Chlorella

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Hi, I did a whole lotta research into chlorella a while back. Here it is, of

course the sulfur issue is not a goodie on this forum:

Hi all, I have been doing a lot of reading about chlorella and its good

stuff, although there is limited research I could access to substantiate

claims of its metal binding capacity within the human body- in fact only one

study I found that had a title to suggest it and I couldn't find any info

other than the title. Other studies show it only in vats where the research

was mainly conducted on C. vulgaris. I would love to be informed of a study

that details its effectiveness for binding to metals in the human body that

is accessible to the public, if anyone knows of one. Sun chlorella

distributors were unable to provide any details. Any species, there are a

few.C. ellipsoidea and C. regularis are others I saw, are a great

nutritional supplement, being high in all sorts of goodies including Vit K,

sulfur and amino acids and acting as a prebiotic. There doesn't appear to be

any difference backed by science between the two main species cultivated for

supplements, C vulagaris and C. pyrenoidosa, other than company claims. Most

practitioners I spoke with stated that its usefulness as a chelator was

limited, especially on its own and I was warned not to believe the hype of

some companies' claims; one practioner claimed that it was the chlorophyll

content that had the detoxing properties and that they recommended

chlorophyll products over chlorella for this purpose and no longer stocked

it because of this fact.

http://www.appliedhealth.com/nutri/page8269.php

Heres some papers, most of which I had no access to.

Yamagishi, Y., Hasuda S. Y., Mito, V. Experience in taking Chlorella for

healing the less curable wound, In: Huang, C.J.: Application of Chlorella on

Medicine an d Food. Technical Bulletin, March 1970. Taiwan Chlorella

Manufacture Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan.

Honek, L, et al.: The use of a fresh water weed Chlorella vulgaris for the

treatment of the cervix after Cryosurgical intervention. Cesk. Gynekol.

43(4):271-3, May 1978.

Hagino et al.; Effect of Chlorella on fecal and urinary cadmium excretion in

" Itai-Itai " Jpn. J. Hyg. 30(1), 77, April 1975.

Northcote, D.H., K.J. Goulding and R.W. Horne.: The Chemical Composition and

Structure of the Cell Wall of Chlorella

Pyrenoidosa. Biochem. J. 70;391-397, 1958.

Horikoshi, T. A. Nakajima and T. Sakaguchi: Uptake of Uranium by Various

Cell Fractions of Chlorella Vulgaris. Radioisotopes 28(8), 485-487, Aug

1979.

Fink, H., Herold, E.: The quality of the protein of unicellular green algae

and their effect in preventing liver necrosis. Zeitschr. Physiol Chem.

182-191, 1956.

Schopf, J. : Pre-Cambrian Micro-Organisms and Evolutionary Events

Prior to the Origin of Vascular Plants. Biol. Rev. (1970), 45, pp 319-352.

Want, L.F., Lin, 1.K., Tung, Y.C.: Effect of Chlorella on the levels of

glycogen, triglyceride and cholesterol in ethionine treated rats. J.

Formosan Medical Assoc., 79 (1), 1-10, 1980.

Vermeil, C., Morin, O., LeBodic, L.: Anti-tumoral vaccination by peritoneal

injection of micro-vegetable (yeasts and unicellular algae). Conceptual

Error or ReaIity? Archives Medicales de L'Oest Tome 14; No. 10, pp 423-426.

Aksu, Z; Kutsal, T.: The usage of Chlorella vulgaris in waste water

treatment containing heavy metal ions. Proc. 4th Eur. Cong. Biotech, 2, 80-8

3, 1987.

Ben-Bassat, D,; Mayer, A.M.: Reduction of mercury chloride by Chlorella:

Evidence for a reducing factor. Physiol. Pl., 40, 157-162, 1977.

De Filippis L.F.: The effect of sub-lethal concentrations of mercury and

zinc on Chlorella IV. Characteristics of a general reducing enzyme system

for metallic ions. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 86S, 339-352, 1978.

De Filippis, L.F.; Pallaghy, C.K.: The effect of sub-lethal concentrations

of mercury and zinc on Chlorella III. Development and possible mechanisms of

resistance to metals. Z . Pflanzenphysiol. 79S, 332-335, 1976.

Jensen, S.; Jenelov, A.: Biological methylation of mercury in aquatic

organisms. Nature, 223: 753, 1969.

