Re: any pure apraxia children?

[Guest guest]

Hope has verbal apraxia and seizures. Basically in her case the seizures caused

the apraxia. Quite a few neurological conditions are closely related to

apraxia, which I guess is why they go together so often.

Toni

[ ] any pure apraxia children?

Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

diagnosing apraxia by itself.

[Guest guest]

My daughter just had apraxia with no underlying problems. She

didn't talk until she was 3, but at 7 she just has some mild

articulation problems. She does not have brain damage. She did not

sensory integration problems. She is gifted (we think). She also

responded well to speech therapy.

Her twin sister has brain damage with severe apraxia.

still has a significant speech problem. She had mild sensory

integration dysfunction. She has motor planning problems throughout

her body. Her oral muscles has always been weak, also. She does not

ADD/ADHD. In fact, one of her best attributes is that she has an

extremely long attention span which has been a benefit in therapy.

She defintely is not autistic. She is sociable (but not comfortable

around strangers). Around people she knows, she is very sociable.

In fact, my mom thinks is more sociable than her brother or

sister. At school, is more sociable.

Suzi

--- In , " fopt " <fopt65@a...>

wrote:

> Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

> and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

> kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

> another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

> diagnosing apraxia by itself.

[Guest guest]

--- In , " fopt " <fopt65@a...>

wrote:

> Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

> and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

> kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

> another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

> diagnosing apraxia by itself.

My son has only been diagnosed with verbal apraxia, he does not have

any sensory issues nor does he have any other neurological

disorders. I think its possible to just have the verbal apraxia.

3.8

[Guest guest]

From what I remember reading from this site as well as other sites

and sources, it IS possible to have only verbal apraxia, but it is a

very rare thing. However, I can tell you that apraxia is something

that is not solely connected with autism and/or PDD. This, I know,

others will back me up on.

My son does not have autism or PDD of any kind. This was confirmed

by our developmental pediatrician. However, in conjunction with his

apraxia, he does have Sensory Integration Dysfunction (mild) and very

mild hypotonia, both of which our developmental pediatrician felt

were secondary issues to the apraxia for our son. Both are a common

combination with apraxia. There are many other variables and

combinations, but apraxia is not limited to autism and PDD. The

range of other conditions go from mild to severe, depending on the

condition. I don't think there are any absolutes when it comes to

apraxia and it's causes or what conditions are linked to it.

If there is any doubt, and an SLP is leery of making a diagnosis, it

really it worth going to a developmental pediatrician or a pediatric

neurologist who is knowledgeable about apraxia. They can really help

you decipher what is going on with your child. I know it was worth

it for me...we really didn't know what was at the root of my son's

speech delay and why he was making little progress in EI. I

suspected that he might be on the spectrum for autism, but of course,

I'm not an MD. Making that trip was SO worth it. We were able to

confirm that he was not on the spectrum at all for autism, but some

of those same symptoms were, for Drew, the DSI. Plus we finally had

an answer to his speech issues. Having those diagnoses in place,

we've been able to make changes in his EI therapy, and he's made

incredible strides forward. He's still not as far as we'd like with

speech, but he's definitely on the right track now. Same with his

DSI-- in fact, it was addressing that in OT that really made the

difference in his progress. So definitely check it out. One way or

the other, you'll then know what you have to do.

le (SAHM to Drew, 2.7 yrs apraxia and DSI)

--- In , " fopt " <fopt65@a...>

wrote:

> Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

> and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

> kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

> another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

> diagnosing apraxia by itself.

[Guest guest]

There are certainly MANY children who are apraxic and do not have a

secondary diagnosis of Autism, PDD or others on that spectrum. It

is my feeling that quite a few kids with apraxia are misdiagnosed

with these other disorders.

My Ian has some additional motor planning problems. Although his

fine motor skills are great, he has trouble imitating gross

movements with his arms/hands. He is NOT clumsy but apparently has

low-normal tone.

I'll bet " pure " apraxia is not the norm. Language is so

interconnected in the brain and it seems unlikely that other

neurological functions wouldn't also be affected (whether it is

profound or minor). Don't quote me!!! I just like to talk.

