Doctors in group: is this correct???

[Guest guest]

I came across this explanation of phenol metabolism and am asking our doctors in

the group to verify the information. I apologize for the length of

this...pasted for those weary of links. Theodora

http://www.newtreatments.org/ga.php?linkid=252

This is a LONG discussion on the phenol-sulphotransferase issue, but

it is very informative and I recommend you print it out and study it

if you think your child might have this problem.

This is a condition that affects 80% to 90% of the children with

autism. It is vital that you understand the symptoms, and if they

affect your child, you must " unload the donkey " . PST (phenol-

sulfotransferase) is a Phase II enzyme that detoxifies leftover

hormones and a wide variety of toxic molecules, such as phenols and

amines that are produced in the body (and even in the gut by

bacteria, yeast, and other fungi) as well as food dyes and chemicals.

These reactions include the breakdown of bilirubin and biliverdin,

which are the breakdown products of hemoglobin. There are many

varieties of phenols. This may indicate why children's intolerances

vary. Remember, Bolte notes that tetanus infection of the intestines

leads to the formation of toxic phenols, and states that these are

particularly formed by overgrowth of the Clostridium family of

bacteria. The toxins formed can peel the lining of the colon right

off the organ, and lead to an explosive, debilitating form of

diarrhea. She notes that tetanus also attacks the Purkinje cells of

the brain potentially reducing the production of the amino acid GABA,

a calming neurotransmitter known to affect speech.

" The PST enzyme is only one of many sulfotransferases, and various

other body chemicals can increase the quantity of some

sulfotransferases, and that would increase their activity....Sulfate

must be grabbed by any sulfotransferase before the enzyme can attach

it to something else, like phenols or MHPG (3 methoxy-4-

hydroxyphenylglycol, a natural breakdown product of a class of

neurotransmitters called catecholamines). If the PST enzyme activity

towards something is low, you can boost it by two approaches. The

first is to increase the amount of sulfate available to it. The

second is to increase the amount of the enzyme so it has an easier

job finding the available sulfate. " - Owens.

The PST enzyme links an oxidized sulfur molecule (a sulfate) to these

various toxic substances to solubilize them so the kidneys can

dispose of them. Obviously, if sulfate is low or missing, this can't

happen effectively. Hence, the problem can be twofold: there may be a

lack of phenol-sulfotransferase enzymes, or of the sulfates (due to

the absence of protein and of sulfur carrying raw vegetables in the

diet, the poor absorption of sulfur from the diet, a failure to

metabolize sulfur into sulfate form, or increased urinary excretion

of sulfite and sulfate).

Dr. Rosemary Waring's research shows that the lack of sulfate is the

primary problem in 73% of these children (another study found low

levels in 92%), but all of those Waring checked had a low PST level

too. Similar sulfate deficiencies have been reported in people with

migraine, rheumatoid arthritis, jaundice, and other allergic

conditions all of which are anecdotally reported as common in the

families of people with autism. Adequate sulfoxidation requires

adequate supplies of B-vitamins, especially vitamin B6. The PST

enzymes are inhibited or overloaded by chocolate, bananas, orange

juice, vanillin, and food colorants such as tartrazine. Removal of

these from the diet and supplementation of sulfates may well relieve

all these symptoms. The lack of sulfation could well be due to the

largely carbohydrate diet of most of these children. It is likely a

combination of all these things. In any case, toxic compounds of

these aforementioned chemicals can build to dangerous levels. A high

value for the tIAG (?) as well as a high reading for DHPPA (rather

HPHPA-a phenolic metabolite of tyrosine) both indicate a PST problem.

There are two pathways by which the Phase II enzymes process these

toxins. One attaches the sulfates as mentioned, and the other

attaches glucuronide. Dr. Waring has found that in autistic patients

there is not nearly enough sulfate to glucuronate ratio. She and her

associates feel that the " leaky gut " , that causes a need for a Gf/Cf

diet, is caused by this lack of adequate sulfate to provide sulfation

of the glucosaminoglycans (sulfated sugars). They found that the

glucosaminoglycans (gags) in the gut were very under sulfated, and

that this causes a thickening of the basement membrane of the gut.

IGF (insulin-like growth factor) is important for cell growth. IGF-1

(which is reduced in zinc deficiency) increases the incorporation of

sulfate in glucosaminoglycans.

Unfortunately, a lack of sulfated gags in the kidneys will allow loss

of these sulfates. There is often found low plasma sulfate and high

urine sulfate and high urinary thiosulfate as if the kidneys are not

able to retain (recycle) sulfate. This needed retention requires the

work of a transporter that has been found in " in vitro " studies to be

blocked almost completely by mercury and by excess chromium (but not

as thoroughly). One study found urinary sulfite to be elevated due to

a lack of molybdenum in 36%. Supplementing moly showed improvements

in clinical symptoms. Sugar increases the amounts of calcium,

oxalate, uric acid, and glucosaminoglycans being wasted in the urine.

Sulfates have a negative charge and repel each other, so that charge

forms a barrier on the outside of the cell called the matrix, or the

glycocalyx. Sulfate is often found in the glycoprotein film also.

Glycoprotein is a sugar/protein film that enables cell-cell

communication. This film is on all cells of the body, so if systemic

sulfate is low, you most likely have a big problem that is quite

general to the whole body. Specifically, the more densely sulfated

the GAGs, the more they can resist all kinds of infection. These

sulfate molecules govern or influence the ability of the cell to

produce its unique set of specialized proteins. It is not something

you want to be operating from a deficit, yet that is the condition of

most autistic children.

Dr. Waring found that 92% of autistic children seem to be wasting

sulfate in the urine; for blood plasma levels are typically low and

urinary levels are high. There is also an abnormal cysteine to

sulfate ratio. Cysteine is the amino acid that should be used to make

sulfate, so it appears that the sulfate is probably being utilized

far faster than the cysteine can be converted, leaving a deficit of

sulfate (sugar wastes it), or the cysteine is not being metabolized

to sulfate. That may cause the cysteine to build up to toxic levels.

Cysteine is formed from the essential amino acid methionine.

