RE: insect repellent research?

April 25, 2003

In a message dated 4/25/03 8:35:09 AM Pacific Daylight Time, cathy2@...

writes:

> Angie, I didn't save it but there is information on EPA website about

> different insect repellants. http://www.epa.gov/

>

> Sutton

>

Thanks , That is a great site! I put insect repellent in the search

function and this is the link I got with about 14 different topics. <A

HREF= " http://oaspub.epa.gov/webi/meta_first_new2.try_these_first " >

http://oaspub.epa.gov/webi/meta_first_new2.try_these_first</A>

Did you read the New England Journal of Medicine article? That's what I

can't understand...the soybean derived active ingredient?? It may be that I

just don't know enough to put two and two together and look for the proper

chemical?? Curious though.

Thanks for the link, I'll pass it on.

Angie

The Herbarie - Botanicals and Body Care

Natural Source & Specialty Bulk Ingredients...Exceptional Quality

at Wholesale Prices...visit us at http://www.theherbarie.com

April 25, 2003

Angie, I didn't save it but there is information on EPA website about

different insect repellants. http://www.epa.gov/

Sutton

> Hi Folks,

> I have been trying to help someone who wants to make and market an insect

> repellent that is highly effective without DEET. I'm no expert on the

> subject, but from what I have gathered from reading and experience, I gave

> him some recommendations on various eos. I wanted to get input from the

> chemists or whoever is familiar with any research of this type. I am

going

> to post a link to a retail site that had the New England Journal of

> Medicine....about as respectable as they come....conduct research on their

> product. The kicker for me is that it is a soybean or soybean derived

> ingredient that is the active ingredient??? Can anyone shed any light on

> these findings?

>

> <A HREF= " http://www.homs.com/ " >http://www.homs.com/</A>

>

> Thanks,

> Angie

>

> The Herbarie - Botanicals and Body Care

> Natural Source & Specialty Bulk Ingredients...Exceptional Quality

> at Wholesale Prices...visit us at http://www.theherbarie.com

>

April 25, 2003

>I wanted to get input from the chemists or whoever is familiar with any

research of this type.

You should read 40 CFR 152.25 Exempt pesticides not requiring FIFRA regulation

Quoting from 40 CFR 152.25

(f) Minimum risk pesticides-(1) Exempted products.

Products containing the following active ingredients are exempt from the

requirements of FIFRA, alone or in combination with other substances listed in

this paragraph,

provided that all of the criteria of this section are met.

Castor oil (U.S.P. or equivalent)

Cedar oil

Cinnamon and cinnamon oil

Citric acid

Citronella and citronella oil

Cloves and clove oil

Corn gluten meal

Corn oil

Cottonseed oil

Dried blood

Eugenol

Garlic and garlic oil

Geraniol

Geranium oil

Lauryl sulfate

Lemongrass oil

Linseed oil

Malic acid

Mint and mint oil

Peppermint and peppermint oil

2-Phenethyl propionate (2-phenylethyl propionate)

Potassium sorbate

Putrescent whole egg solids

Rosemary and rosemary oil

Sesame (includes ground sesame plant) and sesame oil

Sodium chloride (common salt)

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Soybean oil

Thyme and thyme oil

White pepper

Zinc metal strips (consisting solely of zinc metal and impurities)

Also check out these US Patents:

5,227,406

5,346,922

5,621,013

5,648,398

Maurice

--------------------------------------------------------

Maurice O. Hevey

Convergent Cosmetics, Inc.

http://www.ConvergentCosmetics.com

-------------------------------------------------------

April 25, 2003

> I wanted to get input from the chemists or whoever is familiar with any

research of this type.

-------------------

Title: Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors.

Authors: Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y

Title Abbreviation: J Vector Ecol.

Publication Date: 2001 Jun;

Volume Issue: 26

Issue Part Supplement: (1)

Pagination: :76-82.

Affiliation: National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences,

Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.

Abstract: Volatile oils extracted by steam distillation from four plant

species (turmeric (Curcuma longa), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), citronella

grass (Cymbopogon

winterianus) and hairy basil (Ocimum americanum)), were evaluated in mosquito

cages and in a large room for their repellency effects against three mosquito

vectors, Aedes

aegypti, Anopheles dirus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The oils from turmeric,

citronella grass and hairy basil, especially with the addition of 5% vanillin,

repelled the three

species under cage conditions for up to eight hours. The oil from kaffir lime

alone, as well as with 5% vanillin added, was effective for up to three hours.

