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Mercury Poisoning: 25 Mercury Myths

http://www.generationrescue.org/mercury_myths.html

Myth #1: Autism is genetic.

There is no evidence to suggest that autism is genetic. No autism

gene has ever been found and the search will be endless - how can

you have a gene for a mythical condition? Autism is mercury

poisoning. What is true is that certain children may have an

impaired ability genetically to detoxify heavy metals from their

systems. These children are more likely to be affected by mercury

exposure. However, all children, and adults, if given too much

mercury will manifest symptoms of mercury toxicity, which we

call " autistic " symptoms. All children born from 1991 forward who

received all recommended vaccines were injected with levels of

mercury that dramatically exceeded safety levels set by the

Environmental Protection Agency for adults. Mercury has become

ubiquitous in our environment: in fish and other foods, water, and

air. Exceedingly high doses of mercury exposure can result in death -

it is that neuro-toxic and damaging to the human body. Two drops of

dimethylmercury spilled onto the gloved hand of a Dartmouth

chemistry professor, a leader in a study investigating mercury's

causal role in cancer, resulting in the progressive loss of her

balance, speech, vision, and hearing, and ultimately lead to her

coma and death within a year of the exposure.

It is impossible to have a " genetic epidemic. " Since 1991, there is

a very real and dramatic rise in the incidence of autism and other

neurodevelopmental disorders. In the 1970s, the incidence of autism

was 1 in 10,000 children. In 1986, the rate was 1 in 2,500. Today

the rate is 1 in 150. It has been estimated that one in six children

have some type of learning disability. Epidemics can happen in 10

years, genetic changes to populations require many generations.

Myth #2: Autism is lifelong.

There is a growing body of evidence that children properly treated

for mercury poisoning fully recover normal functioning and are

indiscernible from their neurotypical peers. Any toxicologist will

tell you that mercury poisoning represents a temporary, treatable

state. Thorough removal of mercury will resolve most or all of the

symptoms. Autism is only life long if mercury poisoning is never

treated.

Myth #3: Autistic children are not affectionate and do not like to

be held or touched.

This is an unfortunate myth. Many autistic children are extremely

affectionate and love to be held and hugged. Mercury kills neurons

in the brain and damages the central nervous system resulting in

disturbances in all of the senses - vision, hearing, oral, smell,

proprieceptive (touch), and vestibular (motion). Some children

develop ultra sensitivities in these systems (e.g., difficulties

tolerating loud noise, bright lights, car rides, or certain kinds of

clothing on their skin); others develop extreme undersensitivies

(e.g., numbness, abnormally high pain tolerances, lack of fear or

physical caution). Children who appear to not like being held or

touched likely do not because it feels painful to them. Touch is

literally either too painful or overwhelming to the senses to

tolerate. Many autistic children are extremely affectionate and love

to be held and hugged. Some may even crave or seek the pressure from

that touch to penetrate their dulled senses. Underneath the

distortions of mercury toxicity, all of these children wish to be

held and loved.

Myth #4: Autistic children are in their own world and are not

interested in other people.

Mercury poisoning overloads the senses and can make sights, sounds,

touch, and smells intolerable. This sensory overload causes some

autistic children to withdraw inward as a means of survival - it is

their body's way of coping with the massive sensory overload.

Parents often remark, as the mercury is removed from their

children's bodies, that they experience their child " in our world "

for the first time: focusing on people's faces, attending to sounds,

and having a light or aliveness in their eyes again. The removal of

mercury reduces the sensory distortion and overload, making the

world a safer, more readily understood, and more tolerable place

again. By using our own frame of reference, we mistake an autistic

child's retreat inward as an " aloofness " or " indifference " to those

around them. Nothing could be further from the truth.

Myth #5: If you have autism, you are mentally handicapped.

Some autistic children are given IQ tests, which were created for

people not suffering from mercury poisoning. Because of the

limitations caused by sensory overload and damage to the brain and

central nervous system, some autistic children perform poorly on the

IQ test and are labeled " mentally handicapped. " Many recovered

autistic children are performing at or above their peer group in a

variety of topics in school. There is even some evidence to suggest

that intelligence and the impaired ability to detoxify may be

related through DNA and that, in fact, those most susceptible to

mercury poisoning are among our most intelligent. Most parents of an

autistic child know that their child is very bright and many

clinicians treating autistic children assert that their patients are

among the most intelligent children they have ever seen.

Myth #6: There is no autism epidemic, it's just better diagnosis.

This myth persists despite being refuted by a wide range of

scientists, policy makers, and health care organizations. All the

available data points to an epidemic. Between 1992-2002, the

Department of Education estimates that there has been a 714%

increase in the number of autistic children. In the 1970s, autism

was estimated to occur in 1 in 25,000 children. Between 1970 and

1990, that number increased to about 1 in 2,500. Today, the CDC

acknowledges the number is about 1 in 166, even Eli Lilly, the maker

of Thimerosal, says it's 1 in 150. Many believe it is closer to 1 in

125. The anecdotal evidence that we are experiencing an epidemic is

overwhelming. If there is no epidemic, then where are all the

autistic adults? Ask any doctor, teacher, or day care worker who has

been around children for 20 or more years, and they will tell you

that the epidemic is unprecedented. What parent, either now or 20

years ago, does not notice that their child who spoke at one year is

no longer speaking, or that their child does not respond to their

name or look them in the eyes, or is displaying odd, repetitive

behaviors like hand-flapping, spinning, and rocking that no other

child is doing? Did those parents 20 years ago not notice these

things?

Here are 3 studies that help address the truth, that autism is an

epidemic:

1. The Autism Epidemic Is Real

Autism Research Institute

Dr. Bernard Rimland, President, Autism Research Institute

July 14, 2003

2. What's Going On? The Question of Time Trends in Autism.

Public Health Reports, Volume 119

Mark F. Blaxill, MBA

November-December 2004

3. The Changing Prevalence of Autism In California

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Volume 33, Number 2

Mark Blaxill, et.al.

April 2003

Myth #7: The reason that boys represent 80% - 90% of the epidemic

is that autism is an extreme form of the more rigid and scientific

male mind.