Homocysteine, an intermediate between methionine and cysteine, and

cysteine are powerful excitotoxins. In the aged, and in chronic

disease, methionine is not efficiently converted to cysteine, but

builds homocysteine. This can create a deficiency of this vital amino

acid, cysteine, and a lack of sulfate. A deficiency of cysteine, or a

failure to metabolized it to sulfate, will produce multiple chemical

sensitivities and food allergies. Being a major part of the powerful

antioxidants alpha lipoic acid and glutathione, a deficiency of

cysteine, or a failure to metabolize it into these antioxidants,

would greatly affect the liver's ability to detoxify, and would lead

to destruction throughout the body by free radicals This would also

allow buildup of the heavy metals lead, cadmium, mercury, and

aluminum. Supplementation of vitamin B2, B6, B12, folic acid,

magnesium, and TMG may normalize metabolism of methionine into

cysteine, but vitamin C is needed to prevent cysteine (which

contributes its sulfur more readily) from converting to cystine, its

oxidized form.

What could be one source of interference with sulfation? Swimming!

High concentrations of chlorate were detected in samples from a

number of pools; in one case as high as 40 mg/l. Higher chlorate

concentrations were associated with those pools using hypochlorite

solution as a disinfecting agent, while relatively low chlorate

concentrations were found in pools treated with gaseous chlorine.

Chlorate IS the biological substance of choice to block sulfation.

Additionally, chlorate is known to inhibit hematopoiesis [the making

of new blood cells], a problem with many of our kids. Additionally,

hypochlorite reportedly combines with any phenolic compound, even in

very dilute solutions, to form an aromatic compound that can react in

the body. This combining of chemicals can be very toxic to

susceptible individuals. One Mom found that an Epsom salts bath

immediately following eliminated after swimming problems in behavior.

So, if you must swim, do the bath immediately after coming from the

pool. For home pools, one Mother reports, " An ionizer cuts down

chlorine use by 70-80%. Since installing this, we don't see the

reactions anymore. "

The excess-cysteine/low-sulfate condition that Waring observed may be

because of a deficiency of the amino acid histidine that can be run

low by seasonal allergies and the medications taken to treat them.

Metal toxicities, common in these kids, can run it low. Experimental

deficiency of histidine causes an excess of free iron in the blood.

This can adversely affect the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), the

essential nutritional components of the enzyme being histidine and

iron. A deficiency of this amino acid, possibly caused by allergies,

heavy metals poisoning, and medications, not only affects HCl

production (histidine delivers zinc to the cells, and together they

produce HCl), but it will likely cause a toxic build up of the amino

acid cysteine, and a lack of sufficient taurine and sulfate

contributing to the PST problem. High histidine lowers zinc and

copper by chelating them from the body. Supplementing taurine, the

sulfur containing amino-acid that is at the end of the metabolic

chain, has been helpful in meeting this need for taurine; and, being

the immediate precursor, may supply needed sulfates. Taurine is

reported to have an anti-opioid effect (Braverman 1987).

Those with inadequate protein in the diet, or with poor assimilation,

resulting in a deficiency of histidine and other nutrients, form

poorly sulfated GAGS robbing the cells of ability to resist infection

(that describes 100% of these children). Additionally, it produces

dysbiosis (flora imbalance) in the gut. Those with chronic infection

shed and replace GAGs so quickly that inadequate sulfate is available

even with adequate protein intake. Vitamin A deficiency has been

shown to produce an accelerated turnover of GAGs as well as their

undersulfation. When the live viral, measles vaccine is given, it

depletes the children of their existing supply of Vitamin A. The

measles virus hidden in the gut is able to create a chronic vitamin A

deficiency. Natural Vitamin A (cis form) is important for activation

of T and B cells for long-term immune memory to develop, and it is

necessary for optimal Natural Killer Cell function, Cis Vitamin A can

bypass blocked G-protein pathways and turn on central retinoid

receptors. Available zinc controls the amount of vitamin A the liver

will release.

In one study, the urinary GAGs changed to normal when the vitamin A

deficiency was corrected, but if protein starvation caused the

undersulfation of GAGs, the urinary GAGs did not return to normal

with adequate protein intake, but did improve quite a bit. Most

autistic children are vitamin A deficient. Do you or your child have

bumps on shoulders, thighs, elbows, and calves? Supplement with pure

amino acids, Seacure™, Brewer's yeast, or desiccated liver for their

protein, and with Evening Primrose oil (for its GLA), and cod-liver

oil for its EPA, DHA, and vitamins A and D. Seacure™ may help.

It was Dr. Wakefield's work that showed that at the core of

the problem might be an inflammation of the gut caused by a chronic

measles infection. Dr. Wakefield's work is being vindicated by other

researchers. Under oath before Congress on April 6, 2000, Professor

O'Leary told how his state-of-the-art laboratory had identified

the measles virus, something that certainly should not have been

there, in samples taken from the intestines of 24 of the 25 patients.

From Japan: " The sequences obtained from the patients with Crohn's

disease shared the characteristics with wild-strain virus. The

sequences obtained from the patients with ulcerative colitis and

children with autism were consistent with being vaccine strains. The

results were concordant with the exposure history of the patients.

Persistence of measles virus was confirmed in PBMC (blood cells) in

some patients with chronic intestinal inflammation " -Kawashima H, Mori

T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A, Department of

Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan. From Canada: " The

presence of measles virus in the brain tissue was confirmed by

reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide

sequence in the nucleoprotein and fusion gene regions was identical

to that of the Moraten and Schwarz vaccine strains; the fusion gene

differed from known genotype A wild-type viruses " -Bitnun A,

P, Durward A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Graham C, Wang E, Ford- EL,

P, Becker L, Fearon M, Petric M, Tellier R; Department of

Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,

Ontario, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 1999 Oct;29(4):855-61. From

Sweden: " This study provides evidence that measles virus can spread

through axonal pathways in the brain. The findings obtained in the

gene-manipulated mice point out that a compromised immune state of

the host may potentiate targeting of virus to the limbic system

through olfactory projections " -Urbanska EM; Chambers BJ; Ljunggren

HG; Norrby E; sson K, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska

Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

The gut sheds sulfated glucosaminoglycans during inflammation which

could account for the low levels there and the high levels in urine.