Nakajima, A.; Horikoshi, T.; Sakagushi, T.: Recovery of uranium by

immobilized microorganisms. Eur. J. Appl Microbiol. Biotech, 16:88-91, 1982.

Shieh, Y.J.; Barger, J.: Uptake of mercury by Chlorella and its effect on

potassium regulation. Planta, 109: 49-60, 1973.

Sneddon, J.; Pappas, C.P.: Binding and removal of metal ions in solution by

an algal biomass. Am. Environ. Lab, #10 9-13, 1991.

Wilkinson, S.C.; Goulding, K.H.; , P.K.: Mercury removal by

immobilized algae; (Chlorella) in batch culture systems. Journal of Applied

Phycology, 2, 223-230, 1990.

Pore, R.S.: Detoxification of chlordecone poisoned rats with Chlorella and

Chlorella-derived sporopollenin. Drug. Chem. Toxicol., 7: 57-71, 1984.

Kojima, M.; Kasajima, T.; Imai, Y., et al: A new Chlorella polysaccharide

and its accelerating effect on the phagocytic activity of the

reticuloendothelial system. Recent Adv. Res., 13, l1, 1973.

Merchant, R.E.; Rice, C.C.; Young, H.F.: Dietary Chlorella pyrenoidosa for

patients with malignant gl ioma: Effects on immunocompetence, quality of

life and survival. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 4, No. 6, 220-230, 1990.

Tanaka, K.; Koga, T.; Konishi, F.; et al: Augmentation of host defense by a

unicellular alga, Chlorella vulgaris, to escherichia coli infection. Infect.

Immun., 53, 267-27I; 1986.

Ibusuki, K.; Minamashima, Y.: Effect of Chlorella vulgaris extracts on

murine cytomegalovirus infections. Nat. Immun. Cell Growth Regul., 9,

121-128, 1990.

Kanazawa Medical College Dept. of Serology: Effects of various preparations

made from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa cells on the defense mechanism (immune

resistance). Scient. Rep. on Chlorella in Japan. 66-70, 1980. Silpaque

Publishing, Japan.

Koniyama, K.; Hirok awa, Y.; Mocota, T.; et al: An acidic polysaccharide,

Chion A, from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. Anti-tumor activity and immunological

response. Chemotherapy, 34, 302-307, 1986.

Konishi, F.; Tanaka, K.; Himeno, K.; et al: Anti-tumor effect induced by a

hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris. Resistance to Meth-A tumor growth

mediated by CE-induced polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Cancer Immunology and

Immunotherapy, & n bsp; 19, 73-78, 1985.

Kuniaki, T.; Yoshifumi, T.; Tsuruta, M.; et al: Oral administration of

Chlorella vulgaris augments concomitant anti-tumor immunity.

Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 12 (2), 277-291, 1990.

Miyazawa, Y.; Murayama, T.; Ooya, N.; et al: Immunomodulation by unicellular

green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) in tumor-bearing mice. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 24, 135-146, 1988.

Tanaka, K., Konishi, F.; Himeno, K.: Augmentation of anti tumor resistance

by a strain of unicellular green algae , Chlorella vulgaris. Cancer

Immunology and Immunotherapy, 17: 90-94, 1984.

Takechi, Y.; Chlorella It's Basis and Application. Gakushu Kenku-Sha, Tokyo,

Japan, Nov 30, 19 70.

Silav, V. M., Liz'ko, N.N., Fofanov, V.L, Kljuskina, N.S.: Effect of a diet

containing destroyed alga cells on the microflora of the intestine. Kosmic.

Biol. Med., 1969, No 6. & nb sp; 54-57 (Russian with English summary)

Saito, Tatsumi, Saito Taku, Oka, T.: Clinical Applications of Chlorella

Pills. Medical Examinations and New Drugs. 3.3 pp. 61 -64, 1966 .

Neveu, V.J., Morin, O., Miegeville, M., LeMevel, B.P,, Vermeil, C.,

Modulation of Antibody Synthesis by an Anti-tumor Alga. Experientia, 34/12,

p 1644-1645, 1978.