Testosterone is a synergistic toxin with mercury which means that

it enhances the toxicity of mercury in the body while estrogen

appears to protect neurons and neuronal fibers from mercury's

toxicity. This synergistic toxicity is the reason for the high ratio

of males in the epidemic. Arguably the leading scientist on the

toxicity of mercury, Boyd Haley, Ph.D., Professor and Chair of the

Chemistry Department, University of Kentucky discusses the issue of

testosterone and mercury:

" One of the conundrums of autism is the 4:1 ratio of boys to girls

that get the disease. We therefore decided to test the effects of

both female and male hormones on the neurotoxicity of thimerosal.

The results were eye-opening. For example, 50 nanomolar thimerosal

causes less than 5% neuron death within the first three hours

incubation and 1 micromolar testosterone causes no significant death

within this time frame. However, mix these two together and 100%

neuron death was observed at the earliest time point checked. This

represents a severe enhancement of thimerosal toxicity. "

Myth #8: Autism is a complex, multi-factorial epidemic. There are

many different causes that all work together. Mercury may be one of

the factors in creating autism, but saying it is only mercury is way

too simplistic.

The symptoms of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders are

identical to the symptoms of mercury poisoning. The rapid rise in

the number of these disorders corresponds to the dramatic increase

in the amount of Thimerosal (49.6% ethylmercury by weight) given in

recommended vaccines to children under two years of age. With the

addition of two new vaccines in the early 1990s, the amount of

ethylmercury increased 246% with most of this increase being given

within the first six months of life when an infant's neural,

detoxification, and immune systems are all undergoing rapid

development. Equally damaging, the vaccines were given much earlier

in a child's life, when the capacity to detoxify is still

developing. Numerous studies demonstrate again and again the causal

link between neurodevelopmental disorders and mercury, regardless of

the source of exposure. Finally and most definitively of all is that

when mercury is removed from these children via chelation or other

means of detoxification, their symptoms resolve.

What has made mercury difficult to identify as the culprit is that

mercury toxicity is cumulative and progressive with a delayed onset.

Symptoms can take months to appear, long after exposure, making it

difficult to see the clear link. It is also exceedingly difficult to

test for mercury toxicity in affected children. Mercury poisoning

also manifests itself in an astonishing array of symptoms in

different people. Differences in manifestations are due to

individual biochemistry and genetic susceptibilities, gender, amount

of mercury received, age of exposure, form of mercury, and the

presence of other synergistic toxins during exposure, to name a few.

Mercury alone is not the cause of all of these symptoms, but it is

the spark that sets off a cascade of damage in the body. Mercury

progressively kills neurons in the brain and damages the central

nervous system leading to a wide range of neurological, cognitive,

and sensory dysfunctions. Mercury displaces specific, essential

vitamins and minerals, the loss of which go on to create their own

damage in the brain, immune, hormonal, and virtually every other

system in the body. Mercury impairs the detoxification system

allowing all other toxins, which are ubiquitous in our environment,

to accumulate and do damage in the body. Mercury damages the gastro-

intestinal track creating dysbiosis (imbalance of good and bad

bacteria) and yeast overgrowth. Yeast, itself, is a neuro-toxin and

allowed to proliferate, can create tiny holes in the lining of the

gastro-intestinal track leading to a condition called Leaky Gut.

Molecules of digested food, larger than typical, are able to pass

through these holes into the bloodstream where the body recognizes

them as foreign invaders and mounts an immune response, triggering

food allergies, eczema, and other auto-immune reactions. Untreated

food allergies and a damaged gut can lead to chronic ear and other

infections. Treating these with antibiotics, as is a typical history

with many autistic children, only makes matters worse. Antibiotics

exacerbate gut dysbiosis and, like testosterone, are synergistically

toxic with mercury. Damage to the gastro-intestinal track, which is

the body's first line of immune defense, lowers the immune system.

The symptoms of mercury poisoning are varied and complex. But, the

cause is simple and always will be: mercury toxicity. Remove the

spark and the body has a chance to balance and heal.

Myth #9: Saying that vaccines cause autism will create a return to

unvaccinated children dying from many childhood diseases we have

nearly eradicated.

Thimerosal contains ethylmercury, a potent neurotoxin. Thimerosal,

administered through vaccines, is the primary source of mercury

exposure and the root cause of the autism epidemic. Thimerosal is an

untested, unnecessary vaccine preservative. Today, most vaccines are

available with reduced or no amounts of Thimerosal (with the

exception of the flu vaccine with 25 micrograms per shot) and are

still effective. Many health organizations, physicians, and

scientists agree that there is no safe level of mercury. Being anti-

mercury is distinct from being anti-vaccine.

Using a potent neurotoxin in the vaccines given to infants and

children has seriously eroded the public's trust in the vaccine

program. The unwillingness of most public authorities to acknowledge

the true cause of the current epidemic will only further erode this

trust. To try to turn the argument back around and accuse advocates

of the mercury-autism connection as being " anti-vaccine " is nothing

more than an attempt to muddy the debate for reasons of self-

interest and self-protection.

Myth #10: You say mercury from Thimerosal causes autism. Others say

the MMR vaccine causes autism. But, the MMR vaccine has never

contained Thimerosal. How can both be true?

The MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine does not contain

Thimerosal. Unlike most vaccines, the MMR is a live-virus vaccine

and therefore does not need Thimerosal as a preservative. However,

the fact that the MMR is a triple live-virus vaccine is part of the

problem. The goal of a live virus is to trigger a mild immune

response and build immunity. This may work in a healthy child.

However, many children who develop autism are already burdened with

mercury poisoning by the time they receive the MMR at 12-18 months.

Mercury impairs the immune system, and the live virus, rather than

triggering a mild response, can overwhelm an impaired immune system.

A virus' goal is to find a host and recreate. There is scientific

proof that many autistic children have their intestinal walls lined

with the measles virus received from the MMR vaccine. The virus is

able to host and replicate due to the impaired immune system of the

child. Some doctors believe the live MMR virus traps heavy metals

within the cells of the body and further impairs the body's ability

to excrete metals. The reason some parents report immediate

regression in their child's behavior after an MMR vaccine is that,

for some children, it may be the proverbial straw that breaks the

camel's back.

Myth #11: The mercury used in vaccines is the safe kind of mercury

that the body disposes of quickly.