Pam

--- In , " fopt " <fopt65@a...>

wrote:

> Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

> and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

> kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

> another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

> diagnosing apraxia by itself.

[Guest guest]

My son appears at this age (33 months today) to " only " have verbal

apraxia. He is gifted in gross motor abilities, shows no signs of

low tone nor any signs of autism/PDD. Occassionaly I think he has

some SI issues but then I check with my play date moms of " normal "

kids and they are doing the same things (not wanting hair washed,

body crashing, etc). I keep having to remind myself that we all

need sensory input and kids do it differently than adults and as

long as it isn't causing problems than it's not a disfunction!

As for the ST's not wanting to diagnose, we had the same situation.

All the people we saw (ST's and OT's) said apraxia but when we'd get

their reports there would be no mention of it. We finally went to a

neurologist to rule out LKS and to over-ride a bogus eval from a

combined OT and SLP that said Nick's speech problem was caused by

DIS. During the eval they said that he was probably apraxic but

when we got the report they said he couldn't feel pain and couldn't

speak because he didn't know what his mouth was doing.

I'm all for developmental peds and neurologists doing the

diagnosing. We needed the diagnosis for insurance purposes and plus

I believe that a correct diagnosis should then direct the type and

amount of therapy given.

SAHM to 33 months today!

[Guest guest]

from what I know, because apraxia is neurologically based, it seems rare to have

ONLY verbal be affected because normally fine motor, oral motor and gross motor

and sensory are connected which leads to presentations in children that show

other delays. Tammy

[Guest guest]

I remember when my son was young I thought he was purely verbal apraxic. I

would read posts of folks whose kids had all sorts of diagnoses and think,

" Wow, am I lucky that only has speech issues! " I strongly feel that

Apraxia is one of those things that RARELY happens in a vacuum. Usually

when there is a dysfunction in one area of the brain, there are others

affected. That is just the nature of things.

Anyway, as my son (now 5 years old) has grown, we have discovered other

issues (sensory, attention, fine motor, social, etc). There are some kids

that just seem to be pure verbal apraxic when young and then learning

disabilities pop up. Many say that dyslexia is just another form of

apraxia.

As far as an SLP being hesitant to diagnose apraxia b/c there are no other

soft neurological signs, I suppose that would cause doubt in my mind as

well, however she might not be seeing the other neuro signs. Our

developmental pediatrician told me at one point that she did not see

hypotonia in my son, yet it was obvious that he was hypotonic to me and many

of the therapists that worked with him.

Just my two cents...

[Guest guest]

Hi, My Amy has speech and verbal apraxia , she is only 10 to 15 percent

understandable to familar listeners and almost 0 percent understandable to

unfamiliar listeners. She also has dislexia, And large and small muscel

processing delays. Amy is 7 1/2 and is unable to tie her shoes or ride a bike,

she can however ride a tricycle. We have been teaching amy to sign, but with her

cordination being so off, her signing is also hard to understand. Although Amy

is very hard to understand, she is bright with an IQ test of 128. We are hoping

to get her going on an Alph Keyboard with word prediction, I'd appreciate any

info you may have on the Alph Board or any other communication aides. Amy

totally understands what is going on around her, and get very frustrated that

she is so not understandable. She is very social and loves people. Amy has a

very long attention spand that is a blessing and she is so egar to try and to

learn, she seem like she never gives up.

oh yes, we have bed wetting problems.

there are other processing problems too, we usually have to repeat questions 2

or 3 times with long pauses inbetween while we wait for her to process it before

we can get her to answer.

AMY " S THE GREATEST, WOULDN " T TRADE HER FOR ANYTHING!!!

Lane Wells <mommybizz@...> wrote:

Hope has verbal apraxia and seizures. Basically in her case the seizures caused

the apraxia. Quite a few neurological conditions are closely related to

apraxia, which I guess is why they go together so often.

Toni

[ ] any pure apraxia children?

Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

diagnosing apraxia by itself.

[Guest guest]

hey, sarah...its Tammy

does have any issues with his hands, sensitivity, not liking them

dirty, any awkward movement....I'm still on this auditory processing disorder

kick and how so many of these " dx " are neurologically based.