This leads to a " Leaky Gut " condition, and to the excess opioid

problem. Not only do macrophages (scavenging white blood cells) eat

GAGs and release inorganic sulfate, there is a transporter the

intestines use to absorb sulfate from the diet, called the DRA

transporter. Its levels will decrease five-to-seven fold when the gut

is inflamed. That would make it extremely difficult to absorb

adequate sulfate from food or from oral supplements. The problem is a

nutritional one, but it is not one easily solved by oral

supplementation of a missing substance. The gut must be healed.

Since sulfur intake is low, and its oxidation is slow in many

autistic children, sulfate is low, and PST activity is slower than it

would be otherwise. It would seem that this sub optimality of

sulphotransferase activity is a function of low plasma sulfate levels

rather than of deficits in the actual enzyme. Cellular level

enzymatic effects of mercury's binding with proteins include blockage

of sulfur oxidation processes and of the neurotransmitter amino

acids. These have been found to be significant factors in many

autistics. Thus, mercury, and any foodstuff that requires or uses up

sulfate ions during its metabolism, will make the situation worse.

These foodstuffs include foods that supply neurotransmitters, like

bananas (serotonin), chocolate (phenylethylamine), and cheese

(tyramine), apple juice (and one mother reports her child drank a

quart a day!), citrus fruit juices, and paracetamol (Tylenol™). For

instance, one or two minutes after a dose of Tylenol™, the entire

supply of sulfate in the liver is gone!

In fact, any chemicals with a high proportion of phenolic groupings

will have this effect, and will enhance the problems referred to

above. Many coloring materials, whether of natural or synthetic

origin, possess phenolic groupings. Phenol, an organic compound, has

other names such as hydroxybenzene. If the PST enzyme is deficient or

sulfoxidation is lacking in some 70% to 80% of autistic kids as some

say, it behooves mothers to seriously heed the information in this

section, and to carefully guard their children from certain obvious

sources of trouble.

It is interesting to note Dr. Waring's statement that those with the

PST/low sulfation problem have central nervous system problems from

the toxic amines. For example migraine sufferers usually have low PST

activity, and are readily affected by dietary " triggers " , especially

those with amines. Compounds such as flavonoids (red wine and citrus

fruits), aged cheese, beers, chocolate, and strong odors inhibit PST

leading to headache in the less resistant. Apple juice, citrus

fruits, chocolate, and paracetamol (Tylenol™) were precisely those

that were known to precipitate migraine attacks in susceptible

individuals. It should be noted that many multivitamin supplements,

grapeseed extract, Pycnogenol™, Quercetin, and other antioxidants

contain high amounts of flavonoids. Quercetin is found in 78% of the

foods. It is useful in hay fever (suppress the histamine release),

some forms of cardiovascular disease, and it chelates metals to

prevent oxidation. It decreases vascular fragility, but stimulates

adrenaline release (decreasing thymus weight), reduces general

metabolism (reduces temperature and oxygen consumption), suppresses

thyroid activity, inhibits p450 (Phase I) liver enzyme activity, and

it is linked with male impotence. From this list of negatives, one

can see it should not be used in quantity for long term.

Modifications of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and DA metabolites

[homovanillic acid (HVA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)] were

assessed at urinary levels. Responders and nonresponders showed a

significant decrease of urinary 5-HT levels on fenfluramine (appetite

suppressant related to amphetamine). The main differences between the

two groups of subjects were found with HVA, the major metabolite of

dopamine. Fenfluramine (an amphetamine) significantly increased HVA

levels in responders whereas no significant modification was found in

nonresponders. Moreover, the initial level of HVA (lower in

responders) significantly differentiated the two groups. These

results suggest that the clinical response to fenfluramine could be

related to the dopaminergic action of this drug and that urinary DA

metabolite levels could be considered as indicators of the

responsiveness to fenfluramine treatment in children with autistic

behavior-Barthelemy C; Bruneau N; Jouve J; eau J; Muh JP;

Lelord G Source: J Autism Dev Disord, 1989 Jun, 19:2, 241-54. Drugs

such as Ritalin™ and ADDerol™ affect dopamine activity, and thus

stimulate the part of the brain that monitors the arousal system,

resulting in better regulation. There are safer ways to build

dopamine than psychostimulants, amphetamines and alcohol. In France,

scientists found administration of NADH (ENADA™) caused more than a

40% increase in production of dopamine and norepinephrine, which are

vital for strength, coordination, movement, cognitive function, mood,

and sex drive (Birkmayer 1996). The amino acid tyrosine builds

dopamine and norepinephrine also.

" ... dopamine sulphotransferase (ST) activity was inhibited strongly

by (+/-)-catechin, (+)-catechin, octyl gallate, tartrazine (yellow

#5), and vanillin (synthetic vanilla). Sulphation of the xenobiotic

steroid (foreign to the body) 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) was

inhibited by vanillin, erythrosin B, and octyl gallate [antioxidant

used in margarine]....Vanillin was found to inhibit 50% of liver EE2

ST activity ... " -Common Food Additives are Potent Inhibitors of Human

liver 17 Alpha-ethinyloestradiol and Dopamine Sulphotransferases.-

Bamforth KJ, AL, RC, Coughtrie MW, Biochem Pharmacol

1993 Nov 17;46(10):1713-20.

There are a number of consequences attributable to PST/sulfate

deficiency including effects upon the impaired breakdown and

metabolism of classical neurotransmitters such as serotonin and

dopamine; impaired breakdown and metabolism of the bile pigments

bilirubin and biliverdin; impaired action of the hormone CCK on CCKA

receptors which would result in decreased secretion of pancreatic

enzymes and of bile from the gall bladder and biliary tract into the

intestines. This would result in low uptake of certain vitamins and

other nutrients from the intestines; reduced activity of gastrin (and

subsequent reduced secretion of stomach acid, mucus, and pepsin in

the stomach), and, probably, reduced production of secretin farther

downstream. Secretin (esp. at high concentrations) inhibits the

histamine releasing action of gastrin and pentagastrin reducing HCl

as the stomach empties.

Because there is a lack of serotonin available to the brain, which

causes many of the most distressing symptoms of autism, it seems

reasonable to build the available serotonin by providing its

precursor 5-HTP. The use of 25-50 mg three or four times a day

(unless it causes a drowsiness that interferes with school) should be

most beneficial. If drowsiness interferes with school, reduce the

amount and/or give it later in the day. Giving 100 mg one to four

hours before bedtime has safely improved the sleep of many.