Nakamura, M. et al.: Promotion of Reticuloendothelial Function by Chlorella

Components. Heath and Industry Newsletter, March 25, 1978. Agricultural

Chemical Convention

Umezawa, I., Komiyama K., Shibukawa Mori, M., Kojima, Y.: An Acidic

Polysaccharide, chlon A, from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chemotherapy 30(9),

1041-1045,1982.

Waslien, C.I., Calloway, D.H., Margen. S., Costa, F.: Uric Acid Levels in

Men Fed Algae and Yeast as Protein Sources. J. Food Sci., 1970, 35, 294-298.

Shirota, Minura et al.: Regarding the Anti-virus Components Extracted from

Chlorella. Showa 42 nen Nihon nogika gakkai koen yori, 1967.

Murayama, T., Leng-Fang, W., Yamaguc hi, N., Yin-Chin, T,: Effect of Various

Products Derived from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Cells on Defense Mechanism of

Organism (Immunological Resistance). The 21st Japan Bacteriology Convention,

November 1984.

Fukada, T., Hoshino, M., Endo, H,. Mukai, M., Shirota, M.: Photodynamic

Antiviral Substance Extracted from Chlorella Cells. Applied Microbiology,

16(11 ) pp. 1809-1810, 1968.

Kashiwa, Y., Tanaka, Y.: Effect of Chlorella on the changes in the body

weight and the rate of catching cold of the 1966 training fleet crew. Japan

Medical Science Meeting, Nagoya, Japan, 1966.

White, R.C., Barber, G.A.: An Acidic Polysaccharide from the Cell Wall of

Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 264, l17-128, 1972.

Vermeil, C., Morin, O.: Role experimental des algues unicellulaires

Prototheca et Chlorella (Chlorellaceae) dans l'immunogenese anticancereuse

(sarcome murin BP8). Societe do Biologic de Rennes, ce du 21, Avril,

1976 .

Matsueda S., Ichita, J., Abe, K., Karasawa, H., Shinpo, K.: Studies on

Antitumor Active Glycoprotein From Chlorella vulgaris. Yajugaku-Sasshi, 102,

447-451, May, 1982.

Vermeil, C., Morin, O., Le-Bodic, L.: The Stimulation of Tumoricidal

Peritoneal Macrophages can be Directly Induced by Peritoneal Implantation of

Unicellular Algae in Humans. Arch Inst. Pasteur Tunis. Mar-Jun 62 (1-2) pp.

91-94, 1985.

Ebana, Kyoko.; Biological Significance of Chlorella Polysaccharide, Vl,

Inhibition of Experimental Hyperlipemia by a Mixture of Papain, Calcium

Pantothenate and Chlorella Polysaccharide. Fukushima-Ken Eisei Kenkyosho

Kenkyu Hokoku 1969, 17(2), 15-20 (Japan)

Lin, J.K., et al.: Effect of Chlorella on Serum Cholesterol of Rats. Taiwan

Medical Science Journal, Sept. 1981.

Sakuno, T., et al.: Inhibitory Effect of Chlorella on Increases in Serum and

Liver Cho lesterol Levels of Rats. Health Industry Newsletter, March 25, 1

978.

Okuda, 51., Hasegawa, J., Sonoda, M., Okabe, T.. Tanaka, Y.: The effects of

Chlorella on the levels of cho lesterol in serum and liver. Jap. J. Nutr.

33;3-B, 1975.

Okamoto, K., Iizuka, Y., Murakami, T., Miyuke, H., Suziki, T.: Effects of

Chlorella Alkali Extract on Blood Pressure in SHR. Jpn. Heart Journal,

19(4), pp 622-623, July, 1978.

Murakami, T., et a): Effect of Heterotrophic Chlorella on Blood Pressure and

Development of Apoplexy in Hypertensive Rats. Food Research Inst., Kinku

University, Japan.

Shimuzu, M., Yamada, N., Hisada, M., Suzuki, J., Inata, I.: Effect of

Chlorella on Human Pulse Wave Velocity. Kanazawa Medical University, Dept.

of Serology, April 8, 1985.

Hasuda, S., Mito, Y.: Medical Examinations of Chlorella for hard-to-cure

wounds. Medical Examinations and New Drugs 3,3, 19 66, Japan.

Terziev V., Plansk, B., Encheva, Y.: The effect of Chlorella as a

prophylactic means against bronchopneumonia. Veterinary Science, XX(1),

36-39, 1983.

Pratt, R., et al.: Chlorellin, an antibacterial substance from Chlorella.

