates the > > > enzyme adenylate cyclase with increase in intracellular cAMP. Most > of > > > TSH actions are mediated through this cAMP increase but some depend > > > on stimulation of cell membrane phospholipids. > > > > > > > > > The major secreted product of the thyroid gland is T4 while T3 is > > > secreted only in small amounts and derives mainly from the > peripheral > > > deiodination of T4. One third of circulating T4 is converted to T3 > in > > > peripheral tissues. Both hormones are present in serum either bound > > > to proteins or in the free state. T3 is less tightly bound to plasma > > > proteins than is T4 and is therefore more readily available for > > > cellular uptake. The free hormone is biologically active and > > > interacts with specific receptors localized in the membrane, > > > mitochondria, cytoplasm and nucleus of responsive cells. T3 binds to > > > nuclear receptors to a much greater extent than T4, hence T3 is more > > > rapidly and biologically active than T4. T3 and T4 are deiodinated > > > and deaminated in the tissues. In the liver, they are conjugated, > > > pass into the bile and are excreted into the intestine. Conjugated > > > and free hormones are also excreted by the kidney. > > > > > > > > > This aspect of thyroid function may be summarized by pointing out > > > that: > > > 1. the major source of circulating T3 is not from thyroid secretion, > > > but from peripheral deiodination of T4; > > > 2. the negative feedback at the pituitary anterior lobe is > > > principally through T4 taken from the circulation and converted in > > > the thyrotrope to T3 by thyrotrope deiodinase; > > > 3. the peripheral deiodination depends on the physiological state of > > > the organism. It allows an autonomy of response of the tissues to > the > > > hormones. Deiodination can convert T4 (a less active hormone) to T3 > > > (a more active hormone) or not. The conversion depends on activities > > > of the various deiodinating enzymes. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Hi Guys -- > > > > Picked up my test results from my dr.'s office yesterday -- here's > > > they are. I had asked him at my last visit if I had " autoimmune > > > hypothyroidism " and he said he hadn't run an antibodies test. So he > > > ran it this time along with free t4 -- (I think)..... > > > > Thyroid Peroxidase Ab >70 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0-2 > > > IU/mL > > > > > > > > T3 Uptake 38.6 H Out of Range - Reference Range 25-36 % > > > > T4 (Thyroxine) 11.0 Within Range - Reference Range 4.5-12.0 ug/dL > > > > Free Thyroxine Index 4.2 H Out of Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 > > > uIU/mL > > > > TSH 2.4 Within Range - Reference Range 0.3-5.5 uIU/mL > > > > T3, Total 97 Within Range - Reference Range 80-181 ng/dL > > > > > > > > I'm on Levoxyl 136 -- and he said to stay on it for next 3 months > > > and test > > > > again....with the t3 in low normal -- would I do better with > > > additional t3 > > > > or Armour? I see a new dr. on Wednesday that prescribes Armour. > > > > > > > > Any input is much appreciated!!!! > > > > > > > > Thanks again!!!!! > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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