Nevertheless, a PST child may not tolerate it. If hyperactivity or

sleeplessness is observed, please discontinue.

Those with these PST deficits cannot readily excrete the phenols,

amines, and other listed toxic substances. These substances are

strongly acidic, and they exert toxic effects in the brain, where

normally certain enzymes prevent their accumulation. They build up to

abnormal levels and interfere with the neurotransmitters serotonin,

dopamine, and noradrenaline among other things. Symptoms of

PST/sulfate deficiency are excessive thirst, normal urination, night

sweats, odorous bed clothes, black eye shadows, facial flushing, and

red ears. These vary with the degree or level of toxic buildup.

Certain foods may cause fevers, and some, especially those taking

Paracetamol™ (Tylenol™), may go up to 24 hours without urination.

A phenolic compound may cause a variety of different symptoms in

various individuals. There is evidence of immune suppression on

exposure to testing doses of phenolics. There may be a drop in T-

suppressor cells or total T-cell numbers. An overabundance of B-cells

was interpreted as a reflection of toxic image to the immune system.

An increase in helper cells, antibody formation, and elevation of

some immunoglobulins was also noted. Other findings on phenolic

exposure have been depressed serotonin, elevated histamine and

prostaglandins, abnormal complement and immune complex formation.

These compounds can contribute to the toxic overload in PST, or they

can precipitate an allergic reaction.

Neurologic symptoms: In severe phenol poisoning, initial signs and

symptoms may include nausea, diaphoresis (heavy perspiration),

headache, dizziness, and tinnitus (ringing ears). Seizures, coma,

respiratory depression, and death may ensue quickly. Coma and

seizures usually occur within minutes to a few hours after exposure

or after a delay of up to 18 hours. Phenol also may cause

demyelination and axonal damage of peripheral nerves. Typically,

transitory central nervous system (CNS) excitation occurs, then

profound CNS depression ensues rapidly. Metabolic acidosis and acute

renal failure may complicate the condition. Vomiting and diarrhea are

common effects of phenol toxicity by any route. Peristalsis is

increased in the intestine and distribution of blood is altered by

these phenolics because of sensitizing smooth muscles to epinephrine,

norepinephrine, and other physiological stimulants.

Nutritional deficiencies will affect the body's ability to detoxify

foreign chemicals. For example, magnesium is important in over 300

enzyme systems that relate to Phase and Phase II detoxification;

however, the average American diet is low in magnesium. The Phase I

enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are zinc

dependent, and NAD, the coenzyme form of niacin, activates these two

enzymes that break down alcohol and acetylaldehyde (AH). Magnesium

and NAD are both dependent on adequate supplies of vitamin B6, in the

form P5P. Aldehyde oxidase requires molybdenum. A deficiency of P5P,

NAD, zinc, magnesium, molybdenum, or the amino acid histidine could

significantly impair the ability to detoxify those chemicals,

especially the toxins of candida (acetylaldehyde).

By supplementing molybdenum and histidine (needed in the molybdenum-

histidine containing enzymes, sulfite oxidase and cysteine

dioxygenase, that oxidize sulfur), along with iron, and the B-complex

(preferably in coenzyme form), glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate

(stimulates synthesis of the GAGs we studied about above, and is

mildly anti-inflammatory without inhibiting the synthesis of

Prostaglandins, and more effective when taken together), minerals in

sulfate form, such as iron sulfate, and Epsom salts (magnesium

sulfate-taken orally it is a good laxative for those that need it),

one may supply both the minerals and the sulfate needed to detoxify

phenols and other metabolites. When glucosamine gives up its sulfate,

it supplies glutamine. Chondroitin is comprised of N-acetyl-D-

galactosamine and D-glucuronate. Collagen Type II™ may be even better

for it supplies at least 50 other types of sulfate such as heparan,

keratan, and dermatan sulfate. Curiously, bread is sulfate rich. This

program will increase the number and enhance the efficiency of the

available PST enzymes in doing their job.

Buy a quality brand (one using Good Manufacturing Practices) of

glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate that uses low molecular weight

ingredients the use of which will supply adequate GAGs to enable the

cells to resist infection. There are 4 different methods of

manufacturing glucosamine capsules. According to sources at Jarrow

Formulas, both glucosamine hydrochloride and N-Acetyl-glucosamine

have been stripped of the " sulfate " component in the manufacturing

process. Neither of these forms are expected to have any anti-viral

effect against lipid envelope viruses like HIV, EBV, CMV and HHV-6,

and of course, they would not supply needed sulfate for PST.

Published scientific research indicates that only the sulfated

polysaccharides and one sulfated monosaccharide (glucosamine sulfate)

have a powerful effect against lipid envelope viruses. If the

word " hydrochloride " or " N-Acetyl " appears anywhere on the label, do

not buy it unless you are planning to use it exclusively for

arthritis or rheumatism. Remember to choose capsules instead of

tablets.

In addition, take an Epsom salts bath (two cups or more in a tub of

hot water). It may be best not to use soap as there may be chemical

reactions that could be adverse. Soak it up through the skin for 20

minutes, and don't rinse off-and don't worry if the child drinks some

of the water. This bath has been shown to increase sulfur content of

the blood up to four times. Sleep is improved immediately, as the

child is relieved of pain and calmed.

I should mention that there is a small chance of magnesium toxicity.

Decreasing kidney function, common in the elderly, may prevent

magnesium from being excreted normally leading to a toxic condition.

Initially, symptoms include: drowsiness, lethargy and weakness. At

higher levels, nausea, vomiting, and serious arrhythmia (irregular

heart beat) may occur. If this be the cause of these symptoms, they

will disappear quickly once the use of magnesium bearing products is

discontinued. -Dr. M. Ratzan, University of Connecticut

Health Center. This could only occur with very poor kidney function

for the toxic level is approximately 6000 mg daily. If there has been

any indication that the child's kidneys are not functioning fully

(possibly high creatinine levels), check with your doctor before

using magnesium (or potassium), and have him monitor

magnesium/potassium levels. Strive for high normal levels. Adequate

potassium stimulates the kidneys to excrete poisonous body wastes

(usually toxic protein acids from inadequate protein digestion).