Methylmercury, the kind of mercury found in fish, is more widely

understood and studied than ethlymercury, the kind of mercury found

in Thimerosal. This has led to the false assertion that ethylmercury

is the " safe " form of mercury. The assertion that certain forms of

mercury are quickly and easily excreted by the body violates basic

principles of chemistry and physics. There is no such thing as a

safe form of the second-most toxic substance on earth. Dozens of

studies have demonstrated the extreme toxicity of ethlymercury and

the fact that most autistic children retain meaningful quantities of

mercury in their major organs after receiving vaccines containing

Thimerosal. Parents who chelate their children have fecal, urine,

and hair toxic metals tests showing mercury being excreted at levels

10-50x normal.

Here is Dr. Baskin, testifying before Congress, on the

differences between methyl and ethyl mercury:

" There is more data, more and more data on ethlymercury. The cells

that I showed you dying in cell culture are dying from ethlymercury.

Those are human frontal brain cells. You know, there has been a

debate about...ethyl versus methyl. But from a chemical point of

view most chemical compounds that are ethyl penetrate into cells

better than methyl...When I began to work with some of the Ph.D.s in

my laboratory and discuss this everyone said, 'oh gosh, you know,

we've got to adjust for ethyl because it's going to be worse; the

levels are going to be much higher in the cells.' "

Here are a few of the many studies that discuss the toxicity of

Thimerosal and it's primary ingredient, ethylmercury, and its

devastating consequences on developing brains and nervous systems:

1. Thimerosal Induces DNA Breaks, Caspase-3 Activation, Membrane

Damage, and Cell Death in Cultured Human Neurons and Fibroblasts

Toxicological Sciences

S. Baskin, Hop Ngo, and Vladimir V. Didenko

April 2003

2. Molecular Aspects of Thimerosal Induced Autism

Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness,

Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives

Deth, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology, Northeastern

University

September 8, 2004

3. Thimerosal Neurotoxicity is Associated With Glutathione

Depletion: Protection with Glutathione Precursors

Neurotoxicology 26

Dr. Jill et.al.

January 2005

4. The Comparative Toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury

Toxicology

L. Magos et.al.

Spring 1985

Myth #12: The mercury received in a vaccine is no greater than in a

can of tuna. Eating a can of tuna has certainly never caused autism.

This myth has received a lot of publicity because it offers an

analogy anyone can understand and makes the mercury-autism

connection appear trivial.

We can start by comparing a 200-pound male adult consuming tuna

with the infant who receives a single vaccine on their first day of

birth (since day-old infants don't eat tuna). On the first day of

birth an infant receives the Hep B vaccine with about 25 micrograms

of ethlymercury - this does approximate the 30 micrograms of

methlymercury in an average can of tuna. Since the average infant

weighs about 7 pounds, the weight equivalent number of cans of tuna

for an adult would be 28 cans. (The adult male weighs 28x more than

the infant.)

If you take those 28 cans of tuna and distill it down to mercury

content, you would have 840 micrograms of mercury (30 micrograms per

can). Keep in mind that the stomach successfully absorbs and

excretes about 90% of any mercury ingested through food, leaving

only about 10% of the mercury to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Since the mercury in vaccines is injected directly into the

bloodstream where 100% of it can be absorbed by the organs, you

would need an additional 252 cans of tuna to get the equivalent

amount of mercury into the bloodstream for a total of 280 cans of

tuna and 8,400 micrograms of methlymercury.

Also, remember that a developing brain is far more sensitive to

toxins than an adult brain. Current estimates say mercury is 5-10x

more toxic for a developing brain. We'll use the low end of that

range, so multiply the 280 cans of tuna by 5 and you get 1,400 cans

of tuna.

So, receiving the Hep B vaccine with Thimerosal on the first day of

birth is the equivalent of a 200-pound adult male consuming 1,400

cans of tuna in a single day. One final adjustment: the adult male

in the analogy needs to have no capacity to excrete mercury. As Boyd

Haley, Ph.D. notes, " it is very well known that infants do not

produce significant levels of bile or have adult renal capacity for

several months after birth. Bilary transport is the major

biochemical route by which mercury is removed from the body, and

infants cannot do this very well. "

So, a 200-pound male who consumes 1,400 cans of tuna in a single

day and has their ability to excrete mercury severely diminished is

the same as a day-old infant receiving the Hep B vaccine. Now the

analogy is fair.

Myth #13: The mercury received through a vaccine has always been at

trace levels, but not ever enough to cause harm.

The World Health Organization has stated that there is no safe

level of mercury. 246 micrograms of mercury, the amount received by

children born between 1990 and 2002 before the age of two as part of

the recommended vaccine schedule, has created an epidemic of

neurodevelopmental issues.

Even Dr. Pierre Lavigne, a spokesman for Aventis Pasteur, a

manufacturer of vaccines, states, " The important thing to note is

that thimerosal is an issue really only for pediatric vaccines for

small children. The developing nervous system is very sensitive, so

if they're exposed to mercury it's more likely to cause damage. "

Neal Halsey M.D., the Former Chairman of the American Academy of

Pediatrics committee on infectious diseases (who makes

recommendation on vaccinations) states, " In most vaccine containers,

thimerosal is listed as a mercury derivative, a hundredth of a

percent. And what I believed, and what everybody else believed, was

that it was truly a trace, a biologically insignificant amount. My

honest belief is that if the labels had had the mercury content in

micrograms, this would have been uncovered years ago. But the fact

is, no one did the calculation. "

Myth #14: There have been many autistic children who showed no sign

of mercury after testing. Therefore, the idea that autism is nothing

more than mercury poisoning is implausible.

It is very true that some autistic children, tested for mercury

poisoning via a chelation challenge or provocation test, showed no

signs of mercury excretion. However, these results are not because

these children are not mercury poisoned, but because they are the

most mercury poisoned and are known as " non-excretors. "

A non-excretor of mercury is someone who, even after the

administration of a chelating agent (which is how a mercury toxicity

test has typically been performed), is unable to excrete any

mercury. A majority of autistic children are non-excretors. Autistic

children typically have some genetic impairments in their

detoxification pathways. These impairments are worsened with each

additional exposure to mercury as accumulated mercury effectively

shuts down the body's detoxification system, thereby exacerbating

their mercury poisoning. The non-excretor phenomenon has only been

recently understood and studied. Unfortunately, many autistic

children were given a single chelation challenge test, showed no

mercury excretion, and were falsely told that, " mercury is not an

issue here. " These are often the children most overloaded with

mercury! It may require a few months of chelation before a non-

excretor will show any mercury coming out of their body, at which

point it typically starts to pour out of the body. As Dr. Rashid

Buttar noted in a recent study he did of chelating autistic

children:

" Virtually all patients reviewed in the study did NOT show any

appreciable amount of mercury level on baseline tests. Results

however clearly showed that as treatment continued, an increase in

the level of mercury being excreted was increased. "

Myth #15: The scientific standard for proof is a double-blind,

placebo-controlled study. If you are so sure mercury causes autism,

where is this study to prove it?

