Guest guest Posted October 31, 2005 Report Share Posted October 31, 2005 Glossary of Terms Absorption: Process by which digested food is absorbed by the lower part of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Acetone: A chemical (see ketone bodies) formed when the body breaks down fat instead of glucose for energy. Levels rise and acetone " spills " into the urine and is exhaled in the breath producing a " fruity " smell. Adequate Intake: Intake level that sustains a defined nutritional status, such as growth rate, normal circulating nutrient values, or other functional indicators of health. Adhesions: Bands of fibrous tissue that may form after abdominal surgery and can connect the loops of the intestines to each other, to other abdominal organs, or to the abdominal wall. These bands can pull sections of the intestines out of place and may block the passage of food. Adipex: A brand name for Phentermine, an appetite suppressant used to reduce calorie intake. Adipose Tissue: A specialized type of tissue for storing cellular fat. Adjustable Gastric Band (AGB): A bariatric procedure that achieves weight loss through restriction of food intake and does not cause any malabsorption of nutrients. During this procedure, a band is placed around the upper end of the stomach, creating a small pouch and a narrow passage into the larger remaining portion of the stomach. This small passage delays the emptying of food from the pouch and causes a feeling of fullness. The AGB allows for adjustments with only local anesthesia by inserting a needle to the tighten or loosening of the band. Adjustment: If weight loss is too rapid after an AGB or Lap-Band procedure, the band can be " adjusted " and loosened by taking out some of the fluid. Adult-Onset Diabetes: Another term sometimes used for type 2 diabetes. Aerobic: Containing oxygen or requiring oxygen. Aerobic Exercise: Any continuous activity of large muscle groups that forces your heart and lungs to work harder for an extended period of time. Aerobic means " requiring oxygen " . Examples include walking, swimming, stair climbing, and bike riding. Albuminuria: Occurs when a protein called albumin is found in the urine above a specified level indicates potential kidney damage. Allergy: Exaggerated response by the immune. Amino Acids: The essential building blocks of proteins, nine of which cannot be manufactured by the body and therefore have to be obtained through food intake. Amino Acid Score: A measure of the actual amounts of individual amino acids in a food, or in the diet relative to the need for the amino acid. It does not evaluate whether the protein is digestible. Anaerobic: Not containing oxygen or not requiring oxygen. Anaerobic Exercise: Continuous activity that requires your body to perform at explosive bursts for a relatively short duration. In this type of exercise, your body relies heavily on stored energy that does not need oxygen to be released. Examples include weightlifting and sprinting. Anaerobic Threshold: The level of effort where lactic acid levels begin to rise. It is the point at which you begin working your muscles without oxygen. Anastomosis: Surgical connection between two structures. Anemia: " Too little blood " , any condition in which too few red blood cells are immature (and therefore too large) or too small or contain too little hemoglobin to carry the normal amount of oxygen to the tissues. It is not a disease itself but can be a symptom of many different disease conditions, including many nutrient deficiencies, bleeding, excessive red blood cell destruction, and defective red blood cell formation. Angiopathy: A disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs as a long-term complication of diabetes. Two types macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. Anorectic Drugs: Class of pharmaceuticals whose main purpose is to suppress the appetite and are therefore used and prescribed to patients who need to lose weight. Anorexia Nervosa: A psycho physiological disorder characterized by an abnormal fear of becoming obese and therefore a distorted self- image. This results in an unwillingness to eat leading to severe weight loss. It can also be accompanied by vomiting, excessive exercise and other physiological changes. Antioxidants: Like beta carotene and vitamins C and E, protects the cells in your body from an unstable form of oxygen called a free radical. The antioxidant combines with the free radical to prevent it from attaching to and damaging the cells in your body. Antibodies: Substances occurring naturally in the body that help fight infection. Apnea (sleep apnea): A condition in which a person momentarily stops breathing during sleep; also called sleep apnea. Apron: Excess skin and fat in the stomach area that hangs down toward the groin area; also called panniculus. Arteriosclerosis: Thickening, hardening and narrowing of the arteries. Aspartame: A low calorie synthetic sweetener. Artificial Sweeteners: Substances that impart sweetness to foods but supply little or no energy to the body. They include acesulfame, aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose. Arthritis: Inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness, and resulting from infection, trauma, degenerative changes, metabolic disturbances, or other causes. It occurs in various forms, such as bacterial arthritis, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis. Most patients with morbid obesity have degenerative arthritis, which is the erosion of the joint lining from excess pressure caused by weight. The damage from degenerative arthritis cannot be reversed, but if excess weight is removed then further damage can be prevented. Ascorbic Acid: Vitamin C. Atrophy: Becoming smaller, with regard to muscle, a decrease in size (and strength) because of disuse, under nutrition, or wasting diseases. Bandster: A person who has undergone the Lap-Band or adjustable gastric band (AGB) as a weight loss surgery. Bariatric: The branch of medicine dealing with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity, both pharmacological and surgical. Baros and iatrike are Greek roots meaning weight and treatment. Bariatric Surgeon: Also known as obesity surgery specialist. A doctor who performs bariatric surgery. Bariatric Surgery: Also known as weight-loss surgery, surgery for morbid obesity, stomach stapling surgery, gastric stapling, stomach stapling, stomach stapling obesity surgery, morbid obesity surgery, and stomach reduction surgery. Bariatric surgery is a weight-loss method used for people who have a body mass index (BMI) above 40. Surgery may also be an option for people with a BMI between 35 and 40 who have health problems like heart disease or type 2 diabetes. Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR): The rate at which energy is used by the body to maintain basal metabolism. Basal Metabolism: Energy used for metabolism when the body is at complete rest - closely related to the muscle mass. Usually measured by the amount of oxygen consumed. Behavior Modification: Change of behavior by the manipulation of cues and environment factors that trigger behaviors. Beriberi: A thiamin deficiency disease. Beta carotene: One of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and Vitamin A precursor found in plants. Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD): A malabsorptive procedure that restricts food intake and absorption of calories and nutrients. In a BPD procedure, portions of the stomach are removed. The small pouch that remains is connected directly to the final segment of the small intestine, completely bypassing the duodenum and the jejunum. Binge Eating: An eating disorder characterized by eating more than normal food and feeling that what is being eaten and how much is being eaten is out of the control of the person doing the eating. Binge Eating Disorder: An eating disorder involving uncontrolled eating of large amounts of food but without vomiting or laxative purging. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A way to estimate the amount of body weight that is fat and nonfat. Nonfat weight comes from bone, muscle, body water, organs, and other body tissues. ;BIA works by measuring how difficult it is for a harmless electrical current to move through the body. The more fat a person has, the harder it is for electricity to flow through the body. The less fat a person has, the easier it is for electricity to flow through the body. By measuring the flow of electricity, one can estimate body fat percent. Biological Value (BV): Measure of protein quality based on the percentage of absorbed nitrogen that is retained by the body. Bioavailability: The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used. Biotin: A B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in metabolism. Blood Glucose: Blood glucose (blood sugar) refers to sugar in the form of glucose. Blood Lipid Profile: Results of a blood test that reveal a person's total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins. Blood Sugar: Glucose in the blood. BMI (Body Mass Index): A measure of body weight relative to height. BMI can be used to determine if people are at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese. To figure out BMI, use the following formula: Weight in pounds x 703 / Height in Inches x Height in Inches = BMI A body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 up to 25 refers to a healthy weight, a BMI of 25 up to 30 refers to overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher refers to obese. Body composition: The proportions of muscle, bone, fat and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight. Body Fat: The percentage of your body mass that is not composed of lean muscle, water, bones or vital organs.. Bone Density: A measure of bone strength, can be measured by a dexascan. Bontril SR: An appetite suppressant that works by stimulating the nervous system.. Bulemia: An eating disorder involving self-induced vomiting to limit calories often following episodic eating binges. Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder involving episodic binge eating followed by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation.. Caffeine: A natural stimulant found in many common foods and beverages, including coffee, tea and chocolate. Caliper: An instrument used to measure skin fold thickness.. Calorie: A unit of energy in food. .Foods have carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Some beverages have alcohol. .Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. .Proteins have 4 calories per gram. Alcohol has 7 calories per gram. .Fat has 9 calories per gram. Calorie Balance: Is the difference between how many calories you eat (calorie intake) and how many you burn (calorie expenditure). When the calories you eat equal the calories you burn, you maintain your weight. Eating more calories than you burn results in weight gain. Burning more calories than you eat results in weight loss. Calorie Expenditure: Is the amount of energy your body uses to walk, run, sleep, read, breathe, or anything else.. Calorie Goal: The amount of calories needed to lose weight and still provide energy for the body; a formula for losing weight based on the number of calories eaten per day. Capillary: Smallest of the body's blood vessels. Carbohydrates: A compound composed of sugars. A major source of energy in the diet. There are two kinds of carbohydrates - simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are sugars and complex carbohydrates include both starches and fiber. Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram. They are found naturally in foods such as breads, cereals, fruits, vegetables, and milk and dairy products. Foods such as sugar cereals, soft drinks, fruit drinks, fruit punch, lemonade, cakes, cookies, pies, ice cream, and candy are very rich in sugars. Carcinogen: Refers to any substance that has the potential of causing cancer when cells or organisms are exposed to it.. Cardiovascular: Relating to the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) - the circulatory system.. Cardiovascular Disease: Is a general term for all disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Casein: Is the principal protein in cow's milk, which forms curds when exposed to acid.. Catabolism: Reactions that involve the breakdown of compounds in the body, including the reactions that release energy from foods.. Cellulite: The dimples and bumps in the skin, usually around the thighs and buttocks. Cellulose: A complex carbohydrate composed of glucose units linked together in a form that humans cannot digest.. Cholesterol: A waxy lipid, one member of the group of lipids known as sterols. A fat-like substance that is made by the body and is found naturally in animal foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Foods high in cholesterol include liver and organ meats, egg yolks, and dairy fats. Cholesterol is carried in the blood. When cholesterol levels are too high, some of the cholesterol is deposited on the walls of the blood vessels. Over time, the deposits can build up causing the blood vessels to narrow and blood flow to decrease. The cholesterol in food, like saturated