Interesting article on aquatic exercise

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Here's the abstract of an article in the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Obviously, not done with animals, but enlightening nonetheless:

Volume 91, Issue 6, Pages 833-839 (June 2010)

5 of 35

Effects of Aquatic Resistance Training on Mobility Limitation and Lower-Limb Impairments After Knee Replacement

Presented to the Congress of Medicine and Science in Sports, November 11, 2006, Vierumäki, Finland; the World Congress of Physical Therapy, June 5, 2007, Vancouver, BC, Canada; and the European College of Sport Sciences, July 12, 2007, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Abstract

Valtonen A, Pöyhönen T, Sipilä S, Heinonen A. Effects of aquatic resistance training on mobility limitation and lower-limb impairments after knee replacement.

Objective

To study the effects of aquatic resistance training on mobility, muscle power, and cross-sectional area.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Research laboratory and hospital rehabilitation pool.

Participants

Population-based sample (N=50) of eligible women and men 55 to 75 years old 4 to 18 months after unilateral knee replacement with no contraindications who were willing to participate in the trial.

Interventions

Twelve-week progressive aquatic resistance training (n=26) or no intervention (n=24).

Main Outcome Measures

Mobility limitation assessed by walking speed and stair ascending time, and self-reported physical functional difficulty, pain, and stiffness assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire. Knee extensor power and knee flexor power assessed isokinetically, and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) by computed tomography.

Results

Compared with the change in the control group, habitual walking speed increased by 9% (P=.005) and stair ascending time decreased by 15% (P=.006) in the aquatic training group. There was no significant difference between the groups in the WOMAC scores. The training increased knee extensor power by 32% (P<.001) in the operated and 10% (P=.001) in the nonoperated leg, and knee flexor power by 48% (P=.003) in the operated and 8% (P=.002) in the nonoperated leg compared with controls. The mean increase in thigh muscle CSA of the operated leg was 3% (P=.018) and that of the nonoperated leg 2% (P=.019) after training compared with controls.

Conclusions

Progressive aquatic resistance training had favorable effects on mobility limitation by increasing walking speed and decreasing stair ascending time. In addition, training increased lower limb muscle power and muscle CSA. Resistance training in water is a feasible mode of rehabilitation that has wide-ranging positive effects on patients after knee replacement surgery.

Key Words: Osteoarthritis, Rehabilitation, Water

List of Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval, CSA, cross-sectional area, CT, computed tomography, ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient, RPE, Rating of Perceived Exertion, WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index