First, there is no double-blind, placebo-controlled study to show

Thimerosal is safe. In order to do an effective double-blind,

placebo-controlled study, you would need to vaccinate a group of

children with Thimerosal-containing vaccines and vaccinate another

group of children with Thimerosal-free vaccines using the current

vaccine schedule, then follow their development over a 2-4 year

period, and see which ones develop neurological issues and which do

not. Obviously, this would be a challenging study to recruit

children for, " Your child will be part of a study where they may

receive a vaccine with a substance in it that many believe causes

autism. Would you like to participate? " Given the impracticality of

such a study, here are some alternative studies that could be done:

1. You could analyze the data the government maintains through

its " Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System " and compare the data

they already have on children who received Thimerosal-containing

vaccines against children who did not receive Thimerosal in their

vaccines. This study has already been done by Mark & Geier and

showed a high correlation between Thimerosal dosing and neurological

disorders:

Thimerosal in Childhood Vaccines, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and

Heart Disease in the United States

Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons

Mark Geier, M.D., Ph.D., A. Geier

Spring 2003

2. You could compare the symptoms of mercury poisoning and the

symptoms of autism and see how similar they are. This study has

already been done and demonstrated that the symptoms of autism and

the symptoms of mercury poisoning are exactly the same:

Autism: a Novel Form of Mercury Poisoning

Medical Hypothesis 2001

Sally Bernard, et. al

December 2000

3. You could administer a chelating agent to remove heavy metals,

including mercury, to a group of autistic children and to a group of

neurotypical children and measure the amount of mercury coming out

of the children to see if there are any differences. This study has

already been done by Jeff Bradstreet et.al. and showed that autistic

children excrete significantly more mercury than neurotypical

children:

A Case-Control Study of Mercury Burden in Children with Autistic

Spectrum Disorder

Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Volume 8, Number 3

Jeff Bradstreet, M.D., Geier, B.A., Jerold Kartzinel, M.D.,

, Ph.D., Mark Geier, M.D., Ph.D.

Summer 2003

4. You could inject a group of mice with Thimerosal in doses that

proportionally mimic the timing and amount received according to the

recommended vaccination schedule and compare these mice to a control

group for neurological development. This study has already been done

by Mady Hornig et al. and showed that a subset of mice with genetic

detoxification impairments who received Thimerosal injections

developed " autistic symptoms " :

Neurotoxic Effects of Postnatal Thimerosal are Mouse Strain

Dependent

Molecular Psychiatry

Dr. Mady Hornig, Columbia University College of Physicians and

Surgeons

May 2004

5. You could compare the first baby haircuts of autistic children

versus neurotypical children to see if there are any differences in

the patterns of heavy metal excretion (hair is one of the ways the

body excretes metals). This study has already been done and showed

that autistic children demonstrated an impaired ability to excrete

metals from birth:

Reduced Levels of Mercury in First Baby Haircuts of Autistic

Children

International Journal of Toxicology

Dr. Amy S. Holmes, Mark F. Blaxill, Boyd E. Haley, Ph.D.br>March 14,

2003

6. You could run a trial of 31 autistic children where you chelated

patients over the course of twelve months and had parents videotape

their children and test urine and fecal samples for toxic metals

every other month. You could then compare the children's progress

and symptoms from the beginning to the end of treatment. This study

was done by Dr. Rashid Buttar and he made the following statement

before Congress:

Autism, the Misdiagnosis of our Future Generations

Testimony, U.S. Congressional Sub-Committee Hearing

Rashid A. Buttar, DO, Vice Chairman, American Board of Clinical

Metal Toxicology

May 6, 2004

" The Autism study consisted of 31 patients with the diagnoses of

autism, autism like spectrum, and pervasive developmental delay.

Inclusion criteria was simple, including an independent diagnosis of

the above mentioned conditions from either a neurologist or

pediatrician, and the desire of the parent to try the treatment

protocol using TD-DMPS. All patients were enrolled sequentially as

they presented to the clinic and only those who did not wish to

participate in the TD-DMPS were not included.

All 31 patients were tested for metal toxicity using four different

tests: urine metal toxicity and essential minerals, hair metal

toxicity and essential minerals, RBC metal toxicity, and fecal metal

toxicity, all obtained from Doctor's Data Laboratory. These tests

were performed at baseline, and repeated at 2 months, 4 months, 6

months, 8 months, 10 months, 12 months, and then every 4 months

there after. All 31 patients showed little or no level of mercury on

the initial baseline test results. Slide #37 shows an example of a

baseline test result of one participant in the study showing very

little mercury.

Compared to the baseline results all 31 patients showed

significantly higher levels of mercury as treatment continued. Slide

#39 shows significantly higher mercury levels in this same study

patient after two months of treatment with the TD-DMPS, with results

showing approximately a 350% increase from previous baseline levels.

The improvements in the patients in the study correlated with

increased yield in measured mercury levels upon subsequent testing.

Essentially, what was noted was that as more mercury was eliminated,

the more noticeable the clinical improvements and the more dramatic

the change in the patient.

The manifestations of this evidence for clinical improvements

included many observations but were specifically quantifiable with

some patients who had no prior history of speech starting to speak

at the age of 6 or 7, sometimes in full sentences. Patients also

exhibited substantially improved behavior, reduction and eventual

cessation of all stemming behavior, return of full eye contact, and

rapid potty training, sometimes in children that were 5 or 6 but had

never been successfully potty trained. Additional findings reported

by parents included improvement and increase in rate of physical

growth increased, as well as the child beginning to follow

instructions, becoming affectionate and social with siblings or

other children, seeking interaction with others, appropriate in

response, and a rapid acceleration of verbal skills. The results in

many of these children has been documented on video and other

physicians involved with this protocol have been successfully able

to reproduce the same results.