fat, tends to raise blood cholesterol, which increases the risk for heart disease. Total blood cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dl are considered high. Levels between 200-239 mg/dl are considered borderline high. Levels under 200 mg/dl are considered desirable.. Cirrhosis: Advanced liver disease in which liver cells turn orange, die and harden, permanently loosing their function. Colon: Large intestine beginning at the end of the small intestine and ending at the rectum. Coma: Loss of consciousness from any cause. In diabetes may result from either very high or very low blood glucose levels. Complex Carbohydrates: Starches, such as grains, breads, rice, pasta, vegetables and beans. Compulsive Overeating: Also known as Binge Eating. Co morbidity: Potentially fatal side-effect brought about by a disease process. Specific to morbid obesity, excess buildup of fatty tissue can cause co morbidities such as diabetes and cardiac arrest. Contraindications: Any symptom or circumstance indicating the inappropriateness of an otherwise advisable treatment (i.e., alcoholism; drug dependency; severe depression; sociopathic (antisocial) personality disorder). Coronary heart disease: Heart disease associated with obstruction of the coronary blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Counseling: The professional guidance of an individual in a specific area. CPAP Machine: A machine used by those with sleep apnea to force ambient air into the airways during sleep. Creatinine: A waste product normally removed by the kidneys. The amount in blood and urine can show whether the kidney is functioning properly. Criteria: Defines potential candidate for surgery. Daily Value (DV): Reference values developed by the FDA to describe the amount of a nutrient used as the standard for labeling purposes. DVs are comprised of two sets of standards: DRVs and RDIs. Dehydration: Suffering from excessive loss of water. Dehydrated: Great loss of water or fluid from the body. A very high level of glucose (sugar) in the urine causes loss of a great deal of water, and the person becomes very thirsty. Dextrose: See glucose. Diabetic Coma: A severe emergency in which a person is not conscious because the blood glucose (sugar) is too low or too high. If the glucose level is too low, the person has hypoglycemia; if the level is too high, the person has hyperglycemia and may develop ketoacidosis. Dilation: Process of enlarging a passage or anastomosis. Didrex: An appetite suppressant that works by stimulating the nervous system. Diet: What a person eats and drinks. Any type of eating plan. Digestion: Process by which food is broken down by stomach and upper small intestine into absorbable forms. Disease: Process injurious to health and/or longevity. Dilation: Process of enlarging a passage or anastomosis. Distal RNY: The difference between a distal RNY and a proximal RNY is the amount of intestine that is by-passed. Normally, less than 100 cm is considered proximal and over 150 cm is considered distal. The difference in malabsorption rates depends on how much is bypassed. The more that is bypassed; the less your body will absorb. Diuretics: A drug that increases the volume of urine produced. Can produce the illusion of weight loss since no fat is lost. Can also deplete potassium. Dumping Syndrome: Uncomfortable feeling of nausea, lightheadedness, upset stomach, diarrhea, associated with ingestion of sweets, high- calorie liquids, oily foods or dairy products. Duodenal Switch: Also known as biliopancreatic diversion and bilopancreatic diversion duodenal switch. A bariatric surgery in which surgeons 1.) Divide a patient's stomach into a slender vertical pouch and, 2.) Re-route the small intestine to effect malabsorption. Duodenum: First 30cm of small intestine immediately below the stomach. Bile and pancreatic fluids flow into duodenum through ducts from liver and pancreas respectively. Dumping Syndrome: A reaction that occurs in RNY patients after eating food high in sugar such as candy, pastry, colas, or fruit juice or oily foods. A large dose of sugar is released rapidly into your small intestine that triggers the secretion of a large amount of insulin. When the insulin drops your blood sugar level, it may cause cramps, nausea, diarrhea, perspiration, racing pulse, and lightheadedness. Although the symptoms can be intense, they generally subside. Duration: Length of time one works or exercises. Duration is one way of increasing resistance to a muscle or system to improve its function. Edema: Swelling caused by fluid retention in the tissues of the body. Electrolytes: Minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium that act to keep your nerves firing and muscles moving. Endocrine Glands: Glands that produce chemicals (hormones) which affect other body cells. Endorphins: A group of proteins produced naturally by the body with potent analgesic properties (similar to morphine). These are the brain chemicals that contribute to the " runner's high " or good feelings during and after exercise. Endoscopy: Visual examination of an organ such as the stomach with an endoscope. Energy expenditure: The amount of energy, measured in calories that a person uses. Calories are used by people to breath, circulate blood, digest food, and be physically active. Enrichment: The addition of a nutrient to a processed food to replace losses of the nutrient that occurred during processing or to enhance its nutritive composition. Enzyme: Special type of protein. Enzymes help the body's chemistry work better and more quickly. Epinephrine: One of the secretions of the adrenal glands. It helps the liver release glucose (sugar) and limits the release of insulin. It also makes the heart beat faster and can raise blood pressure; also called adrenalin. Essential Amino Acids: Essential amino acids are amino acids that your body does not have the ability to synthesize. Hundreds of different amino acids exist in nature, and about two dozen of them are important to human nutrition. Nine of these – histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, theronine, tryptophan, and valine – are considered essential, since they must be supplied by your diet. Essential Fatty Acids: Fatty acids that the body is unable to produce on its own, but which are necessary for the proper functioning of cells. EFAs must be provided through the diet. Rich sources of EFAs include fish, nuts, seeds, evening primrose oil, and borage seed oil. Essential Nutrient: A nutrient that must be supplied by the diet because it cannot be produced in sufficient quantities by the body. Exchanges: A grouping of foods by type to help people on special diets stay on the diet. Each group lists food in serving sizes. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in one group for another food serving in the same group. The lists put foods in six groups: (1) starch/bread, (2) meat, (3)vegetables, (4) fruit, (5) milk, and (6) fats. Within a food group, each serving has about the same amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories. Exchange Diet: An exchange diet is a meal plan with a set number of servings from each of several food groups. Within each group, foods are about equal in calories and can be interchanged as you wish. Exchange Lists: A grouping of foods by type to help people on special diets stay on the diet. Each group lists food in serving sizes. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in one group for another food serving in the same group. The lists put foods in six groups: starch/bread meat vegetables fruit milk fats within a food group, each serving has about the same amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories. Exchange Plan: A strategy of mapping out what you will eat for each meal based on exchanges, not specific foods. Exercise: Activity done for the purpose of keeping fit and healthy, or sociable in a group form like football. Fad Diets: These are fashionable diets that come and go on the health scene. Often highly controversial, they are heavily hyped with spectacular claims but contain dubious nutritional and weight loss advice. Competent medical opinion should always be sought before starting on any of these diets. Fat Grams: A measure the fat content of a food. One gram of fat = 9 k calories. Fat Soluble: Able to be dissolved in fat; relating to vitamins, those that are stored in the body fat, principally in the liver: vitamins A, D, E and K. Fats: A major source of energy in the diet. All food fats have 9 calories per gram. Fat helps the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, and carotenoids. Some kinds of fats, especially saturated fats, [see definition] may cause blood cholesterol to increase and increase the risk for heart disease. Other fats, such as unsaturated fats [see definition] do not increase blood cholesterol. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Fasting: A brand name for Phentermine previously manufactured by Kline Beecham but no longer available. Fatty liver: An early stage of liver deterioration seen in several diseases, including kwashiorkor (see definition) and alcoholic liver disease. FDA: Food and Drug Administration. Fiber: Food substances found in cereals, fruits and vegetables that are not digested but help the function of the intestines. Fill: Procedure in which solution is injected into the port of a Lap- Band to increase the restriction of food intake. Fistula: Is a " bridge " between two places like a fistula connecting the transected pouch and stomach. Flexibility: The range of motion around a joint. This can be increased with stretching and yoga. Food Journal: This is a written record of all foods and drinks consumed by a person over a given time. It can assist in personalizing dietary planning. Food Pyramid: A graphic aid to a healthy diet. The foodstuffs at the bottom of the pyramid are encouraged as being low calorie - high volume, and at the top; foods are placed that should not be consumed often, they being high calorie - low volume foods. Fortified: Fortified foods or drinks are those that have had extra vitamins and minerals added to them. Free weights: Weights not attached to a machine nor driven by cables or chains. Barbells and dumbbells are examples of free weights. Fructose: A sugar found in fruits or honey and saps. Gangrene: Death of body tissue usually caused by lack of blood supply. Gastric Juice: The digestive secretion of gastric glands of the stomach. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A back-flow (reflux) of stomach acid into the esophagus that causes heartburn, and in some severe cases, can cause pneumonia and cancer of the esophagus. Gastoplasty: Operation for morbid obesity which reshapes the stomach. Gastrojejunostomy: A connection made surgically to connect the stomach directly to the jejunum. Gastric Banding: Operation that restricts the size of the stomach by placing a band device around the upper portion of the stomach. Gastric Bypass: Operation designed to make non-functional a portion of the stomach. Genetic: Pertains to transmitted hereditary characteristics. Glucose: A simple sugar found in the blood. It is the body's main source of energy; also known as dextrose. Glycemic Index: A method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose. Glycogen: The principle storage form of carbohydrate energy (glucose) which is reserved in muscles and in the liver. Muscles appear fuller when glycogen levels are high. Gram: A metric unit for weight and mass present on food labels. One gram (1g) is one thousandth of one kilogram (1kg). Graze: To continuously eat throughout the day. Green Tea Weight Loss: Green Tea, the common name for Carmellia Sinensis is an herb that has been used for weight loss because of its thermogenic attributes. Hemoglobin: The red colored iron protein that carries oxygen in red cells. Health: The absence of disease or injury along with physical, mental, and social well-being. Healthy weight: Compared to overweight or obese, a body weight that is less likely to be linked with any weight-related health problems such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, or others. A body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 up to 25 refers to a healthy weight, though not all individuals with a BMI in this range may be at a healthy level of body fat; they may have more body fat tissue and less muscle. A BMI of 25 up to 30 refers to overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher refers to obese. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A type of bacteria believed responsible for the majority of peptic ulcers. Hernia: A part of the intestine can protrude through a weakness in the abdominal wall. High Blood Pressure: Another word for " hypertension. " Blood pressure rises and falls throughout the day. An optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. When blood pressure stays high, greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg, then it is considered high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk for heart disease and stroke. High Density Lipoproteins HDL: Lipoprotein particles that transport cholesterol to the liver. Sometimes called " good cholesterol " . A form of cholesterol that circulates in the blood. Commonly called " good " cholesterol. High HDL lowers the risk of heart disease. An HDL of 60 mg/dl or greater is considered high and is protective against heart disease. An HDL less than 40 mg/dl is considered low and increases the risk for developing heart disease. Honeymoon Period or Window of Opportunity: The period of time right after surgery in which the weight falls off relatively easy without much care, usually lasts between 12 and 18 months. Hormone: A chemical substance produced by endocrine glands which causes specific effects on other cells. Hydration: The amount of fluid in the body. It is important to drink at least 64oz. of water throughout the day. More may be required to replace any fluid the body loses during physical activity. Hyperglycemia: Blood glucose higher than normal. Hyperosmolality: Presence of highly concentrated substances capable of producing dumping syndrome. Hypertension: The medical term for high blood pressure. Hypertension is associated with severe obesity. Many individuals requiring medication for hypertension are able to decrease or eliminate these medicines after surgically-assisted weight loss. Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy is the increase of the size of an organ. It should be distinguished from hyperplasia which occurs due to cell division; hypertrophy occurs due to an increase in cell size rather than division. It is most commonly seen in muscle that has been actively stimulated, the most well-known method being exercise. Hyperosmolaity: Presence of highly concentrated substances capable of producing dumping syndrome. Hypoglycemia: Too low a level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. This occurs when a person with diabetes has injected too much insulin, eaten too little food, or has exercised without extra food. A person with hypoglycemia may feel nervous, shaky, weak, or sweaty, and have a headache, blurred vision, and hunger. Taking small amounts of sugar, sweet juice, or food with sugar will usually help the person feel better within 10-15 minutes. Hypokalemia: Low blood potassium. The proper level of potassium is essential for normal cell function. An abnormal decrease (or increase) of potassium can profoundly affect the nervous system and heart, and when extreme, can be fatal. Dietary deficiency of potassium is uncommon; however, if you experience excessive fluid loss through vomiting and diarrhea it can occur. The symptoms of potassium deficiency include muscle weakness, confusion, irritability, fatigue, and heart disturbances. Hypotension: In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it. Ideal body weight: The weight appropriate for an individual that results in a body mass index of 20 - 25. Ideal Weight Chart: To find your ideal weight range you need to identify your frame size. Ileum: The lowest section of the small intestine. It is involved in absorbing digested food into the body; the part responsible for digestion. Insulin: A hormone in the body that helps move glucose (sugar) from the blood to muscles and other tissues. Insulin controls blood sugar levels. Individual Beliefs: Overt and covert beliefs held that guide our decisions (eating and otherwise). Insoluble: Fiber that, for the most part, does not dissolve in water. It includes cellulose, some hemicelluloses, and lignin. Insulin: Dependent Diabetes see type 1 diabetes. Insulin Resistance: Many people with noninsulin-dependent diabetes produce enough insulin, but their bodies do not respond to the action of insulin. This may happen because the person is overweight and has too many fat cells, which do not respond well to insulin. Also, as people age, their body cells lose some of the ability to respond to insulin. Insulin Dependent Diabetes: Occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin at all leading to elevated blood glucose. Intensity: How hard the body works during an activity. In general, the higher your heart rate (that is, the faster your heart beats) the more intense the activity. Intramuscular: Administration of a medication through a needle into the muscles. Intravenous: Administration of a medication through a needle into a vein. Intrinsic Factor: A glycogen protein manufactured in the stomach that aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12. Iron Deficiency Anemia: Severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small pale red blood cells. -Pratt Tube (JP tube): A tube inserted near the belly button used to drain excess body fluids from around a surgical area. Jejunum: The lower ten feet of the small intestine this absorbs most of the nutrients from food. It breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Ketones: Chemical substances from the breakdown of fat which can be dangerous in large amounts. Ketosis: If you are limiting your carbohydrates, your body will burn fat as a source of fuel. Kwashiorkor: A form of protein energy malnutirion (PEM) that results from either lack of protein intake or, from infections. Lactic acid: A byproduct of anaerobic (or high-intensity) exercise that collects in the muscles and causes soreness, stiffness and fatigue. Lactose: A sugar found in milk. Lactose Intolerance: A condition that results from inability to digest the milk sugar lactose; characterized by bloating, gas, abdominal discomfort and diarrhea. Laparoscopic: Describes a minimally invasive surgical method in which specially trained surgeons use slender instruments and advanced camera systems to perform delicate surgeries inside the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic Obesity Surgery: Also known as laparoscopic bariatric surgery. A minimally invasive bariatric surgery performed using slender instruments and advanced camera systems. Laparoscopic Surgery: A minimally invasive surgical procedure performed using slender instruments and advanced camera systems. Lap Band: An inflatable ring installed around a patient's stomach; functions to limit the intake of food into the stomach and to control the release of food into the small intestine. Lap Band Surgery: Also known as adjustable lap band surgery, laparoscopic gastric banding, gastric banding, and adjustable gastric banding. A bariatric surgery in which surgeons install an inflatable ring around the upper portion of the stomach. Lean Body Mass: The fat-free mass or part of the body including all its components except adipose tissue. Lifestyle Change: Modifying or eliminating long-held habits of eating or physical activity and maintaining the new habits over months and years. Lightweight: Someone who weighs less