Mom to Josiah 30 months

[ ] Re: any pure apraxia children?

My son appears at this age (33 months today) to " only " have verbal

apraxia. He is gifted in gross motor abilities, shows no signs of

low tone nor any signs of autism/PDD. Occassionaly I think he has

some SI issues but then I check with my play date moms of " normal "

kids and they are doing the same things (not wanting hair washed,

body crashing, etc). I keep having to remind myself that we all

need sensory input and kids do it differently than adults and as

long as it isn't causing problems than it's not a disfunction!

As for the ST's not wanting to diagnose, we had the same situation.

All the people we saw (ST's and OT's) said apraxia but when we'd get

their reports there would be no mention of it. We finally went to a

neurologist to rule out LKS and to over-ride a bogus eval from a

combined OT and SLP that said Nick's speech problem was caused by

DIS. During the eval they said that he was probably apraxic but

when we got the report they said he couldn't feel pain and couldn't

speak because he didn't know what his mouth was doing.

I'm all for developmental peds and neurologists doing the

diagnosing. We needed the diagnosis for insurance purposes and plus

I believe that a correct diagnosis should then direct the type and

amount of therapy given.

SAHM to 33 months today!

[Guest guest]

I'll add a few things to this post. I am not in this group because

of 's apraxia. It was mild. She responded to speech therapy.

She does not have any other issues.

I think there are lots of kids like her, but they are not going to

be in a group like this. There is no need to be in a group like

this. responded to regular treatment.

Now, is the reason I am here. She didn't respond to

treatment. She is very severe. She has other issues.

I think this group gets kids that are more severe than others.

Now, I will say that some of the kids in this group are young (under

3). Neither or talked when they were 2-2 3/4, so they

did look the same at that point. Even when they were 2, was

different than . could kiss and blow bubbles,

couldn't. didn't make a mess when she ate, did. I knew

there was more wrong with than even from a young age.

> I remember when my son was young I thought he was purely verbal

apraxic. I

> would read posts of folks whose kids had all sorts of diagnoses

and think,

> " Wow, am I lucky that only has speech issues! " I strongly

feel that

> Apraxia is one of those things that RARELY happens in a vacuum.

Usually

> when there is a dysfunction in one area of the brain, there are

others

> affected. That is just the nature of things.

>

> Anyway, as my son (now 5 years old) has grown, we have discovered

other

> issues (sensory, attention, fine motor, social, etc). There are

some kids

> that just seem to be pure verbal apraxic when young and then

learning

> disabilities pop up. Many say that dyslexia is just another form

of

> apraxia.

>

> As far as an SLP being hesitant to diagnose apraxia b/c there are

no other

> soft neurological signs, I suppose that would cause doubt in my

mind as

> well, however she might not be seeing the other neuro signs. Our

> developmental pediatrician told me at one point that she did not

see

> hypotonia in my son, yet it was obvious that he was hypotonic to

me and many

> of the therapists that worked with him.

>

> Just my two cents...

[Guest guest]

<I strongly feel that Apraxia is one of those things that RARELY happens in a

vacuum. Usually

when there is a dysfunction in one area of the brain, there are others

affected. That is just the nature of things. Anyway, as my son (now 5 years

old) has grown, we have discovered other

issues (sensory, attention, fine motor, social, etc).>

I agree. My first daughter was so difficult, she was eventually diagnosed with

ADHD, ODD, and now PDD-NOS. When my second daughter came along and sleep and

smiled all the time it was so refreshing. I thought there was no way this child

would have any problem, except her speech wasn't developing. Then at 3 the

Pediatrician suggested I take for a speech eval. and I was crushed. He also

suggested she may be Inattentive ADD, due to our family history. I told him NO

way, she is too good. He told me to get ready. She struggled with her speech,

then in Kindergarten ADD and fine motor delay diagnosed, then realized it was

Apraxia, Hypotomia and SID, then it became evident she was severely Dyslexic.

I find it the same with ADHD, it rarely occurs alone. Does anyone know the

statistics of ADHD and Apraxia or LD and Apraxia?