With regard to the

standard repellent, deet alone provided protection for at least eight hours

against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, but for six hours against An.

dirus. However, deet

with the addition of 5% vanillin gave protection against the three mosquito

species for at least eight hours. The results of large room evaluations

confirmed the responses for

each repellent treatment obtained under cage conditions. This study demonstrates

the potential of volatile oils extracted from turmeric, citronella grass and

hairy basil as

topical repellents against both day- and night-biting mosquitoes. The three

volatile oils can be formulated with vanillin as mosquito repellents in various

forms to replace deet

(N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the most common chemical repellent currently

available.

-------------------

Title: Field efficacy of commercial antimosquito products in Illinois.

Authors: Jensen T, Lampman R, Slamecka MC, Novak RJ

Title Abbreviation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc.

Publication Date: 2000 Jun;

Volume Issue: 16

Issue Part Supplement: (2)

Pagination: :148-52.

Affiliation: Medical Entomology Program, Illinois Natural History Survey,

Champaign 61820, USA.

Abstract: We evaluated the efficacy of commercial antimosquito products in

field trials in Illinois in June 1998 by comparing mosquito landing rates.

Products tested were a

sonic mosquito repeller, an insect killing grid using ultraviolet light and

1-octen-3-ol as lures, mosquito smoke coils containing a pyrethroid, citronella

candles, the mosquito

plant Pelargonium citrosum, and a N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

(deet)-impregnated wrist band. The sonic mosquito repeller, insect killing grid,

and mosquito smoke coils

were evaluated in 16 trials over 5 days; the citronella candles and mosquito

plants in II trials over 4 days; and the wrist bands in 4 trials on 1 day. In

all 3 studies, we

compared landing rates with the antimosquito products to both positive (topical

application of a deet formulation) and negative (no treatment) controls. The

deet topical

repellent had a consistently lower landing rate than all the nontopically

applied products tested. However, the mosquito coils and the deet-impregnated

wrist bands did

significantly reduce mosquito landing rates relative to untreated controls.

-------------------

Title: Insect repellents. What really works?

Authors: Mafong EA, Kaplan LA

Title Abbreviation: Postgrad Med.

Publication Date: 1997 Aug;

Volume Issue: 102

Issue Part Supplement: (2)

Pagination: :63, 68-9, 74.

Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, School

of Medicine, San Diego, USA.

Abstract: DEET remains one of the most effective repellents against a wide

variety of insects. Although adverse reactions have been reported in the medical

literature and

magnified in the press, the compound is remarkably safe and has been used by

hundreds of millions of people over the past 40 years. Permethrin is a better

deterrent of

ticks and, like DEET, is remarkably safe. Concomitant use of these two agents

provides superior protection. Citronella and a bath oil, Avon Skin-So-Soft, also

provide limited

protection against some types of flying insects. The promise of new agents or

protective strategies is on the horizon. Recently it was shown that retroviral

vectors could be

used to integrate and express foreign genes in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles

gambiae. Conceivably, a genetically engineered mosquito that is resistant to

malaria and

other transmissible diseases may one day be developed, obviating some of the

need for repellents. Almost certainly, future research will yield additional

agents to further

protect against mosquitoes.

-------------------

Title:Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella

incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

Authors: LR, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Gallivan GJ

Title Abbreviation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc.

Publication Date: 1996 Jun;

Volume Issue: 12

Issue Part Supplement: (2 Pt 1)

Pagination: :293-4.

Affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph,

Ontario, Canada.

Abstract: We assessed the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella

incense in protecting subjects from bites of Aedes spp. under field conditions.

The study

was conducted in a deciduous woodlot in Guelph, Ontario, Canada from July 26 to

August 10, 1995. Eight subjects, dressed identically, were assigned to one of 8

positions

on a grid within the study area. Two citronella candles, 2 citronella incense, 2

plain unscented candles, or no candles (i.e., nontreated controls) were assigned

to 2 positions

on the grid each evening. Subjects conducted 5-min biting counts at each

position and performed 16 biting counts per evening. On average, subjects

received 6.2 +/- 0.4, 8.2

+/- 0.5, 8.2 +/- 0.4, and 10.8 +/- 0.5 bites/ 5 min at positions with citronella

candles, citronella incense, plain candles, and no candles, respectively.

Although significantly

fewer bites were received by subjects at positions with citronella candles and

incense than at nontreated locations, the overall reduction in bites provided by

the citronella

candles and incense was only 42.3 and 24.2%, respectively.

-------------------

Title: Essential oil analysis and field evaluation of the citrosa plant

" Pelargonium citrosum " as a repellent against populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

Authors: Matsuda BM, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ

Title Abbreviation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc.

Publication Date: 1996 Mar;

Volume Issue: 12

Issue Part Supplement: (1)

Pagination: :69-74.

Affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph,

Ontario, Canada.

Abstract: A plant recently introduced into North America as the citrosa,

Pelargonium citrosum ('Van Leenii'), has been marketed as a biological repellent

against

mosquitoes. Citrosa is claimed to repel mosquitoes within a 10 ft.2 (0.93 m2)

area due to a continuous fragrant release of citronella oil. The total essential

oil yield was 0.2

+/- 0.1% from fresh plant material. Chemical analysis by the authors revealed

that combined essential oils of fresh greenhouse- and field-grown citrosa have

35.4 +/- 6.2%

geraniol, 10.4 +/- 1.6% citronellol, 8.9 +/- 2.0% isomenthone, and 6.8 +/- 3.8%

linalool. Both the morphology and essential oil of citrosa fall within the

Pelargonium x

asperum hybrid complex and are similar to 'RosAc', the commercial rose geranium.

No character of morphology or essential oil of a Cymbopogon species yielding

commercial citronella oil could be detected in the citrosa. The effectiveness of

the citrosa as a repellent against field populations of spring Aedes spp.

mosquitoes was

evaluated and compared with a 75% deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide)

formulation. Deet provided > 90% reduction in mosquitoes biting subjects for up

to 8 h

post-treatment. There was no significant difference between citrosa-treated and

nontreated subjects.

-------------------

Title: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro.

Authors: Pattnaik S, Subramanyam VR, Kole C

Title Abbreviation: Microbios.

Publication Date: 1996;

Volume Issue: 86

Issue Part Supplement: (349)

Pagination: :237-46.

Affiliation: Regional Medical Research Centre, (Indian Council of Medical

Research), Bhubaneswar, India.

Abstract: The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus,

geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested

for antibacterial

activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and

Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the

disc diffusion method.

Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all

the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria;

patchouli and

ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were

inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were

inhibited by seven oils

(aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli).

Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil

was inhibitory

to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and

peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria

and from 0.25 to

10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.

-------------------

Title: Relative efficacy of various oils in repelling mosquitoes.

Authors: Ansari MA, Razdan RK

Title Abbreviation: Indian J Malariol.

Publication Date: 1995 Sep;

Volume Issue: 32

Issue Part Supplement: (3)

Pagination: :104-11.

Affiliation: Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, India.

Abstract: Field studies were carried out to determine the relative efficacy of

repellant action of vegetable, essential and chemical base oils against vector

mosquitoes.

Results revealed that essential oils viz. Cymbopogan martinii martinii var.

Sofia (palmarosa), Cymbopogan citratus (lemon grass) and Cymbopogan nardus

(citronella) oils

are as effective as chemical base oil namely mylol. These oils provide almost

complete protection against Anopheles culicifacies and other anopheline species.

Per cent

protection against Culex quinquefasciatus ranged between 95-96%. Camphor (C.

camphora) oil also showed repellent action and provided 97.6% protection against

An.

culicifacies and 80.7% against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Vegetable oils namely

mustard (B. compestris) and coconut (C. nucisera) showed repellent action,

however the

efficacy of these oils was not much pronounced against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Results of statistical analysis revealed significant difference between

vegetable and essential

oils (p < 0.01) against tested species of mosquitoes. Essential oils were found

marginally superior in repellancy than camphor and mylol (p < 0.01) against An.

culicifacies

and Cx. quinquefasciatus.

-------------------

-----------------

Title: Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Authors: Barnard DR

Title Abbreviation: J Med Entomol.

Publication Date: 1999 Sep;

Volume Issue: 36

Issue Part Supplement: (5)

Pagination: :625-9.

Affiliation: Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology,

USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA.

Abstract: The repellency of different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and

100%) and combinations of 5 essential oils (Bourbon geranium, cedarwood, clove,

peppermint,

and thyme) to Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann when applied

to human skin was determined in laboratory tests. Cedarwood oil failed to repel

mosquitoes and only high concentrations of peppermint oil repelled Ae. aegypti.

None of the oils tested prevented mosquito bite when used at the 5 or 10%

concentration.

Thyme and clove oils were the most effective mosquito repellents and provided 1

1/2 to 3 1/2 h of protection, depending on oil concentration. Clove oil (50%)

combined with

geranium oil (50%) or with thyme oil (50%) prevented biting by An. albimanus for

1 1/4 to 2 1/2 h. The potential for using essential oils as topical mosquito

repellents may be

limited by user acceptability; clove, thyme, and peppermint oils can be

irritating to the skin, whereas both human subjects in this study judged the

odor of clove and thyme

oils unacceptable at concentrations > or = 25%.

-----------------

Title: The relative efficacy of repellents against mosquito vectors of

disease.