than 300 pounds or has a BMI less than 50. Lipids: A family of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids and sterols. Low Calorie High Volume Foods: Foods low in calories, but high in volume (lettuce, broccoli, carrots and vegetable soups for example) so they more easily fill the stomach. LDL: A form of cholesterol that circulates in the blood. Commonly called " bad " cholesterol. High LDL increases the risk of heart disease. An LDL less than 100 mg/dl is considered optimal, 100-129 mg/dl is considered near or above optimal, 130-159 mg/dl is considered borderline high, 160-189 mg/dl is considered high and 190 mg/dl or greater is considered very high. Lymphedema: An accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the interstitial tissue that causes swelling, most often in the arm(s) and/or leg(s), and occasionally in other parts of the body. Lymphedema can develop when lymphatic vessels are missing or impaired (primary), or when lymph vessels are damaged or lymph nodes removed (secondary). Malabsorption: Is when the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract is poor (low level). This can be caused by drug side effects or a health condition or disease. Malnutrition: Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients. Marasmus: A form of PEM (protein energy malnutrition) that results from a severe deprivation, or impaired absorption, of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Medial: Refers to amount of intestine bypassed; middle amount located between distal and proximal. Metabolism: All of the processes that occur in the body that turn the food you eat into energy your body can use. Meridia: A weight loss diet pill that suppresses appetite by inhibiting the re-uptake of applicable hormones. Minerals: Nutrients needed by the body in small amounts to help it function properly and stay strong. Iron, calcium, potassium, and sodium are minerals. Monosaccharide: Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, consist of a single sugar molecule and cannot be further decomposed by hydrolysis. They form the basis of more complex sugars. Monounsaturated Fat: Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fat is found in canola oil, olives and olive oil, nuts, seeds, and avocados. Eating food that has more monounsaturated fat instead of saturated fat may help lower cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk. However, it has the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Morbid: Pertaining to disease, illness, increased risk of death. Morbid Obesity: Body Mass Index of 40 or more, which is roughly equivalent to 100 pounds or more over ideal body weight; a weight level that is life risking. Morbid Obesity Diet: Also known as after gastric bypass surgery diet, gastroplasty diet, and roux en y diet. Strict nutritional regime followed by post-operative bariatric surgery patients. Often limits patients to less than 800 calories per day. Multidisciplinary: Team approach to evaluation and treatment of clinically severe obesity; includes surgical, internal medicine, nutrition, psychiatric, and exercise physiology assessment and treatment. Neuropathy: Disease, inflammation or damage to the peripheral nerves, which connect to the spinal cord and brain, or central nervous system. Most neuropathies arise from damage to the axons or their myelin sheaths. NIDDM: Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes. NIH: National Institutes of Health. NIH Consensus Report: Summaries of meetings regarding clinically severe obesity and assement and treatment of obesity; issued periodically by NIH. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID): Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium. NSAID can cause ulcers by interfering with the stomach's ability to protect itself from acidic stomach juices. It is suggested to stay away from these medications post operatively. Nutrients: Substances obtained from food and used to provide energy and structural materials for the growth, maintenance and repair of the body's tissue. Nutrition: (1) The process of the body using food to sustain life. (2) The study of food and diet. Nutritionist: A health professional with special training in nutrition who can offer help with the choice of foods a person eats and drinks, also called a dietitian. Obese: The condition having and increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat. This is usually indicated as having a Body Mass Index in excess of 30. Obesity: Having a high amount of body fat. A person is considered obese if he or she has a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or greater. Obesity Surgery Center: A medical facility specializing in bariatric procedures. Obstructions: Narrowing of an anastomosis or segment of gastrointestinal tract which retards normal passage of food or waste materials. Oils: Triglycerides which are liquid at room temperature. Oils are often included in the general category of " fat, " although technically fats are triglycerides that are solid at room temperature. Open Surgery: Surgery done through a large incision in the abdominal wall, using traditional surgical instruments. In heavy patients, these large incisions are at risk of infection and hernia formation. Orlistat: Orlistat (marketed as Xenical) is a drug designed to treat obesity. It works by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down fat in the intestine. Without this enzyme, fat from the diet is excreted undigested, and not absorbed by the body. Osteoporosis: A disease characterized by reduction in mineral content usually seen with aging, but also in connection with certain conditions such as paralysis, or due to prolonged use of certain drugs, such as corticosteroids. Overweight: Being too heavy for one's height. It is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 up to 30 kg/m2. Body weight comes from fat, muscle, bone, and body water. Overweight does not always mean over fat. Oyster shell: A product made from the powdered shells of oysters that is solid as a calcium supplement, but is not well absorbed by the digestive system. Pancreas: A gland that makes enzymes that help the body break down and use nutrients in food. It also produces the hormone insulin [see definition] and releases it into the bloodstream to help the body control blood sugar levels. Peak Bone Mass: The highest attainable bone size and density for an individual, developing for the first three decades. Phentermine: An appetite suppressant that disrupts the transmission of signals from the neurotransmitters and is used in the management of obesity. Psychotherapy: Evaluation and treatment of mentally related disorders. Physical Activity: Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc. Plateau: Reaching a level or period of stability. Dieters and exercisers can plateau when they have lost enough weight that their new, lower, metabolic needs match their caloric intake. PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome): An endocrine (hormonal) disorder. Most often, symptoms first appear in adolescence, around the start of menstruation. However, some women do not develop symptoms until their early to mid-20's. It affects women of all races and nationalities. No two women have exactly the same symptoms. The following characteristics are very often associated with PCOS, but not all are seen in every woman: Hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, etc.) Hair loss (androgenic alopecia, in a classic " male baldness " pattern) Acne Polycystic ovaries Obesity Infertility or reduced fertility In addition, women with PCOS appear to be at increased risk of developing the following health problems during their lives: Insulin resistance Diabetes Lipid abnormalities Cardiovascular disease Endometrial carcinoma (cancer) Morbid obesity is a frequent underlying cause for PCOS, though not in all cases. In situations where morbid obesity and PCOS go together, significant weight reduction will often result in resolution of the PCOS as well. Pernicious anemia: A blood disorder that reflects B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells. Other symptoms include muscle weakness and irreversible neurological damage. Polyunsaturated Fat: A highly unsaturated fat that is liquid at room temperature. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fats are found in greatest amounts in corn, soybean, and safflower oils, and many types of nuts. They have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Port: This is where the surgeon will inject fluid in order to increase pressure and perform a fill on a band. Pouch: The new smaller stomach that is created during WLS. Proteins: One of the three nutrients that provides calories to the body. Protein is an essential nutrient that helps build many parts of the body, including muscle, bone, skin, and blood. Protein provides 4 calories per gram and is found in foods like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts, and tofu. Protein Energy Malnutriton (PEM): A deficiency of protein, energy or both, including Kwashiorkor, marasmus and instances where they overlap. Proximal: The difference between a distal RNY and a proximal RNY is the amount of intestine that is by-passed. Normally, less than 100 cm is considered proximal. Anything over 150 cm is considered distal. If it is between those numbers, it is medial. The more that is bypassed, the less your body will absorb. Psychotherapy: Evaluation and treatment of mentally related disorders. Rapid Weight Loss: As the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, it causes the liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones. Rating of Perceived Exertion RPE: The level of effort you feel you are putting into an activity. The Borg scale is a rating scale that helps you describe how hard you feel you are working in terms of a number from 6 to 20. Lower numbers on the scale are used to describe a lower level of effort, and higher numbers mean you are working harder. RDA: (recommended daily allowance) the amounts of energy and selected nutrients considered adequate to meet the nutrient needs of practically all healthy people. RDI: (reference daily intakes) food labeling values for protein, vitamins and minerals based on population- adjusted means of the RDA. Reasonable Goal: A simple target that can be met to encourage further good observance of a dietary plan. Registered Dietitian (R.D.): A health professional who is a food and nutrition expert. A person who has studied diet and nutrition at an American Dietetic Association (ADA) approved college program and passed an exam to become a registered dietitian. Restrictive Surgery: Weight loss surgery in which weight loss is achieved strictly by limiting food intake. Restrictive surgeries include adjustable gastric banding (AGB), vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), and Lap-Band. Revision: Surgery that changes one type of bariatric surgery to another or correcting a surgery that failed. For example, a VBG may be converted to an RNY or an RNY can be made more distal or changed to a BP/DS. Revisions are done for several reasons, complications, such as strictures; malnutrition, weight regain, or in-sufficient weight loss. Revisions can be much more challenging surgery than the original bariatric surgery. Risk-Complication: Potential side effects of medical procedure. Specific to bariatric surgery, risk-complications include (but are not limited to) dumping syndrome, nausea, heartburn, vomiting, and leakage. Roux en Y: Also known as gastric bypass and gastric bypass surgery. A bariatric surgery in which surgeons 1.) Divide a patient's stomach into a smaller pouch and, 2.) Re-route the intestine to affect malabsorption. Saline Solution Port: Disc-like device implanted beneath the skin of patient's torso, used to adjust the constriction of the lap band. Saccharin: A low calorie artificial sweetener. Satiety: The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs during a meal and halts a meal. It determines how much food is consumed in a meal. Saturated Fats: A fat that is solid at room temperature. Fats that are in foods are combinations of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids. Saturated fat is found in high-fat dairy products (like cheese, whole milk, cream, butter, and regular ice cream), fatty fresh and processed meats, the skin and fat of chicken and turkey, lard, palm oil, and coconut oil. They have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Eating a diet high in saturated fat also raises blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease. Serving Size: A standardized amount of a food, such as a cup or an ounce, used in providing dietary guidance or in making comparisons among similar foods. Set Point: The point at which controls are set (like a thermostat). It relates to body proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls. Simple Carbohydrates: Single molecule sugars such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. So called because their chemical makeup consists of only 1 or 2 sugar molecules as opposed to complex carbohydrates, which contain many. Simple Sugars: Single Molecule sugars such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Slippage: Slippage is when a band moves down the stomach and can occur from excessive vomiting or if the band is too tight. Sorbitol: A sugar used to sweeten foods. Spot Reduction: Removal of stored fat from specific areas in the body. No activity or exercise can remove fat from a specific area. Liposuction is the only measure. Staples: Surgically sterile devices for connecting tissue; usually permanent and made of stainless steel or titanium. Strength Training: Activities specifically designed to build muscle and increase strength. Strength training also helps to maintain the amount of bone in the body and can help maintain weight. Strictures: Narrowing of a section of the surgical connection between the stomach and the intestine that blocks the passage of food. Stoma: The opening surgically made between two parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin, but above the fascia and muscle. Success: Losing 60-80% of excess weight during the first 12 to 18 months and then maintaining that loss. Sucrose: A form of sugar that the body must break down into a more simple form before the blood can absorb it and take it to the cells. Sugars: Simple carbohydrates which are sweet and occur widely in nature e.g. fructose, glucose, lactose, sucrose. Sugar Alcohol: Sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, lactitol, isomalt, maltitol and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates) are ingredients used to provide a sweet flavor to some sugar free foods (not the same as artificial sweeteners). Sugar alcohol occurs naturally in foods and comes from plant products such as fruits and berries. Successful Weight Loss Maintenance: Achieving a weight loss of at least 10 percent of initial body weight and maintaining the loss for at least one year. Tenuate: An appetite suppressant that works by stimulating the central nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure and decreasing your appetite. Thiamin: A B vitamin. Transected: A surgical procedure in which a section or division is made by cutting transversely. In the case of gastric bypass, the old stomach is completely separated from the new stomach. Trans fatty acids: A fat that is produced when liquid fat (oil) is turned into solid fat through a chemical process called hydrogenation (See definition). Eating a large amount of trans fatty acids also raises blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease. Triglyceride: A type of fat found in the blood and other parts of the body. Type 1 Diabetes: Previously known as " insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, " (IDDM) or " juvenile diabetes. " Type 1 diabetes is a life- long condition in which the pancreas stops making insulin. Without insulin, the body is not able to use glucose (blood sugar) for energy. To treat the disease, a person must inject insulin, follow a diet plan, exercise daily, and test blood sugar several times a day. Type 1 diabetes usually begins before the age of 30. Type 2 Diabetes: Previously known as " noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus " (NIDDM) or " adult-onset diabetes. " Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes mellitus. About 90 to 95 percent of people who have diabetes have type 2 diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes produce insulin, but either do not make enough insulin or their bodies do not use the insulin they make. Most of the people who have this type of diabetes are overweight. Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes may be able to control their condition by losing weight through diet and exercise. They may also need to inject insulin or take medicine along with continuing to follow a healthy program of diet and exercise. Although type 2 diabetes commonly occurs in adults, an increasing number of children and adolescents who are overweight are also developing type 2 diabetes. Ulcer: A break in the skin; a deep sore. Ulcers can become infected. Underwater Weighing (hydrostatic): A research method for estimating body fat. A person is placed in a tank, underwater, and weighed. By comparing weight underwater with weight on land, one can get a very good measure of body fat. Unsaturated Fat: (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) are missing one or more hydrogen pairs on their chemical chains. A fat that is liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats include polyunsaturated fats, and monounsaturated fats. They include most nuts, olives, avocados, and fatty fish, like salmon. Urinary Stress Incontinence: Increased pressure on the bladder created by obesity can cause a leakage of urine when laughing, coughing, or sneezing. Vertical Gastrectomy: Also known as gastrectomy and gastroplasty. A bariatric surgery in which surgeons divide a patient's stomach into a slender vertical pouch. Very-low Calorie Diet: Also called " VLCD. " A person following a VLCD eats or drinks a commercially prepared formula that has 800 calories or less, instead of eating food. A VLCD can allow a person to lose weight more quickly than is usually possible with low-calorie diets, but should only be used under the supervision of a health care provider. Vitamins: Substances that are required in very small amounts for the body to stay healthy, but that must be obtained from the diet as the body is unable to make them for themselves. Waist Circumference: A measurement of the waist. Fat around the waist increases the risk of obesity-related health problems. Women with a waist measurement of more than 35 inches or men with a waist measurement of more than 40 inches have a higher risk of developing obesity-related health problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Wasting Syndrome: An involuntary loss of more than 10% of body weight. Weight Bearing Exercise: Exercise in which you support your weight or lift weight. Lifting weights or doing weight- bearing exercise (such as running, skiing or walking) can help slow down the rate of bone loss and osteoporosis, and therefore reduce fractures. Weight Control: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight by eating well and getting regular physical activity. Wernicke-Korsacoff Syndrome: A neurological disorder typically associated with chronic alcoholism and or causes by a deficiency of the B vitamin thiamin. Xylitol: A sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar. Xenical: A diet drug that works in the digestive system by blocking about one-third of the fat you eat from being digested. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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