Mercury is the " spark " that causes the " fires " of Autism as well as

Alzheimer's. Autism is the result of high mercury exposure early in

life versus Alzheimer's is a chronic accumulation of mercury over a

life time. A doctor can treat ALL the " fires " but until the " spark "

is removed, there is minimal hope of complete recovery with most

improvements being transient at best. However, once the process of

mercury removal has been effectively started, the damage is

curtailed and full recovery becomes possible... "

7. You could remove the mercury from some autistic children and not

remove mercury from other autistic children and see if there was any

difference in cognitive improvement over time. This is what hundreds

of doctors and thousands of parents are doing every day throughout

the country right now and seeing their children recover.

Myth #16: The scientific and medical communities have proven there

is no correlation between Thimerosal in vaccines and autism.

Many in the medical and regulatory communities assert that " there

is no proof " or that " they proved there was no connection " regarding

the link between mercury and autism. This assertion has been widely

reported in the mainstream press to the point that it is now

accepted as fact. It is important for any parent to view these

statements critically and understand what and who are actually

making these assertions.

Generation Rescue believes autism is an issue of toxicology. Yet,

you never hear from a toxicologist saying there is no correlation

between autism and mercury. This is because toxicologists know that

the link is likely. Hearing a psychiatrist comment on mercury

toxicity is like seeking the opinion of a urologist for a new heart

procedure. It doesn't make sense to accept the expertise of people

who have no experience in the field of heavy metal toxicity.

The only science that claims to refute the connection is

epidemiological science. Epidemiological study is statistical

analysis of population data (in this case, analyzing for a

correlation between the amount of Thimerosal received with the

incidence of neurological disorders). The outcomes of

epidemiological studies, however, are highly sensitive to small

changes in the parameters of analysis (e.g., definition of disorder,

amount of dosing, timeframe). In other words, it is easy to massage

the data to reduce the power of statistical correlation. There have

never been any medical studies done to establish " no proof " in the

way many studies have been done in Myth #15 to establish " proof. "

There was no safety testing of Thimerosal in children before it was

put into pediatric vaccines. There have been no placebo-controlled

studies following children for five years after receiving vaccines

containing Thimerosal.

The actual epidemiological science that is held up as " proof " of no

connection is both paltry and controversial. The totality of

the " scientific evidence " centers on three clusters of recently

released information from the medical community. These include:

- A CDC study that appeared in Pediatrics in November of 2003 is

the primary study held up as " proof " of no connection between

Thimerosal and autism. This is astonishing in light of the fact that

both the study and the author of the study report that the analysis

was " inconclusive " and more research was required. The study that

forms the basis for the assertion of " proof " admits it did not prove

anything! Also, Pediatrics represented that the author of the study

was an employee of the CDC when in fact he had become an employee of

Glaxo Kline, a vaccine manufacturer. (See Myth #17). A separate

study of this same data undertaken by an independent research team

(Geier & Geier) identified significant correlations between

Thimerosal exposure and the rate of neurodevelopmental disorders.

- Four studies from Denmark, where Thimerosal was removed from

vaccines in 1992, appeared in four separate medical journals in 2002-

2003 and assert that Denmark's population data demonstrates no link

between Thimerosal and autism. Not only has the methodology of

the " Denmark Studies " been disputed, but it also was later

established that the authors of all four studies had an economic

interest in and/or are employees of a Danish vaccine manufacturer

who had recently received a big order from the United States for

vaccines. The publishing journals did not mention these associations

in any of the reports. (See Myth #18)

- A study by the Institute of Medicine released in March 2004

claims there is no link between Thimerosal and autism. The IOM did

not do any primary research, they simply reviewed what already had

been done, focusing mostly on the above CDC and Danish studies for

their conclusion. (See Myth #19). This conclusion was a change from

a similar review in 2001 by the IOM that stated the mercury-autism

link was " biologically plausible " . While there appear to be no links

between the members of the reviewing panel and vaccine makers, there

were no toxicologists or other scientists versed in mercury toxicity

included in the panel.

Myth #17: The CDC did a study and proved there was no link between

mercury in vaccines and autism.

In the November 2003 a study appeared in the medical journal

Pediatrics titled, " Safety of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines: A Two-

Phased Study of Computerized Health Maintenance Organization

Databases " written by Verstraeten who had been an employee of

the Centers For Disease Control. By the time the study was

published, he was an employee of Glaxo Kline, a vaccine

manufacturer. It is this study, more than any other, which has

formed the basis for the mainstream medical community to claim that

the link between vaccines and autism has been disproven. This study

is also routinely cited in the mainstream press on the

autism/mercury topic as the " proof " of no connection. Here are the

facts:

1. The study itself was inconclusive. Nowhere in the study is it

stated that there is " no link " between Thimerosal and

neurodevelopmental issues. In fact, the study specifically states:

" The biological plausibility of the small doses of ethylmercury

present in vaccines leading to increased risks of neurodevlopmental

disorders is uncertain...For elucidating further whether a causal

association exists between thimerosal exposure and

nuerodevelopmental conditions, additional studies with different

designs will be needed. "

2. The study's author, Verstraeten, confirmed that the study

was inconclusive. In a letter to Pediatrics five months after the

publication of the study, he writes:

" I am the first author of a recent article on a study undertaken

by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to screen

for a potential link between thimerosal-containing vaccines and

neurodevelopmental delays. The article has been subject to heavy

criticism from antivaccine lobbyists...Because I was responsible for

nearly all aspects of this study, including study design, data

gathering, data analysis, and writing of the article, I wish to give

my opinion on these claims...Surprisingly, however, the study is

being interpreted now as negative [where 'negative' implies no

association was shown between Thimerosal and autism] by many,

including the antivaccine lobbyists. The article does not state that

we found evidence against an association, as a negative study would.

It does state, on the contrary, that additional study is

recommended, which is the conclusion to which a neutral study must

come. Does a neutral outcome reduce the value of a study? It may

make it less attractive to publishers and certainly to the press,

but it in no way diminishes its scientific and public health merit.