As I became more familiar with co-morbid disorders to ADHD and Apraxia, I

realized many of the children of the parents I helped through my CHADD groups

often had both disorders, and a combination of others (usually not diagnosed).

Carol Sadler

Special Education Consultant/Advocate

sadlerpc@...

www.IEPadvocate4You.com

[Guest guest]

[ ] Re: any pure apraxia children?

I have been watching this thread with interest and the variety of answers is

interesting. My little boy, Levi, is 22 months old and was given a tentative

apraxia diagnosis recently. We have also been given the diagnosis of mild

cerebral palsy and static encephalopathy. He is a toe walker andwill be fitted

for AFOs on Monday. I haven't seen iether of those diagnosis mentioned here w/

apraxia. Anyone else?

Kara

[Guest guest]

That's 's diagnosis mild cerebral palsy caused by static

encephalopathy. Apraxia is her main problem. She never toe walked,

but she has some toe troubles. Her toes are stiff. She can't wear

flip-flops (or other shoes without a back) because of this. I've

mentioned before the weak oral muscles, some SID, and motor planning

throughout her body.

At least you are finding out early. was 3 before we knew

about he brain damage.

Good luck!

Suzi

[Guest guest]

My son just turned 5 and he is apraxic and has been in pre-school handicap

since 3. The only other sign that I was concerned about was low tone in his

arms, which I noticed in his swim class. I took him to a dev. ped. who

confirmed hypotonia. She said its mild and that's probably why they did not

pick it up in school, but it has not stopped him from writing and doing all

the other things he should be doing but its something to watch for when he

starts school and they do more consistent writing skills.

>From: " fopt " <fopt65@...>

>Reply-

>

>Subject: [ ] any pure apraxia children?

>Date: Fri, 23 Jan 2004 23:39:50 -0000

>

>Most of the posts seem to be from parents of children with apraxia

>and other underlying conditions (i.e. Autism, PDD). Are there any

>kids with just verbal apraxia,or must it be in conjuction with

>another neurological condition? Some STs seem to be hesistant in

>diagnosing apraxia by itself.

>

>

_________________________________________________________________

High-speed users—be more efficient online with the new MSN Premium Internet

Software. http://join.msn.com/?pgmarket=en-us & page=byoa/prem & ST=1

[Guest guest]

I also have a son who we never saw the hypotonia in his upper body until he

was about 5. , lower trunk was over compensating, no trouble riding a bike,

can climb up any apparatus, but not pull himself up. but monkey bars, no

strength at all, difficult time doing crab walk, and wheelbarrow races. His fine

motor is quite good, can write well so far not a problem, but gross skills are

weak.

[Guest guest]

now 9 has severe speech apraxia with mild fine motor skill problems

(hand writing very sloppy but can tie shoes, zip jacket, pants etc.)

Kerry

[Guest guest]

In response to some of the many posts on this -this group is a

mixture of all types of late talkers ranging from mild " just " late

talkers with simple delays in speech, to those with more complex and

severe impairments that overlap with other conditions. The majority

here do not post and lurk instead, and this includes the majority of

those with " just " late talkers. Some have told me they don't want

to post because they don't believe their child's problems will be

taken seriously in comparison to what others are going through. I

just want to once again say -all are welcome here and all is taken

seriously.

Out of the few that do post, there are a handful that post to reach

out to help others (thank you for all that do this!) and share

updates and we get to know them. Most post when they have a

question or when they are upset about something, but a few come here

to share joys that only we can understand (like being excited about

a 4 year old that says " hi " for the first time)

Pure apraxia is a question that comes up often, and as long ago as

when Tanner was first diagnosed. In fact below are two of my first

ever messages on this where first I question what " pure apraxia " is

a day or so after Tanner was diagnosed -and then another where I

sign next to Tanner's name " pure apraxia " (and yes -I too was wrong)

Interestingly enough in my first messages I describe Tanner's signs

of oral apraxia and sensory problems and hypotonia which -but since

nobody including Tanner's pediatrician knew they were warning signs -

none were addressed until after these " soft signs " were diagnosed by

the neurodevelopmental MDs.