Be sure to filter chlorine, fluoride, and other poisons from the

water you drink and bath in. Chlorine in bath water is breathed and

absorbed, especially from hot water. This is important as chlorine is

a deadly poison. It can produce fatigue and tiredness after the bath.

Industrial chemist, J.P. Bercz, Ph.D., showed in 1992 that

chlorinated water alters and destroys unsaturated essential fatty

acids (EFAs), the building blocks of people's brains and central

nervous systems. The compound hypochlorite, created when chlorine

mixes with water, generates excess free radicals; these oxidize EFAs,

turning them rancid. Both chlorine and fluoride inhibit the stomach's

ability to produce HCl, and impair the ability of beneficial flora to

grow in the gut. Do not buy a filter that uses silver as a

bactericide. It is known to leak into the water and elevate levels in

the blood dangerously.

While taking a warm shower or lounging in a hot tub filled with

chlorinated water one inhales chloroform. Even worse, warm water

opens the pores, causing the skin to act like a sponge. One will

absorb and inhale more chlorine in a 10-minute shower than by

drinking eight glasses of the same water. This irritates the eyes,

the sinuses, throat, skin and lungs, makes the hair and scalp dry,

worsening dandruff. It can weaken immunity. A window from the shower

room open to the outdoors removes chloroform from the shower room

air, but to prevent absorption of chlorine through the skin, a shower-

head that removes chlorine from shower water is a must. The

ShowerWise™ filter and shower head can be ordered for $69, plus two

filters $129. They last about one year. An extension hose can be used

to fill the tub with filtered water.

For those times when the bath is not convenient (camping), or when

one wants to increase the amount of magnesium, but bowels are

sensitive to it, one can have the benefits of the bath with a cream.

, for whom it was developed, prefers the cream. Rub 1/2 teaspoon

of the cream on the tender parts to obtain 250 mg magnesium. The

cream is especially formulated by Key Pharmacy, 1-800-878-1322 or 1-

416-633-2244, FAX: 1-416-633-3400. Ask for the Epsom Salts Cream. A 4

oz. jar for $29.89, plus shipping, has approximately 48 servings. All

ingredients seem safe for our children, for it contains fatty acids,

a form of lecithin, and magnesium sulfate. The use of the cream

should avoid the following possibility.

One researcher makes this observation, " I have no doubt that sulfate

is a substrate to feed (some strains of) candida. It probably takes

some energy from the SO4 form and excretes it as H2S, and robs the

energy it may be able to get from reducing the sulfur, excreting

toxic H2S. " H2S is very foul smelling, so if an increased foul-

smelling gas is created in following these recommendations, you will

need to deal with the yeast overgrowth.

Sulfate is the most oxidized form of sulfur. It doesn't need to be

oxidized any more, so supplementing or bathing in sulfate supplies

what is lacking because of the body's inability to oxidize the sulfur

in foods. Oral sulfate will be poorly absorbed; so, supplement a gram

or more of sulfate each day. Some will get through. Supplementing

papain enhances absorption of sulfates. SAMe (SAM) is said to improve

sulfoxidation, in fact, it is necessary to the manufacture of all

sulfur-containing compounds in the body. Dr. Jeff Bradstreet, MD,

father of an autistic child, has this to offer: " If the child has an

unusual odor at night or their bedclothes do, or if they sweat while

asleep (PST defect), use methylsulfanylmethane (MSM), 1500 to 3000

mgs per day. In the study, 83% of autistic children were PST

abnormal, and MSM should help this. It did in our son's situation. "

MSM works with copper in many functions, and may get depleted with

copper supplementation or when high copper levels are present.

Additionally, our soils are depleted of sulfur, and such sulfonyl as

there is in foods is lost in cooking. MSM is a white, crystalline

powder that is odorless and somewhat bitter tasting. It mixes in

water more easily than sugar, and just barely affects the taste. In

juice or other beverages, it is undetectable. MSM is effective in

ameliorating gastrointestinal upsets such as that produced by the

ingestion of aspirin and other pharmaceuticals, or that from

parasitic infections. Individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms such

as diarrhea, chronic constipation, nausea, hyperacidity and/or

epigastric pain (having been reported more effective than Tagamet™),

or inflammation of mucous membranes also will experience dramatic

relief. Individuals presenting symptoms of pain and inflammation

associated with various musculoskeletal system disorders, including

arthritis, report substantial and long-lasting relief. Those lacking

in sulfite oxidase cannot metabolize MSM, or the sulfite used in

Chinese foods or on some green salads, to sulfate, and may get

headache, dizziness, fatigue, wheezing, leg pain, and other symptoms.

MSM also seems to cause hair loss when there is heavy metals

poisoning, particularly mercury. This may be overcome by

supplementing molybdenum and vitamin B6, and this will enable more

efficient metabolism in this pathway relieving the sensitivity to

sulfur-bearing foods, and producing needed sulfates. Many cannot

tolerate more than 500 mg MSM, yet show very positive benefits from

even this amount. So, start low and increase dosage as you can

tolerate it. Always supplement molybdenum when taking MSM. Two

hundred to 300 mcg a day may be enough, but moly absorbs poorly, and

adults may require 1000 mcg twice daily for three or four months or

longer to overcome this aversion to sulfur-bearing foods.

One should note that mercury binds to the -SH (sulphydryl) groups,

resulting in inactivation of sulfur and blocking of enzyme function,

producing toxicity. Sulfur is essential in enzymes, hormones, nerve

tissue, and red blood cells. Mercury also blocks the metabolic action

of manganese and the entry of calcium ions into cytoplasm. Mercury

thus has the potential to disturb all metabolic processes. Under

these conditions MSM should be most helpful.

DMSO is being used as the solvent in transdermal secretin. This is

essentially the same as MSM. At least one Mom is reported to have

found good results with DMSO alone. When she added secretin further

gains were noted, but when she ran out of secretin, the gains

continued with DMSO alone! DMSO has long had a reputation as a

panacea for about everything that ails you. A case in point, applying

it to the abdomen has alleviated all symptoms of colitis and

Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Both it and MSM work wonders for arthritis.

To avoid skin dryness, dilute it 15% with distilled water.