A neutral study carries a very distinct message: the investigators

could neither confirm nor exclude an association, and therefore more

study is required. "

3. There is compelling evidence that initial analyses by the CDC

found a pronounced, positive correlation between exposure to

Thimerosal and a wide range of neurodevelopmental issues but that

data was manipulated out of the study over time to produce a

neutral, inconclusive result. Here is Dr. Mark Geier discussing the

study:

" ...this very study was the topic of secret-closed meetings

between members of the CDC and other government organizations, as

well as members of the vaccine manufacturers held at Simpsonwood,

Georgia from 7-8 June 2000. The transcript of this meeting has been

obtained under the Freedom of Information Act. This transcript

reveals that the study initially found statistically significant

dose-response effects between increasing doses of mercury from

thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines and various types of

neurodevelopmental disorders. The transcript documents that the data

was real and statistically significant for many types of

neurodevelopmental disorders, but that the meeting participants

expressed that the data had to be 'handled.' Despite discussion

about how to 'handle' the data, some participants expressed concern

that the work that had already been done would be obtained by others

through the Freedom of Information Act. In this event, even if

professional bodies expressed the opinion that there was no

association between thimerosal and neurodevelopmental disorders, it

was already too late to do anything. In addition, other participants

expressed that the vaccine manufacturers were in a horrible position

to be able to defend any lawsuits alleging a relationship between

thimerosal and neurodevelopmental disorders, since no one would say

with the available data that there was no relationship between

thimerosal and neurodevelopmental disorders. "

The transcript of Simpsonwood meeting, if read in its entirety, is

surprising in its clarity on the Thimerosal-autism link and in the

explicit planning by the participants over how to " handle " the

information with the outside world. One of the expert panelists,

Weil, MD, commented during Simpsonwood:

" The number of dose related relationships [thimerosal to

neurological issues] are linear and statistically significant. You

can play with this all you want. They are linear. They are

statistically significant. "

After the Simpsonwood meeting, the study's author,

Vertraeten, stated to his superiors:

" I do not wish to be the advocate of the anti-vaccine lobby and

sound like being convinced that thimerosal is or was harmful, but at

least I feel we should use our sound scientific argumentation and

not let our standards be dictated by our desire to disprove an

unpleasant theory. "

Below are some reports documenting the initial findings of the CDC

analysis, criticisms of their subsequent methodologies, and

transcripts from the Simpsonwood meeting.

1. Analysis and Critique of the CDC's Handling of the Thimerosal

Exposure Assessment Based on the Vaccine Safety Datalink Information

Safe Minds (Sensible Action For Ending Mercury-Induced Neurological

Disorders)

October 2003

This 46-page presentation describes how the CDC performed four

separate rounds of analysis, with the first one showing a

significant positive correlation between Thimerosal exposure and

incidence of neurodevelopmental delays. It charts how the

methodology of each subsequent analysis was changed, eventually

resulting in a neutral, non-significant correlation.

2. Misses Link Between Thimerosal and Neurodevlopmental Disorders

Letter to the Editor of Pediatrics

Dr. Mark Geier

February 23, 2004

Dr. Geier's letter to Pediatrics outlines flaws in the CDC's

methodology and approach.

3. The Truth Behind the Vaccine Cover-up

www.russellblaylockmd.com

L. Blaylock, M.D.

September 4, 2004

This extensive review of the Simpsonwood transcript is

interspersed with Dr. Balylock's own commentary. It is shocking,

disheartening, and ultimately incriminating. Excerpt from Dr.

Verstraeten discussing some of the positive correlations found

between exposure to Thimerosal and the incidence of later

neurodevelopmental delays:

" ...we have found statistically significant relationships between

the exposures and outcomes for these different exposures and

outcomes. First, for [exposure to Thimerosal at] 2 months of age, an

unspecified developmental delay, which has its own ICD9 code.

Exposure at 3 months of age, Tics. Exposure at 6 months of age,

Attention Deficit Disorder. Exposure at 1, 3, and 6 months of age,

language and speech delays which are two separate ICD9 codes.

Exposure of 1, 3, and 6 months of age, the entire category of

neurodevelopmental delays which include all of these plus a number

of other disorders. "

4. Immunization Safety Review

Letter to the Institute of Medicine written by Safe Minds

2004

This letter to the Institute of Medicine written by Safe Minds

also highlights some of the incriminating discussion from the

Simpsonwood meeting. Excerpt from Dr. Bernier, near the closing of

the Simpsonwood meeting:

" We have asked you to keep this information confidential. We do

have a plan for discussing these data at the upcoming meeting of the

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on June 21 and June 22.

At that time CDC plans to make public release of this information,

so I think it would serve all of our interests best if we could

continue to consider these data. The ACIP work group will be

considering also. If we could consider these data in a certain

protected environment. So we are asking people who have a great job

protecting this information up until now, to continue to do that

until the timing of the ACIP meeting. So too basically consider this

embargoed information. That would help all of us to use the

machinery that we have in place for considering these data and for

arriving at policy recommendations. "

5. Internal Email From Verstraeten of the CDC Noting the

Thimerosal/Autism Link in the Data " Won't Go Away "

Internal Email Correspondence at the CDC

December 17, 1999

Verstareten's email, prior to the Simpsonwood meeting,

laments that in his analysis the relationship between Thimerosal and

a wide range of neurodevelopmental issues just " won't go away. "

6. Scientific Review Of Vaccine Safety Datalink Information

Simpsonwood Retreat Center

June 7-8 2000

This is the actual " Simpsonwood Transcript " that SafeMinds

obtained with a Freedom Of Information Act lawsuit. At 286 pages, it

takes some time to get through. Blaylock's (#3 above) or

Safe Mind's (#4 above) reports are an easier way to capture the

highlights of this transcript.

Myth #18: Denmark, which removed Thimerosal from vaccines in the

early 1990s, did a study proving there was no link between mercury

in vaccines and autism.

This myth implies that the government of Denmark was responsible

for a study of Thimerosal and autism, which is not accurate. In

rapid succession, four studies from Denmark were released in four

separate medical journals, all purporting to disprove the thimerosal-

vaccine-autism connection. Specifically, The New England Journal of

Medicine published in 2002, " A Population-based study of measles,

mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism " ; The American Journal of

Preventative Medicine published in 2003, " Autism and thimerosal:

lack of consistent evidence for an association " ; Pediatrics

published in 2003, " Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism:

negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data " ;

and, The Journal of the American Medical Association published in

2003, " Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and

autism. "

Soon after the studies were published, Safe Minds revealed that

most of the Danish researchers behind all four studies were

employees of a Danish manufacturer of vaccines, Statens Serum

Institut. None of the reports noted this conflict of interest.

