Why Valtrex may be effective without elevated herpes because...

[Guest guest]

Hi,

.... no one knows what & @# & else is in the MMR.

Other viruses may be riding along with the live M, M and R viruses.

The vaccines are made in chicken embryos. By definition, they aren't

killing viruses in a live virus vaccine.

So the mercury used to keep earlier vaccines from contamination shuts

down some kids immune system, so later, contaminated live virus

vaccines can cause chronic conditions.

Barry

_________________

http://www.tetrahedron.org/articles/vaccine_awareness/through_the_needle.html

What Is Coming Through That Needle?

The Problem of Pathogenic Vaccine Contamination

McRearden

In recent times mankind is experiencing a situation never previously

encountered, that being the threat of release of pathogens intended to

kill or disable large numbers of people. That danger has prompted

certain health agencies to prepare for possible mass vaccination of

the populace. The purpose of this report is to examine the existing

scientific evidence of pathogenic contaminants in vaccines. This

summary, while making no claim of being a complete review of the

subject, will point out sufficient examples and illustrations of

contamination with bacteria, viruses, and their components, so as to

enable the reader to make a more informed decision regarding accepting

a vaccination (or forcing others to receive one). It is presented in a

format intended for the public, their physicians, and their agency or

governmental representatives, and may be freely copied in its entirety.

If you as an individual are too busy to read this brief summary in one

sitting, please be aware there is ample evidence in the scientific

literature that serious viruses, bacteria; or components and toxins

there from; as well as foreign animal or cancer-related proteins and

DNA are finding their way into the commercial vaccines intended for

humans, pets, and agricultural animals. If you are interested in the

short and long-term health of yourself and those you care about, or

serve as a public servant or medical advisor, you do owe it to

yourself to be informed.

In the production of viral vaccines on a commercial scale, the virus

of concern must be reproduced in large quantities. Viruses cannot

survive or reproduce without being introduced into cells that nourish

them, which enables the viral reproductive activity. In that sense all

viruses can be considered parasitic on other cells. Living cell types

commonly used to reproduce viruses in the lab include monkey kidney

cells, chicken embryos, as well as other animal and human cells. These

cells must also be nourished with food, and are most often fed with a

nutrient mix containing in large part, bovine (cow) calf serum

(usually, serum extracted from fetal calf blood). This product can

carry many types of bovine blood-borne viruses, and is one of the

primary sources of vaccine contaminants. A journal article states, " a

potential risk associated with the production and use of biological

products is viral contamination. This contamination may be present in

the source material, e.g. human blood, human or animal tissues, cell

banks, or introduced in the manufacturing process through the use of

animal sera... " (1)

Bovine viruses

The viruses and other agents that can contaminate bovine calf serum

are numerous. One of the most prominent is a pestivirus called bovine

viral diarrhea virus (2). More specifically, we see in several

scientific journal sources these types of statements: " contamination

of a vaccine as a consequence of infection of fetal calf serum " (3);

" many batches of commercially available serum are contaminated with

viruses such as BVD " [bovine viral diarrhea] (4); " virus was isolated

from 332 of 1,608 (20.6%) lots of raw fetal calf serum obtained

specifically for the Center and 93 of 190 (49%) lots of commercially

available fetal calf serum (5); " agents most frequently detected in

CCL's [continuous cell lines] have been bovine viral diarrhea virus

and mycoplasma. Our laboratory has consistently found that the source

of bovine viral diarrhea contamination of CCLs has been the use of

contaminated fetal bovine cell culture enrichment serum " (6); and

finally, " In conclusion, most commercially available bovine sera are

contaminated with BVDV and, although there is no evidence that the

virus is infectious, bovine sera should be screened for this virus…for

the development or production of vaccine. " (7)

Can this virus cause infection or disease in humans? New evidence

shows this is possible, as researchers have found a new strain that

was isolated from human cells, and it is very closely related to the

bovine strains (8). One study finds that an alarming 75% of all

laboratory cell lines examined were contaminated with pestivirus

strains; of these, all of the bovine cell lines were contaminated with

one of three possible BVDV strains; cell lines from other animal

sources including primates, sometimes contained one of these BVDV

strains (9).

There is now heightened concern that this virus and others can cross

species lines, creating new strains as they adapt to their new hosts,

and this would include passage of the virus to and from humans.