If the child can metabolize organic sulfur (like MSM/DMSO) all the

way to sulfate, then MSM is a good way of increasing sulfate.

However, if the enzyme sulfite oxidase is not working well, then MSM

is a bad idea. Sulfite oxidase requires molybdenum as a cofactor, and

since mercury depletes selenium; and mercury, MSM, oral sulfate, and

copper tends to deplete molybdenum, selenium and molybdenum must be

supplemented. Conversely, tungsten inhibits the action of molybdenum

and thus of the molybdenum-based enzymes sulfite oxidase, xanthine

oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. This would likely cause an excess of

molybdenum to accumulate. Thus, both excess mercury and excess

tungsten would create a shortage of the listed enzymes.

A coenzyme, vitamin B-complex supplement of moderate potency should

be supplemented. One mother in supplementing molybdenum reports that

her daughter, who was doing quite well, regressed into severe,

autistic symptoms for three days, including 18 hours of screaming-

possibly due to detoxifying. Her doctor urged her to cease, but she

stayed the course, and today her daughter is far and away better!

This is serious stuff.

Incidentally, a gross deficiency of molybdenum manifests as

tachycardia, headache, mental disturbances, and coma. An excess

intake of 10-15 mg daily (for adults) can cause a gout like syndrome

because of an elevated production of uric acid. Dosage range should

not exceed 1 mg per day (adult), bearing in mind that more than 0.5

mg causes a loss of copper. Very little molybdenum is needed, but it

is an important element in several important metalloenzymes (xanthine

oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase) that participate in

crucial liver detoxification pathways.

Until the body regains its ability to oxidize sulfur, it may be

desirable to limit high sulfur containing foods (cruciferous

vegetables, broccoli, onions, garlic, turnips, eggs, red meat,

turkey, dairy products); and supplements like alpha lipoic acid,

glutathione, L-cysteine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC can be better

tolerated when used with its team mates, the amino acids glycine and

glutamine in ratio 2:1:1, and the B-complex vitamins. It should be

tried for the glutathione it produces is so vital). Those who have a

problem with these foods likely have an impaired sulfur oxidation (a

cysteine oxidation) problem, and should be alert to cysteine

toxicity. Even those who do not oxidize cysteine well can usually

tolerate NAC at 500 mg daily (adult dose) without contributing to

cysteine toxicity. Supplying any of these sulfur foods may be a

problem to some of these kids who do not oxidize sulfur well. One

indicator may be fatigue after eating these. Unless a problem is

observed, however, these foods should not be restricted unnecessarily

for that will cause a reduction of the vital antioxidant glutathione,

and interfere with the conversion of T4 thyroid hormone into T3.

Blueberry extract, grape seed extract, pine tree bark, Resveratrol,

green tea, and other things have phenols, salicylates, and other

stuff that are normally detoxified by PST.

Some recent studies indicate that salicylate has an effect on PST, an

enzyme needed by the brain and the gut to metabolize high-phenolic

compounds like the artificial colors and flavors. Salicylate

suppresses PST enzymes up to 50%. Phase II has been shown to be low

for people with ADHD or autism. Excess boron interferes with the

metabolism (breakdown and excretion) of phenols. Ritalin, used in the

treatment of ADHD, inhibits the metabolism of coumarins (phenols).

Supplementing boron reduces calcium losses by 30%, but excess boron

increases copper in the body. High copper levels reduce the vitamin

B1, and this reduces oxygen supply to the brain. Excess boron reduces

the vitamin B6 levels in the body also. Boron is found in apples,

pears, grapes, nuts, leafy green vegetables, and legumes. Supplying

these substances, especially apples, pears, and grapes, or their

juices in large amounts to PST deficient children, will cause a build

up of phenols, amines, salicylates, and other toxic substances

normally cleared by PST.

In fact, any chemicals with a high proportion of phenolic groupings

will have this effect, and will enhance the problems referred to

above. Methyl Salicylate: (Salicylic Acid, Wintergreen Oil) is one

such. This phenolic is toxic in moderate concentrations. It is used

in birch beer, chewing gum (in high concentrations), grape, mint,

root beer, sarsaparilla, spice, walnut and wintergreen flavor in

baked goods, beverages, candy, ice cream, ices, syrups, mint-scented

cleaning products, and in perfumery. Symptoms of methyl salicylate

poisoning are acidosis, pulmonary edema and vomiting. This compound

has lethal drug interactions with many substances including

anticoagulants, tricyclic antidepressants, indocin, and methotrexate.

Gallic Acid is another. Gallic Acid is found in food coloring agents

and is, unquestionably, the most important of all phenolics.

Neutralization of gallic acid is the basis of the Feingold Diet,

which eliminates salicylates.

Beef patties containing 30% fat and grilled over mesquite wood had 24

aromatics at a total concentration of 549 g/kg of meat while the same

beef cooked over hardwood (hickory) charcoal had 16 aromatics

representing 68 g/kg. A heavy smoke flavor would produce a higher

concentration of phenols than light smoke. Hamburgers barbecued with

lots of smoke (especially in a covered grill) may be a potential

phenol problem as well as smoked bacon. Smoked bacon cured with

nitrates is even more toxic than phenols by themselves.

Additionally, fruit sugars will feed the candida causing an explosive

overgrowth with increased acetylaldehyde toxins. Candida also

produces arabinose and tartaric acid. Dr. Wm. Shaw of The Great

Plains Laboratory, Inc. thinks that high concentrations of arabinose

may inhibit the liver's production of glucose, causing hypoglycemia

and impairing neurological function. Cheney described two boys

diagnosed as autistic. Their urine test showed high levels of

arabinose and tartaric acid. Tartaric acid looks like malic acid, and

poisons cells by interfering with the Krebs Cycle. Both boys had been

on repeated antibiotics for recurring ear infections, and had not

been autistic until recently. They were about six years old. In these

unusual cases, when the boys were treated with Nystatin™, they both

recovered, and were no longer autistic!