Mothering magazine reported on Safe Mind's response to one of the

Danish studies (from the Journal of the American Medical

Association):

" Safe Minds released an analysis of the autism registry data from

Denmark that showed the rate of autism dropped sharply after removal

of thimerosal from infant vaccines in that country in 1992. Their

findings showed the rate of autism declined from an incidence of 1

in 500 prior to 1992 to 1 in 1,500 today. The analysis also

uncovered a flaw in the methodology of Danish investigators

publishing in the October issue of JAMA (Hviid et al), who utilized

the same Danish registry data and concluded that autism rates in

Denmark rose after thimerosal removal from vaccines. " In our review

of the Danish data we identified a flaw which resulted in a

substantial loss of autism case records from the registry which

essentially renders the findings from the JAMA study by Hviid and

colleagues invalid " , said Sallie Bernard, executive director of Safe

Minds. " The registry allows 10-25% of diagnosed autism cases to be

lost from its records each year. The effect [cumulative] of this

loss is such that the records will disappear from older age groups

to a much greater degree than from younger age groups in any given

registry year. "

The Hviid findings are based on finding fewer older children

diagnosed with autism than younger ones in the 2000 medical

registry. Since the older children received Thimerosal vaccines and

the younger ones did not, Hviid falsely concluded that Thimerosal

must not be a factor in autism. The Safe Minds analysis shows

instead that the " higher " incidence of autism in younger children is

likely due to the loss of records of older children, rather than a

true " increase " in autism rates in the younger group.

Safe Minds reanalyzed the Denmark registry data and used an

alternative method to avoid the record removal bias. The analysis

looked at same-age children - 5-9 year olds - but from different

registry years: 1992, when all of the children received Thimerosal-

containing vaccines, and 2002, when none of the children received

vaccines with Thimerosal. The analysis found a 2.3x higher incidence

of autism cases among the 1992 Thimerosal-exposed group relative to

the 2002 non-exposed group.

The analysis then determined an autism incidence rate for the non-

Thimerosal group of 1 in 1,500, while the Thimerosal-exposed group

had an incidence of 1 in 500, a 3-fold increase. The higher figure

is comparable to the 1 in 500 incidence level for autism in England

and the 1 in 150 incidence level in the US. The Thimerosal exposure

level and timing in pre-1992 Denmark was comparable to that in

England, while that for the US was somewhat more aggressive. As Lyn

Redwood, president of Safe Minds comments:

" In the Hviid study in JAMA we can clearly see how the data was

misinterpreted so a conclusion could be drawn to clear thimerosal

from any role in autism. This misinterpretation is not surprising

given the authors' employment with the manufacturer and promoter of

vaccines in Denmark, Statens Serum Institut. This conflict of

interest should have been stated by JAMA...Safe Minds is calling for

a complete analysis of the Denmark autism registry data set by

independent, unbiased epidemiologists who have no involvement in

vaccine development, production, promotion, or administration. "

Some documents that refute the Denmark studies include:

1. Something is Rotten In Denmark

Safe Minds

October 2003

This overview traces the association between all the Danish

researchers to a single Danish vaccine company, Statens Serum

Institut.

2. Analysis of the Danish Autism Registry Data Base in Response to

the Hviid et al Paper on Thimerosal in JAMA (October, 2003)

Safe Minds

Sallie Bernard

October 2003

This paper details the above findings by Safe Minds and refutes the

methodology of Danish study published in the Journal of the American

Medical Association.

3. Danish Thimerosal-Autism study in Pediatrics: Misleading and

Uninformative on Link

Safe Minds

Mark Blaxill

September 2, 2003

This paper critiques the Danish study published in Pediatrics.

4. MMR and Autism In Perspective: The Denmark Story

Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Volume 9, Number 3

Carol Stott, Ph.D., Mark Blaxill, Dr. Wakefield

Fall 2004

This peer-reviewed analysis demonstrates that the rate of autism in

Denmark rose after the introduction of the MMR vaccine.

Myth #19: The IOM did a study and proved there was no link between

mercury in vaccines and autism.

In May 2004, the Institute of Medicine released a 216-page report

titled Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism and concluded

that there did not appear to be a causal link between Thimerosal and

the autism epidemic. This study was paid for by the CDC, a conflict

in of itself, and there is growing evidence that the conclusion was

pre-ordained before any research was done. Regarding the potential

link between mercury and autism, Dr. Marie McCormick, Committee

Chair of the IOM study, in a recently released transcript, stated

(before any research had been done), " We are not ever going to come

down that it is a true side effect. " Much of the IOM's conclusion

was based on the aforementioned CDC and Danish studies - there was

no primary research done. This lack of new, primary research is a

critical point: the IOM's conclusion was largely based on the

studies discussed in Myths 17 & 18 above that are controversial

flawed.

Soon after the report's release, Congressmen Burton and Weldon and

Congresswoman held a joint press conference. An excerpt from

Mothering magazine on the press conference:

" Unfortunately, I believe the findings announced in the May 18th

IOM report are heavily biased, and unrepresentative of all the

available scientific and medical research, " stated Chairman

Burton. " I think it is highly irresponsible for the IOM Immunization

Safety Review Committee to purport definitive findings to the

American public, which are based on selective scientific studies

that are greatly flawed to begin with. "

The recently released IOM report is the eighth and final in a

series designed to examine the safety of vaccines that contain the

mercury-based preservative, Thimerosal. In their latest report, the

IOM Committee concludes, " The body of epidemiological evidence

favors the rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal-

containing vaccines and autism. " This statement represents a

significant change from the Committee's finding in their 2001

report, which called such a causal relationship, " biologically

plausible. " The Committee based its final conclusions on their

review of approximately 10 previously conducted epidemiological

studies. Of those roughly 10 studies, 5 reported probable links

between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism, yet those 5 were

summarily dismissed because the Committee determined the manner in

which they were conducted was flawed. "

For an excellent article on the IOM conflict:

A Dragon By the Tail

byronchild Magazine

By Reagan

March 7, 2005

Myth #20: Our health authorities would never let this happen - it's

impossible that so many responsible for the welfare of our kids

would allow an entire generation of children to be poisoned with

mercury.