Whether the human strain of BVDV causes overt illness is uncertain,

because physicians may be uninformed and not even be looking for this

virus. It may be useful however, to compare the infection patterns in

cattle. They can be persistently infected at a low level for their

entire life with a non-pathogenic strain of the virus. Under these

conditions, they consistently create and shed virus into the

surrounding environment, which then infects other animals. The virus

can nonetheless become lethal to the animal if it mutates, with the

new form also causing " visible cell damage and death " in cultured

conditions (10). The animal succumbs to gradual or acute deterioration

of the gastrointestinal mucous lining, which produces diarrhea and its

eventual demise. However, mutated virus is not always necessary to

provoke debilitating illness and death, and ordinary virus can be

isolated from the cow's pancreas, adrenal glands, and pituitary glands

(11); the virus has also been documented as causing serious pulmonary

illness (12). A study describes an outbreak of disease among goats due

to a vaccine contaminated with a bovine pestivirus; oddly, these

animals experienced reproductive failure and lesions to the central

nervous system (13). So, can these disease symptoms in varied organs

and tissues also occur in humans when they carry this virus short or

long-term?

A cursory examination of the literature indicates this may be

occurring. One revealing study tells us " faeces from children under 2

years old who had gastroenteritis that could not be attributed to

recognised enteric pathogens were examined…for Pestivirus antigens.

Such antigens were detected in 30 of 128 episodes of

gastroenteritis…The diarrhoeal disease in children excreting

Pestivirus antigens resembled that in other children except that it

was more commonly associated with signs and symptoms of respiratory

inflammation. " (14) There are also concerns regarding a pattern of

pestivirus infection in infacts born with microcephaly, a condition

wherein the head or cranial capacity is unusually small (15, 16).

Scientists from the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory

describe the situation quite clearly, and give an indication of the

seriousness of the problem: " The high frequency of virus and antibody

detection in individual animal or small pool samples suggests that any

large pool of unscreened sera will be contaminated. Infection of cell

cultures with BVDV can lead to interference with the growth of other

viruses. Vaccine produced on contaminated cells may in turn be

contaminated, leading to seroconversion or disease in the vaccine. The

safety, purity, and efficacy of viral vaccines require BVDV testing of

ingredients, cell substrates and final product. " (17) And here is a

similar statement from a New York Blood Center: " Bovine viral diarrhea

virus, whose small virion size does not allow 100% assurance of its

removal by filtration, may potentially contaminate every lot of

commercially produced fetal bovine serum. " (18)

In reality though, how much of this particular viral contaminant has

trickled into humans? Well, in spite of manufacturers and regulatory

agencies claiming efficacy of their testing procedures, one 2001 study

found 13% of human MMR, polio, or Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines

tested positive for pestivirus RNA (19). And another researcher

observes, " serum antibodies against BVDV have been detected in

approximately 30% of human population who had no contact with

potentially infected animals. " (16) Also, " pestiviruses adapted to

human cell cultures may be harmful because serious BVDV infections in

humans have been frequently suggested…The BVDV persistently infected

in cell cultures used for vaccine productions have been shown to be a

source of contamination in live virus vaccines. It is, therefore,

prerequisite to examine pestivirus contamination in cell cultures to

avoid secondary infections in humans as well as in animals. " (20)

Continuous immortal cell lines

This same scientist brings up another important issue. Because many

medical-use biological products (including vaccines) are now being

cultured or produced on what is called " continuous " cell lines (i.e.,

these are cell cultures consisting of " immortal " or cancerous types of

cells because they have no limits on how many times they can divide),

there is concern that viral contamination of these cell lines with a

pathogen like bovine viral diarrhea virus, could spread

cancer-promoting material into the human recipient. How could this

happen? Briefly, it works like this. The virus (which in this case has

a single strand of RNA for its genome) is capable of incorporating RNA

from the cells in which it has been cultured, into its own genome. If

any contaminant RNA virus is present in a culture that contains

immortal cancerous cells, this virus can easily mutate to include

unwanted oncogenic material, which can then get passed into the

biological product intended for human medical use (16).

