Probable carcinogen hexavalent chromium found in drinking water of 31 U.S. citie

[Guest guest]

Probable carcinogen hexavalent chromium found in drinking water of 31 U.S.

cities

By Lyndsey Layton

Washington Post Staff Writer

Saturday, December 18, 2010; 9:02 PM

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/18/AR2010121802810.\

html?hpid=topnews

An environmental group that analyzed the drinking water in 35 cities across the

United States, including Bethesda and Washington, found that most contained

hexavalent chromium, a probable carcinogen that was made famous by the film

" Brockovich. "

The study, which will be released Monday by the Environmental Working Group, is

the first nationwide analysis of hexavalent chromium in drinking water to be

made public.

It comes as the Environmental Protection Agency is considering whether to set a

limit for hexavalent chromium in tap water. The agency is reviewing the chemical

after the National Toxicology Program, part of the National Institutes of

Health, deemed it a " probable carcinogen " in 2008.

The federal government restricts the amount of " total chromium " in drinking

water and requires water utilities to test for it, but that includes both

trivalent chromium, a mineral that humans need to metabolize glucose, and

hexavalent chromium, the metal that has caused cancer in laboratory animals.

Last year, California took the first step in limiting the amount of hexavalent

chromium in drinking water by proposing a " public health goal " for safe levels

of 0.06 parts per billion. If California does set a limit, it would be the first

in the nation.

Hexavalent chromium was a commonly used industrial chemical until the early

1990s. It is still used in some industries, such as in chrome plating and the

manufacturing of plastics and dyes. The chemical can also leach into groundwater

from natural ores.

The new study found hexavalent chromium in the tap water of 31 out of 35 cities

sampled. Of those, 25 had levels that exceeded the goal proposed in California.

The highest levels were found in Norman, Okla., where the water contained more

than 200 times the California goal. Locally, Bethesda and Washington each had

levels of 0.19 parts per billion, more than three times the California goal.

The cities were selected to be a mix of big and smaller communities and included

places where local water companies had already detected high levels of " total

chromium. "

" This chemical has been so widely used by so many industries across the U.S.

that this doesn't surprise me, " said Brockovich, whose fight on behalf of

the residents of Hinkley, Calif., against Pacific Gas & Electric became the

subject of a 2000 film. In that case, PG & E was accused of leaking hexavalent

chromium into the town's groundwater for more than 30 years. The company paid

$333 million in damages to more than 600 townspeople and pledged to clean up the

contamination.

" Our municipal water supplies are in danger all over the U.S., " Brockovich said.

" This is a chemical that should be regulated. "

Max Costa, who chairs the department of environmental medicine at New York

University's School of Medicine and is an expert in hexavalent chromium, called

the new findings " disturbing. "

" At this point, we should strive to not have any hexavalent chromium in drinking

water " or at least limit the amounts to the level proposed by California, Costa

wrote in an e-mail.

Hexavalent chromium has long been known to cause lung cancer when inhaled, but

scientists only recently found evidence that it causes cancer in laboratory

animals when ingested. It has been linked in animals to liver and kidney damage

as well as leukemia, stomach cancer and other cancers.

The American Chemistry Council, which represents the chemical industry, says the

California goal is unrealistic because some water supplies have naturally

occurring hexavalent chromium that is higher than .06 parts per billion.

In a written statement, the group's senior director, Ann Mason, said that " even

the most sophisticated analytical methods used by EPA are not able to detect the

extremely low levels that California wants to establish. "

The group supports a " uniform, national standard for hexavalent chromium in

drinking water, based on sound science, " Mason wrote. " Research is underway to

provide EPA with critical data that will allow for a more informed risk

assessment of hexavalent chromium. This data will be complete by mid-2011. Given

the potential impact on drinking water supplies, EPA should incorporate this

data in its assessment. "

n Gilfillan, an EPA spokesman, said that the agency was aware of the new

study by the Environmental Working Group and that the findings will be

considered as the agency reviews total chromium in drinking water, work that is

expected to be completed next year.

Ken Cook, president of the Environmental Working Group, said that water

utilities across the country are resistant to the regulation.

" It's not their fault. They didn't cause the contamination. But if a limit is

set, it's going to be extraordinarily expensive for them to clean this up, " Cook

said. " The problem in all of this is that we lose sight of the water drinkers,

of the people at the end of the tap. There is tremendous push-back from

polluters and from water utilities. The real focus has to be on public health. "

The report will be available Monday at www.ewg.org