It is very hard to believe that so many doctors and health

authorities, most of whom truly have the welfare of our children in

their hearts, would allow this to happen. Some of the reasons,

unfortunately, that this is a myth include:

- Doctors are not trained in toxicology in medical school.

Therefore, very few people who monitor the vaccine program and

monitor neurological developmental issues in children know what the

signs of mercury poisoning look like, how to test for it, or what to

do about it.

- Mercury has a slow onset that can take years to fully manifest.

Therefore, the decision in 1991/92 to change the vaccine schedule

did not start to show up in the autism figures until 1995/1996,

creating confusion and uncertainty.

- By the time the epidemic was in full stride, those in positions

of power seem to have suffered from denial, self-protection, and

self-interest. Unfortunately, these traits have been exhibited

throughout American history. Think asbestos, lead, alar, and Vioxx,

to name only a few.

From our own Congressional Subcommittee on Human Rights and

Wellness:

" Thimerosal used as a preservative in vaccines is likely related

to the autism epidemic. This epidemic in all probability may have

been prevented or curtailed had the FDA not been asleep at the

switch regarding injected thimerosal and the sharp rise of infant

exposure to this known neurotoxin. Our public health agencies'

failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self-

protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical

industry. "

And, a study on Conflicts of Interest in Vaccine Policy-Making:

Conflicts Of Interest In Vaccine Policy Making

Committee On Government Reform - U.S. House of Representatives

August 21, 2000

Myth #21: The best treatment for Autism, and the only proven

treatment, is behavioral therapy - specifically ABA or Applied

Behavior Analysis.

There appears to be clinical evidence that ABA therapy improves

autistic symptoms in some autistic children. In general, the use of

many forms of behavioral therapy for autism leads to improvement.

However, to represent that ABA is the only form of treatment for

autism is untrue. There are hundreds of children who have recovered

from autism through biomedical treatment and that number is growing

everyday.

Myth #22: Autism is a psychological disorder and a psychologist

should provide treatment.

Autism is an issue of toxicology. A physician who understands toxic

metals in terms of testing, symptoms, and removal is critical to

treating autism effectively.

Myth #23: Chelation therapy is unsafe, unproven medicine. It is

something only desperate parents would consider doing, and has more

risks than benefits.

Chelation therapy is a safe, effective way to remove toxic metals

from the body. It has been used for decades to treat acute metals

poisoning and more recently, to treat degenerative diseases such as

chronic fatigue, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's, cancer, and

heart disease. When monitored by a physician, potential side affects

such as mineral depletion and impacted liver function can be

monitored and remedied. On the other hand, the risks of maintaining

acute mercury toxicity in the body - progressive neuro and other

degenerative disease - as well as poor quality of life for the

severely toxic are significant. Below is the coverage position on

chelation therapy from CIGNA, one of the country's largest insurance

companies:

" CIGNA Healthcare considers chelation therapy medically necessary

in the following conditions: arsenic, mercury, iron, copper or gold

poisoning when long-term exposure to and toxicity has been confirmed

through lab results (i.e., blood, plasma, and/or urine results) or

clinical findings (i.e., symptoms consistent with metal toxicity). "

Myth #24: Mercury may be one of the causes of autism. It doesn't

really matter what the cause - once you have autism, you have autism

for life.

We often say a child " has autism " implying it is something

someone " acquires " or " catches " or " is born with " . Autism is not a

disease. Autism is simply a label for a range of observed behaviors.

There is no medical test for autism. These behaviors are typically

assessed by a psychologist using the DSM-IV criteria which

identifies 12 groups of abnormal behaviors. A child exhibiting any 6

of these behaviors results in a diagnosis of autism. This diagnostic

process means that two children exhibiting the opposite six criteria

could both be considered autistic. It is also entirely plausible

that a single child diagnosed separately by five psychologists could

receive five separate diagnoses like autism, Asperger's, ADHD, PDD-

NOS, and a developmental delay. In sum, it is an imperfect and

subjective process that rests on a description of symptoms, not

cause.

That many autistic children seem to share physiological

manifestations like food allergies, gastrointestinal distress,

suppressed immune systems, recurrent ear infections, yeast

overgrowth or candida, gross and fine motor delays, sensory

processing distortions, sleep disturbances, and impaired

detoxification pathways has not been publicized or considered by the

majority of professionals involved with diagnosing autism. You

almost never read about these common physical symptoms when

researching autism. Autism and mercury poisoning have identical

symptom profiles, both physical and behavioral. They are one in the

same thing.

The current paradigm for thinking about these mercury-poisoned

children is broken and unhelpful. " Autism " will always be a mystery

without a cure. When you begin to think of autism as a misdiagnosis

for a mercury-poisoned state, things start to make more sense. All

of the physical symptoms and behaviors are explained by the presence

of mercury. When you know the cause, you can focus on cure. Curing

autism is a miracle; curing mercury poisoning is a medical

procedure.

Myth #25: Autism, Asperger's, ADHD, and ADD

All of these behavioral diagnoses are mythical: they simply do not

exist. Each one simply places a child somewhere along the " spectrum "

of mercury poisoning.

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>>>So a person with high testosterone will do more damage to his body than a

>>>person with lower testosterone?

>

> Myth #7: The reason that boys represent 80% - 90% of the epidemic

> is that autism is an extreme form of the more rigid and scientific

> male mind.

> Testosterone is a synergistic toxin with mercury which means that

> it enhances the toxicity of mercury in the body while estrogen

> appears to protect neurons and neuronal fibers from mercury's

> toxicity. This synergistic toxicity is the reason for the high ratio

> of males in the epidemic. Arguably the leading scientist on the

> toxicity of mercury, Boyd Haley, Ph.D., Professor and Chair of the

> Chemistry Department, University of Kentucky discusses the issue of

> testosterone and mercury:

>

> " One of the conundrums of autism is the 4:1 ratio of boys to girls

> that get the disease. We therefore decided to test the effects of

> both female and male hormones on the neurotoxicity of thimerosal.

> The results were eye-opening. For example, 50 nanomolar thimerosal

> causes less than 5% neuron death within the first three hours

> incubation and 1 micromolar testosterone causes no significant death

> within this time frame. However, mix these two together and 100%

> neuron death was observed at the earliest time point checked. This

> represents a severe enhancement of thimerosal toxicity. "

>

>

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