Science 99:351-352, 1944.

Pratt, R., Mautne r, H.: Antibiotic Activity of Seaweed Extracts. J. Am..

Pharm. Assoc. (Scientific Edition) 40:575, 1951.

Yamaguchi, Y., Toikawu, M., Suzuki, R., Hara, T., Warita, Y.: Therapy for

peptic ulcers by Chlorella. Nippon Iji Shinpa No. 1997, pp 25-27, 1967.

Asanov, P.L.: Content of Protein and its fractions in the blood serum of

piglets given supplements of Chlorella. Uzb. Biol. Z. 1969, No. 6, 51-52 (In

Russian)

Leng-Fang, W., et al.: Protective Effect of Chlorella on the Hepatic Damage

Induced by Ethionine in Rats. J. Formosan Medical Assoc. Vol. 78, No. 12,

(Dec. 1979), pp 1010-1019.

Nomolo, K., Yokokura, T., Satoh, H., Mulai, K.: Anti-tumor Effect by Oral

Administration of Chlorella Extract. PCM-4 Gan-To-Kagaku-Ryoho, 10(3),

781-785, March 1983.

Dept. of Hygiene, Nagasaki University Medical School: The Administration of

Chlorella Extract and the Physique and Physical Fitness of Elementary School

Pupils. Sci, Reports on Chlorella in Japan, Silpaque Pub. Kyoto, Japan. pp

53-55, 1992.

REPORTS FROM THE KANAZAWA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (DEPT. OF S EROLOGY) FROM

1985-92 INCLUDE:

l) Effects of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Preparations on Circulatory Systems

(Blood Composition and Blood Pressure).

2) The Effects of Chlorella Preparations on Experimentally Induced

Infections by the Acquired Immune Deficiency Virus.

3) Effects of the Long-Term Ingestion of Chlorella Preparations on

Alcoholysis and Other Liver Functions.

4) Effects of Various Preparations Made from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Cells on

th e Defense Mechanism (Immune Resistance).

5) Regulution by the Single-Celled Green Alga Chlorella Pyrenoidosa of

Immunological Competence in Mice with Cancer Tumors.

6) Effects of the Administration of a Chlorella Preparatio n on the Life

Spans and Physiological Functions of Normal and Congenitally Diabetic

Animals.

7) The Anti-tumor Capacity, and its Effects and Mechanism, of Neutral and

Acidic Polysaccharides Derived from Chlorella Cells

8) Regulat ion of Heartbeat (Bradycardic Effect) by CGF (Chlorella Growth

Factor).

9) Effects of Long-Term Administration of Chlorella Preparations on the

Advancement of Aging in Humans and Laboratory Animals.

Persons taking the blood-thinning drug known as Coumadin (generic warfarin)

are advised to completely avoid chlorella, or use caution and follow the

advice of their healthcare professional because some chlorella supplements

contain high amounts of vitamin K <http://www.answers.com/topic/vitamin-k>

that may affect the inhibition of blood

<http://www.answers.com/topic/thrombus-1> clots.

http://www.answers.com/topic/chlorella

http://www.detoxmetal.com/NewFiles/ChlorellaResrch.html

C. pyreneidosa has better toxin and metal absorption capability than C.

vulgaris, but it is also harder to digest. Chlorella vulgaris has a thinner

cell wall than other types of chlorella. Chlorella vulgaris, particularly

the CK-strain (Chlorella-Kougyo), has been extensively studied. Toshihiro

Kanno says that an extract from this strain " has been found to boost the

immune system, improve metabolism, improve liver function, lower blood

pressure, and lower blood sugar. "

Because of the digestibility question, some manufacturers began distributing

chlorella products with broken cell walls. Kanno quotes a 1996 report from

the National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan that found that " Cell wall

breakage does not make a difference in digestibility of

chlorella. " http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_265-266/ai_n15

622561

Sun chlorella sent me a couple of booklets which I received gratefully and

read with interest. They contained details of 'scientific' studies (most

were inconclusive as science and done on small numbers of individuals) done

on chlorella species, a few studies of which C. pyrenoidosa was identified

in the title and most studies had no specification of species. None of the

studies claimed heavy metal chelation, in fact the distributors themselves

stated no claims on heavy metal binding capacity of their product.

Regards, Kelle