Authors: Curtis CF, Lines JD, Ijumba J, Callaghan A, Hill N, Karimzad MA

Title Abbreviation: Med Vet Entomol.

Publication Date: 1987 Apr;

Volume Issue: 1

Issue Part Supplement: (2)

Pagination: :109-19.

Affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Abstract: Laboratory tests of insect repellents by various different methods

showed that An.stephensi Liston was consistently more susceptible than

An.gambiae Giles,

An.albimanus Wiedemann or An.pulcherrimus Theobald. The six repellents tested

were di-ethyl toluamide (deet), di-methyl phthalate (DMP), ethyl-hexanediol,

permethrin,

citronella and cedarwood oil. Testing systems in which the mosquitoes were

presented with a choice gave consistently lower ED50 values than when there was

no choice,

i.e. the standards of tolerance are not absolute but depend on the options

available. In field tests in an experimental hut a curtain with a high dose of

di-ethyl toluamide (deet)

reduced biting in the hut but had to be re-impregnated frequently.

Deet-impregnated anklets gave about 84% protection against Culex

quinquefasciatus Say for 80 days after

one impregnation, in a trial in which the anklets were brought out of sealed

storage and tested for 2 h nightly. Similar protection was found against

An.funestus Giles but the

protection against An.gambiae s.l., An. coustani Laveran and Mansonia spp. was

not as good. There were highly significant differences between the four

collectors' mosquito

attractiveness but this varied highly significantly between the mosquito

species.

-----------------

Title: Exposure to an environment containing the aromatic red cedar, Juniperus

virginiana: procarcinogenic, enzyme-inducing and insecticidal effects.

Authors: Sabine JR

Title Abbreviation: Toxicology.

Publication Date: 1975 Nov;

Volume Issue: 5

Issue Part Supplement: (2)

Pagination: :221-35.

Abstract: (1) Shavings from the Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) were

examined for three diverse biological properties, i.e. enzyme induction,

procarcinogenicity

and insecticidal activity. (2) The ability of a cedar environment to stimulate

liver drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice was confirmed by lowered values for

barbiturate sleeping

time. (3) In susceptible strains of mice (C3H-Avy, C3H-AvyfB and CBA/J) the use

of cedar shavings as bedding increased significantly the incidence of

spontaneous tumors

of the liver and mammary gland, and also reduced the average time at which

tumors appeared. (4) Cedar and some of its derivatives (Oil of Cedarwood,

cedrene, cedrol)

disrupted the reproductive and developmental cycle of a number of insects,

including the Peanut Trash Bug (Elasmolomus sordidus), the Indian Meal Moth

(Plodia

interpunctella) and the Forage Mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae).

-----------------

--------------------------------------------------------

Maurice O. Hevey

Convergent Cosmetics, Inc.

http://www.ConvergentCosmetics.com

-------------------------------------------------------

April 25, 2003

Angie,

Not to burst your bubble but I hope that your friend has about $100K to

spend on this. Insect repellents are regulated by the EPA under the

FIFRA regulations. They are like a drug in the eyes of the EPA and

active ingredients must be registered. The EPA requires a full battery

of toxicology studies on both animals and humans to prove the safety of

the compound and the finished formula. You must register the finished

product and receive a number that is placed on the label. It goes on

from there. I did this for about 5 years for one of my clients. For more

information go to the EPA website and look under FIFRA.

Young

KY Labs

Innovators of Fine Personal Care Products

www.kylabs.com

insect repellent research?

Hi Folks,

I have been trying to help someone who wants to make and market an

insect

repellent that is highly effective without DEET. I'm no expert on the

subject, but from what I have gathered from reading and experience, I

gave

him some recommendations on various eos. I wanted to get input from the

chemists or whoever is familiar with any research of this type. I am

going

to post a link to a retail site that had the New England Journal of

Medicine....about as respectable as they come....conduct research on

their

product. The kicker for me is that it is a soybean or soybean derived

ingredient that is the active ingredient??? Can anyone shed any light

on

these findings?

Thanks,

Angie

The Herbarie - Botanicals and Body Care

Natural Source & Specialty Bulk Ingredients...Exceptional Quality

at Wholesale Prices...visit us at http://www.theherbarie.com

April 25, 2003

Maurice,

It is not as simple as you have made it appear. There is also a list 4A

and as long as the only ingredients in the repellent are from the list

you have given and the list 4A then it is exempt. My client's patented

active blend uses Oil of Citronella with geraniol, terpineol and

rhodinol. The EPA only recognized the Oil of Citronella as the active

but the products all required the testing I have mentioned in my earlier

post. It is very costly.