Were you aware that biological products, including some common

vaccines (for instance, polio and rabies), are being produced on

" continuous " immortal cell lines? Manufacturers, scientists, and

agencies will often assure us that these cells themselves are not

" tumorigenic " , i.e., they do not cause tumors per se. A closer look

however, shows this is not always the case. While lab culturing may

indicate that these types of cells are not immediately changing to

overt tumor cells, it is now well-known in the scientific community

that after these cells have been repeatedly cultured a certain number

of times, something causes them to convert to a cancerous state (21).

This journal article summary addresses the issue in regards to Vero

cells, which is a continuous cell line coming from the African green

monkey, and is commonly used in vaccine production. It states, " One of

the current criteria for evaluating the acceptability of cell lines

for use in vaccine production is lack of tumorigenicity. Vero cells

represent an example of a class of cells known as continuous cell

lines. They were derived from African green monkey kidney, and their

growth properties and culture characteristics have many advantages

over other cell substrates for use in vaccine production. We have

tested Vero cells for tumorigenicity in nude mice and in a human

muscle organ culture system, and found a significant increase in their

tumorigenic potential with increasing passage numbers. Cells at

passage 232 and higher produced nodules in all nude mice

inoculated. " (22) [The term " passage " in this context means the number

of times a cell line has been cultured].

There is another very important issue reported in studies that is

evidently being largely ignored as regards long-term vaccine effects

and safety. There is obvious evidence that in the lab, continuous

immortal cell lines react differently between one type of animal

species and another (21, 23). As an example, tissue from one species

will allow the immortal cell to induce a cancerous change more

quickly, in comparison to tissue from a different species. These

results then beg the following questions. How extensively have these

continuous cell lines been tested on human tissues, and would the

results vary from one type of tissue to another? And what happens over

the long term…if an immortal cell from a vaccine culture makes its way

into the final vaccine product, does it keep dividing in the human

body? Another scenario might suggest the tumor-promoting portion of

its DNA inserting into a viral genome, which then gets injected into

the body… what happens at that point?

Furthermore, given the evidence that closely-related animal species

(as an example, various species of monkeys) react differently to

immortal cells, do we also need to consider that any one vaccine

intended for all humans might ultimately react differently among the

various races, ethnic groups, and sexes? And what are the effects of

the vaccine contaminants on persons with immune depression, on the

elderly, or on infants?

A letter from the FDA to vaccine manufacturers dated as recently as

March 2001 shows that this issue regarding immortal cell lines is

still of concern. It states, " In general, CBER [Center for Biologics

Evaluation and Research] currently views Vero cells as an acceptable

substrate for viral vaccines, but has residual concerns…CBER

recommends that all products derived from Vero cells be free of

residual intact Vero cells. If your manufacturing process does not

include a validated filtration step or other validated procedure to

clear residual intact Vero cells from the product, please incorporate

such a procedure into your manufacturing process. " (24) It is now 16

years after the WHO gave a go-ahead (in 1986) to use continuous cell

lines for vaccine production (25), and yet there are very basic safety

questions not resolved by the manufacturers, agencies, and scientific

community, much less the finer details (26, 27). One 1991 study

reports: " Cell substrate DNA was shown to be an abundant contaminant

in the clarified preparations of the Sabin type 1, 2 and 3

poliovaccines produced on a continuous cell line " (28). Another

indicates that immortal cell lines showed 100-times greater number of

DNA recombination events compared to normal cells (29). As one

researcher states, " Using neoplastic cell lines as substrates for

vaccine development could inadvertently result in viral-viral or

viral-cellular interactions whose biological consequences are

unclear…viral-viral and viral-cellular interactions can result in the

generation of new retroviruses with pathological consequences. " (30).

We note the term " neoplastic " means the quality of having an abnormal

growth characteristic.