Many coloring materials (porphyrin), whether of natural or synthetic

origin, possess phenolic groupings. For this reason, some

practitioners recommend the removal of all pigmented foods from the

diet (Sara's Diet). This may not be necessary due to the nature of

enzyme activity (the greater the need, the faster it works), but you

must at least eliminate juices (or limit to a little pear juice), and

eliminate all artificial colors and flavors. Avoid " deodorant " soaps

and deodorants containing " triclosan, " a chlorophenol. It should be

noted that problems relating to inhibition of cytochrome p450 liver

enzymes (Phase I liver detoxing) are involved with porphyrin in the

foods and supplements named in the above paragraphs. Additionally,

potatoes, tomatoes, and egg plant contain glycoalkaloids, that, even

in small amounts, can greatly slow the metabolism of anesthetic

agents and muscle relaxants, requiring up to 10 times longer to

recover from an anesthetic.

DPT immunization in inbred mice has been shown to result in decreased

synthesis of cytochrome p450, and of phosphosulfotransferase, and of

the messenger RNA necessary for their production. A decrease in

production of the liver enzymes phosphosulfotransferase and the

cytochrome p450 family of enzymes causes failure to break down food

proteins (including gluten and casein) into amino acids. The

resulting intermediates, called peptides, can cross into the blood.

Anything that further inhibits these cytochrome p450 liver enzymes

would compound the problem of toxicity, and further contribute to the

opioid problem. " Treatment of the latter (candida) with conventional

synthetic antifungal agents often causes impairment of liver

detoxification functions, and a decrease in the synthesis of

phosphosulfotransferase, an enzyme necessary to cleave food proteins,

e.g. casein, into smaller easily absorbable peptides. " -Dr. Hugh

Fudenberg, MD. Many drugs and opiates interfere with the immune

system. Opiates increase apoptosis (cell suicide) of T-lymphocytes

from the norm of 5% to 30%. Additionally, multiple chemical

sensitivities and liver pain would likely result.

Metallothioneins (MT) are small (short) cysteine-rich proteins that

do more than just help cells detoxify, scavenge free radicals, and

regulate metals. They are involved in cell growth and cell

specialization (differentiation) and homeostasis. Growth factors such

as epidermal growth factor (EGF) cause rat liver cells to grow and

secrete MT. Zinc also stimulated MT and EGF+ zinc made the effect

additive (the EGF effect plus the zinc effect). It is believed that

lots of growth factors that influence liver regeneration play a major

role in regulating MT synthesis and secretion.

Walsh, senior scientist, Health Research Institute and

Pfeiffer Treatment Center of Naperville, Ill., in his study of 503

children with PDD, Asperger's, and autism, found all but four were

missing MT, which the body needs to bind with toxic metals-like

mercury-so it can be excreted before it damages the brain and gut.

Walsh believes a child who lacks MT may develop any of these

developmental conditions if he gets mercury in his system. This may

explain why some children become autistic after receiving a mercury-

enhanced vaccine. It also explains why autism hits before the age of

3. After that, the brain and the gut have matured enough to withstand

further doses of mercury, although the child may develop ADD and

lesser developmental problems.

Glutathione (along with L-histidine and zinc) is a key resource for

the formation of metallothionein (MT). This molecule prevents

cellular toxicity by creating a stable storage molecule for excesses

of both essential minerals such as copper and zinc, and toxic metals

such as mercury and cadmium. In 1995, Sato et al. reported that

inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase induces decreased expression

of MT. Walsh recently reported that 91% of autistic patients had a

deficiency of metallothionein, and suggested this deficiency is

likely to be genetic, and may be a primary susceptibility factor for

neurotoxicity from heavy metals including vaccinal thimerosal. The

cumulative effects of ingesting mercury can cause brain damage.

Thimerosal, a mercury compound, is used as a preservative in

hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis and acellular pertussis, tetanus

and HIB vaccines. Most infants have received a total of 15 doses of

these mercury-containing vaccines by age six months! Studies document

thimerosal as both an allergen and a toxin to sodium channels.

Another interesting connection: Some cysteine is broken down into

taurine and sulfates unless the essential enzyme cysteine dioxygenase

is lacking. In some cases, the sulfur-oxidation of cysteine is

defective. About 30% of the population are slow sulfur-oxidizers and

2% are " nul " S-oxidizers, but in a small study of autistics, 45.8%

were " null " oxidizers! It appears that, in a high percentage of

autistics, oxidation of cysteine is impaired. Slow S-oxidation

appears to be inherited, and has been associated with a number of

disease states, especially rheumatoid arthritis and allergy that are

five times more common in the families of autistic children. One

study of severe food and chemical allergies found 94% had low S-

oxidation capacity and reduced plasma sulfate. It appears, then, that

the PST-troubled kid has numerous allergies, a light-colored stool, a

failure to digest fat from a lack of taurine-formed bile, and is

phenol toxic for want of sulfates. This condition might be indicated

by an elevated copper and mercury reading indicating not enough bile

is being made by the liver. This can sometimes be improved by taking

taurine, and glycine, and the overall condition can be improved by

supplementing sulfates. This seems to be added reason to supplement L-

histidine and molybdenum. The liver should be supported as indicated

elsewhere in this paper. Clinical studies showing that autistic

children with significant allergy problems have elevated

cysteine/sulfate ratios in their blood, and there are other

indications of disordered sulfur amino-acid chemistry.

High plasma cysteine/sulfate ratio indicates a problem of the body

either consuming or wasting sulfate too fast, or not properly forming

sulfate in the enzyme cascade. Cysteine itself is usually in normal

or elevated range, and the problems are concerning the sulfate.

Sulfite oxidase is the enzyme at the end of the metabolic chain from

methionine > cysteine > taurine > sulfate, and is a histidine-

molybdenum enzyme. Supplementing sulfate would surely be a benefit

for the problems directly related to not having enough sulfate for

completing detox and sulfating GAGs. However, some health problems

may be caused by the intermediate products of the impaired sulfur-

oxidation, and not just the lack of sulfate. High plasma or tissue

cysteine, that is, cysteine that is above the normal range,

irrespective of the sulfate levels, is actually quite a different

problem, indicating a failure of the first enzyme step in

metabolizing cysteine. This enzyme, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), is an

iron-histidine enzyme.