I'll put my post below, here is just one of the more recent archives

and then some other comments below that on your direct question:

" From what I've seen personally and in this group, apraxia, like

autism, is multifaceted in most cases...meaning it's not " just " an

impairment of speech. Bilker is one of the only children I

know who has " pure " apraxia of speech and nothing else.

http://www.debtsmart.com/talk/brandon.html

(even though most of us in the early stages also believe it's " only "

a speech delay as you will even read in my first posts 4 years ago.) "

Most children with apraxia do not have PDD, however it's not

uncommon for children with PDD to have apraxia. Most children with

apraxia do have mild low tone (weakness) and/or mild motor planning

problems in other areas of the body. It's also not uncommon for

a 'typical' apraxic child to have sensory integration dysfunction,

even if it's mild. Through anecdotal reports apraxic children are

also late to potty train and may be prone to constipation. (and if

asked to blow their nose into a tissue they will breath in instead

of blow out!)

Children with apraxia or any communication disorder are known

through studies to be at risk for learning disabilities. the issue

of

using verbal based cognitive or receptive testing on verbal disabled

children?

http://www.cherab.org/news/verbaldisabledtest.html Just like in

the story behind the movie " Stand and Deliver " -I love the

quote " students will rise to the level of expectations "

http://www.kcbx.net/~jbunin/files/reviews/teachers.html which is

most likely based in proof by the research of Dr. Rosenthal.

http://www.pineforge.com/newman4study/resources/rosenthal1.htm I've

spoken to Dr. Rosenthal about the current testing problem our

society and school systems are placing on verbal disabled children,

how this is discriminatory - and the damaging impact of using this

type of testing based on what his research proves. Dr. Rosenthal is

shocked to say the least -and agrees with my views on this -he

believes this should be studied as well. Please contact me if you

are interested in learning more about this too.

We as the ones that care for these children have to believe that

this is not necessarily true -my son Tanner is just one example of a

child that could have still been in a special needs class and viewed

as low average abilities due to verbal based testing -but instead is

a straight A student in all subjects in an accelerated academics

first grade class. Many if not all of our children benefit from

multisensory therapy as well as multisensory education. For example

when Tanner's school taught the children about the circulatory

system -each child had a chance to " be " a white blood cell or red

blood cell or platelet while walking through the halls of the

school. Tanner came home and explained the circulatory system to us

and it was amazing. I am also a strong believer that as a group in

general most of the children with multifaceted communication

impairments (those who don't just have verbal apraxia) will benefit

from starting kindergarten at six vs. at five so that they have that

extra year to work on the intensive therapy, and give that extra

year for development. I don't know anyone that regretted " holding

back " their child for a year -but I personally know quite a few that

regret starting their child at five, especially if the child is a

young five.

Here is an archive on how our children, and adults like them that

are verbal disabled, have been viewed by the majority:

" Now if you want to know the negative view our children will face if

we don't change it as a group-then read this link (

http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/gleaner_news/article/0,1626,ECP_4476_

2470843,00.\html ) for the good and the bad:

" These children are going to plateau at a certain level -- that is

the nature of a disability, " said Harper, who teaches students with

autism, learning disabilities, mental retardation, Tourette's

syndrome, vision and hearing deficiencies and brain injuries. " These

kids are not going to grow out of it, not going to grow up and be

OK. It's sad, but that is the way it is. "

" In Nashville, Tenn., schools director Pedro called

it " ludicrous, to give a (special ed) student a test that they

cannot read or understand, much less know the answer. "

And this quote opens a can of worms to me:

" There is no way some of these kids can meet the testing standards, "

she said. " If they could, they wouldn't be with us in the first

place. "

I'd love to ask this person " And if they were not with you in the

first place...could they instead be a straight A student in the

mainstream? " and then tell her about my son Tanner who is one of

many who would be in these classes due to verbal based IQ and

receptive ability tests...but instead is a straight A student in all

subjects in the mainstream

http://www.cherab.org/news/verbaldisabledtest.html

But just like I like to leave out the bad parts most of the time and

focus on the good (like saying that even though most children

diagnosed with leukemia will be cured...I don't like to talk about

what happens to almost all of those few that are not cured. Because

there is always hope -and you don't want to ever give that up.)

Here is someone to cheer from the same article!

" There have been low expectations for some of these children all

along, " he said. " And that's not because of mental abilities, but

because of poor instruction received in the early grades. We need to

challenge schools that these children can achieve. Sure, they will

need an intensive program, but they can be brought up to grade

level. "

~ Tomalis, acting assistant secretary for elementary and

secondary education

Hurray for ' Tomalis!! "

Subject:

Thanks for the talking kids page!

Date:

Wed, 10 Mar 1999 11:03:00 -0500

From:

& Glenn <shop-in-service@...>

To:

pressone@...

Hi ,

Our 2 3/4 year old son Tanner was diagnosed yesterday with apraxia.

However, as I'm sure you are well aware, we have been dealing with

his

non speech for much longer. (You may have read my e-mail about

Tanner.) Tanner looks like a cherub-strangers say that all the

time.

So we call him " the cherub boy " .

It was wonderful to hear your adorable sons, and the other children

speak. It really does help. At this point our son sounds the most

like

when the father says " 1, 2, 3, a, b, c, " . Without much

prompting

he is non verbal. Also, most of the time, when my husband and I

try

to ask Tanner questions where he would have to try to answer, my

older

son, who is four, talks for him. Like your son, Tanner looks and

acts

normal. Actually outside of expressive speech, Tanner tests on every

other area above average. This was unfortunately the reason our

pediatrician was never concerned. We had to push to get his hearing

and

speech evaluation.

If you could tell us some background on your son it would be

appreciated. When did he first get diagnosed? How many days of

therapy

a week does he receive? When did you see the greatest improvement?

Like Tanner, was there a time he didn't really talk? What is " pure

apraxia " ? Even though he is a perfect weight now, I have been

concerned with the way he sometimes shoves large amounts of food in

his

mouth. Is apraxia a rare condition? I've spent the morning trying

to

find a local support group where I could receive the answers to some

of

these questions. Even Tanner's speech therapist said there is not

much

known about it because it is pretty rare. I did find a world wide

support group for apraxia in Greenbay Wisconsin called MUMS with 20

to

40 members.

Well again, thanks for putting the talking kids page together. Let

me

know what you need, and my husband and I can send you a tape and

picture

of Tanner.

Best,

[Guest guest]

Hi,

I'm , my daughter , 22 months, has been diagnosed with just

verbal apraxia. Now I am waiting to see a Neuro. Ped. on 2/5 to get his

opinion, but so far that has been all that has been said. I am hopeful that is

all;

she appears good in all other areas maybe even advanced but only time and more

doctors will tell for sure. If you have questions please let me know.

[Guest guest]

Morin Family wrote:

> I remember when my son was young I thought he was purely verbal

> apraxic. I

> would read posts of folks whose kids had all sorts of diagnoses and think,

> " Wow, am I lucky that only has speech issues! " I strongly

> feel that

> Apraxia is one of those things that RARELY happens in a vacuum. Usually

I remember thinking the exact same thing. My son seemed to be slightly

ahead of the average in gaining early motor skills with a few odd things

mixed in (like not clapping or waving) and constantly adding and losing

vocab though he talked fairly early. It was as he grew and was expected

to have more precise motor skills and his speech never cleared up as

other kids did that we realized there was much more going on. My son is

also cognitively gifted and ahead in language so for a long time Drs

said he'd grow out of the oddities until he was about 4 and realized

through testing he was significantly behind in some of the fine and

gross motor skills and speech was always falling more behind despite

therapy. It can take awhile to see issues and they vary significantly

from child to child but I think the chances are pretty good that you

will see some other area of concern if a child has a neurodevelopmental

speech issue. It's certainly worth doing testing because often you

don't realize at 4 they should be able to balance on one foot for 5

seconds, or should be able to draw an X in a certain way or a figure

with so many body parts unprompted, etc. I would certainly not have

guessed my son would score as low as he has on all testing because he

compensates so well.