People with high cysteine levels will report discomfort and illness

as a direct result of eating methionine/cysteine rich meats and

plants such as garlic and broccoli. Don't take the glutathione

precursors that contribute directly to the cysteine pool. Both L-

cysteine and whole glutathione do this. It's of interest to note that

cysteine is commonly incorporated into pharmacological preparations

as a stabilizer for peptides such as secretin. Standard chemical

calculations show that a rapid infusion of 1.0 mg cysteine HCl, as

contained in a vial of porcine secretin, will produce a significant

increase in the plasma concentration of cysteine. Since secretin is

not currently given in a weight dependent manner, the lower the

weight of an individual, the greater the increase in cysteine's

plasma concentration. The increase in the cysteine level from one

vial of secretin is negligible in adults, but almost doubles the

plasma concentration in a 30 pound child. This could have very

definite toxic effects for some with a sulfoxidation problem (PST

kids).

Cysteine possesses excitatory neurotransmitter properties, acting

centrally and peripherally at NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) type

glutamate receptors (Parsons et al., 1997). This effect in the CNS

may be responsible for hyperactivity reported by some parents soon

after a child receives secretin. In the presence of bicarbonate ions

in the GI tract (such as the bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

induced by secretin), cysteine becomes a potent excitotoxin (

et al., 1991) which could account for anecdotal reports of loose

stools or diarrhea a few days after a secretin infusion. NAC does not

contribute directly to cysteine toxicity unless you take massive

amounts of it. Around 500 mg/day (adult) you stand to benefit without

significantly increasing risk of cysteine toxicity. The common thread

in all of these failing enzymes is the need for adequate L-histidine.

L-histidine is used by the body in many metal/mineral bearing

enzymes, storage molecules, transport and excretion molecules. People

having metal/mineral enzyme problems, or metal/mineral disregulations

should be looking at supplementing this amino acid in addition to

adjusting their source of minerals such as molybdenum, copper, iron,

zinc, and manganese. In fact, histidine is such a powerful chelator

of heavy metals and minerals that it should probably be used only

under medical supervision lest a deficiency of necessary minerals be

created.

Following the Feingold diet plan will benefit these kids by exclusion

of foods known to include phenols. Salicylates, dyes, sodium

benzoate, BHA, BHT, FD & C yellow dye #5 (tartrazine), vanillin,

eugenol are all phenolic compounds. For a small membership fee, The

Feingold Association will provide a listing of foods to avoid, as

well as a continually updated list of safe foods. Their address is:

Feingold Association of the United States, PO Box 6550, andria,

VA 22306, 1-800-321-3287.

Short of avoiding all these otherwise good foods containing phenols

and malonic acid, what can a PST child do to counter these

undesirable happenings? Take a teaspoon of apple cider vinegar

several times a day as recommended elsewhere in this paper. Two

mothers report that Cranberry juice has reduced or eliminated these

effects, probably by reducing the yeast overgrowth. One should use

Schizandra Chinensis, a very important liver herb. It protects the

liver function and tissue from toxic damage, and has demonstrated a

clinically significant influence on the detoxification process.

Schizandra extract enhances liver glutathione status, and increases

Phase I and Phase II liver enzyme activity. It has no toxic activity.

Glutathione is a substrate for Phase II activity, and particularly

for glutathione-S-transferase (GST), a Phase II enzyme that adds a

glutathione group to Phase I products.

Ambrotose®, Phyt•Aloe®, Dandelion, Ligustrum lucidum, Bovine

colostrum, Shark liver oil, excipients of powdered rice bran,

Schizandra, Green Tea, vitamins A, C, E, undenatured whey, and wheat

grass all produce glutathione effectively without any adverse

toxicity or without messing with the Phase I or Phase II enzyme

activity. A number of foods stimulate the body to produce more of the

Phase II enzymes. These foods have been shown to improve liver

detoxification, and to decrease the risk of developing cancer. They

include members of the cabbage family (crucifers), which includes not

only cabbage but broccoli, cauliflower, bok choy, Brussels sprouts,

green onions, garlic, and kale (all but one are in Phyt•Aloe®). These

vegetables contain compounds called aryl isothiocyanates which

directly stimulate the activity of an enzyme, glutathione S-

transferase, an important component of the Phase II system.

Unfortunately, these same vegetables contain high levels of phenols

which is the toxin not being excreted adequately in PST kids. They

also supply high sulfur that some cannot tolerate, and of course,

some are allergic to them.

Some have found Essaic™ tea helpful in this condition. Dr. Hugh

Fudenberg uses it with his immune-compromised patients, and states

that it heals the endothelial cells of the GI tract and the liver. It

is a proprietary formula of Burdock Root (arctium lappa), Slippery

Elm (ulmas vulva), Sheep Sorrel (rumex acetosella), and Indian

Rhubarb (rheuma palmatum). It probably should be used intermittently

for Burdock is toxic to the liver and peripheral blood mononuclear

cells (PBMC). Sheep Sorrel enhances cytochrome p450 (Phase I) liver

enzymes which will deplete fatty acids, steroids, estrogen,

Prostaglandins, retinoic acid (vitamin A), glycine, and body alcohols

faster, and make many drugs less effective. At least be aware, and if

you use it, supplement fatty acids (Evening Primrose and cod-liver

oil if your child can tolerate them) and glycine, and have the doctor

watch the liver and PBMC functions carefully. For limited periods,

use of herbs that enhance Phase I liver enzyme action would seem

beneficial to those without the PST/sulfoxidation problem. It can be

dangerous for PST kids because the more toxic metabolites of Phase I

action cannot be cleared effectively by PST (Phase II deficient)

types.

Nevertheless, enhancement of Phase I could enhance breakdown of

protein to amino acids, and limit the peptides that upon entering the

blood stream produce opioids. Some nontoxic herbs that do that are

Milk Thistle, Bistort, Ginger, Royal Jelly, and the aforementioned

sheep sorrel. Dandelion is nontoxic, a good chelator and detoxifier,

and has no effect on the Phase I function, thus it may be the best

choice for strengthening the liver function. I strongly advise that

you get the small book " The Liver Cleansing Diet, Love Your Liver and

Live Longer " by Cabot, MD, and follow this liver friendly

guide to eating. Half the small book consists of recipes. It can make

a world of difference when the liver functions as it should-otherwise

nothing else really works.

Three things that build the liver, even reversing hepatitis, are

Alpha Lipoic acid, Milk Thistle (for short time use), and selenium.