There is an even stronger statement dating back to 1990. A scientist

in the field writes, " The present concern is for safety of vaccines

made using transformed or neoplastic mammalian cells that may contain

endogenous contaminating viruses or integrated gene sequences from

oncogenic viruses. There is also concern for use of plasmid vectors

employing promoter elements from oncogenic viruses. The principal

concern for safety lies with retention of residual DNA in the vaccine,

especially since induction of cancer is a single-cell phenomenon, and

a single functional unit of foreign DNA integrated into the host cell

genome might serve to induce cell transformation as a single event or

part of a series of multifactorial events. Current proposed standards

for vaccines would permit contamination with up to 100 pg [picograms]

of heterologous DNA per dose. This is equivalent to about 10(8)

`functional lengths' of DNA. Total safety would seem to require

complete absence of DNA from the product. " (31)

Please note that 10(8) means 10 to the power of 8, or 100,000,000

" functional lengths " of DNA are allowed per dose of vaccine. Is there

something wrong with this picture? How long will the general public be

subjected to these vaccine products that according to this

information, are nowhere near safe?

It has taken, for instance, approximately forty years for the

scientific community to finally acknowledge that we have a serious

problem as a result of the contamination of polio vaccines with simian

virus 40 (SV40) in the late 1950s-early 1960s. There has been previous

evidence of some human brain and other tumors containing this virus

(32, 33), but the medical community has been slow to acknowledge a

definitive link between SV40 and cancer in humans. However, two

independent research teams have recently found this virus present in

43% of cases of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (34, 35). Another study found it

present in 36% of brain tumors, 16% of healthy blood cell samples, and

22% of healthy semen samples (36). And strangely, SV40 has now been

found to infect children (37). Considering that children of this era,

are not supposed to be receiving the virus via the vaccine

contamination route, this would therefore imply that SV40 is being

transmitted from one human to another, in ways not previously known.

Other simian viruses may also be contaminating the (Vero) monkey cell

lines used for vaccine production. One example from the literature

cites the contamination presence of SV20, which is a oncogenic simian

adenovirus (38).

Simply put, are we in a state of denial that vaccines are ultimately

transmitting viruses, DNA, and proteins into humans from foreign

animal sources (and possibly unhealthy human sources), and that this

may be strongly contributing to the incredible upsurge in cancers and

serious chronic diseases? Are these foreign animal genes altering your

DNA? Furthermore, given that viral presence can sometimes take years

to manifest actual disease symptoms, and then considering the

tendencies of health-related agencies and corporations towards

short-term solutions and profits, will we ever truly know the

long-term consequences until it is too late?

Other bovine viruses

Another contaminating virus found in the calf serum used for vaccine

production is bovine polyoma virus (polyoma viruses are strongly

associated with cancer); one pertinent article is titled " Bovine

polyoma virus, a frequent contaminant of calf serum " (39). Other

contaminants include a virus from the parvovirus family (40); another

study cites " virus-like particles " and " mycoplasma-like agents " in 68%

and 20% of the samples, respectively (41); and yet another mentions

the presence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (aka bovine

herpes virus 1), and parainfluenza-3 virus in addition to the common

BVDV (42). An interesting report from 1975 not only affirms the

presence of these viruses in calf serum, and mentions the additional

presence of bovine enterovirus-4, but also tells us that 25% of serum

lots that were pre-tested by the suppliers and " considered to be free

of known viral contaminants " were actually contaminated with bovine

viruses (43). It should be obvious that any bovine blood-borne virus

(including serious retroviruses such as bovine leukemia virus, bovine

visna virus, and bovine immunodeficiency virus) could ultimately end

up in human or animal vaccines via the use of calf serum in the

manufacturing process.

Contamination of calf serum with certain bovine herpes viruses, and

the possible implication for human health, deserves a bit of scrutiny.

It is known that bovine herpesvirus-1 replicates easily in a human

embryo cell line called WI-38 (44). It is also known that bovine

herpesvirus-4 is quite " persistent " in calf serum, and has a wide host

range, including human cells (45). In fact, this particular virus

strongly replicates in two human embryonic cell lines, WI-38 and

MRC-5, enough so to prompt one author to give these details and a

warning: " PCR [polymerase chain reaction] detected a

10,000-times-higher level of BHV-4 [bovine herpesvirus-4] DNA… the

supernatant indicated a 100-fold increase of infectious particles.

Since this is the first bovine (human herpes virus 8 and Epstein-Barr

virus related) herpes virus which replicates on human cells in vitro,

the danger of possible human BHV-4 infection should not be ignored. " (46)

The clincher to this possible contamination, is that these same human

cell lines WI-38 and MRC-5 are two of the most common human cell lines

used to manufacture viral vaccines, (for example - rubella,

chickenpox, smallpox) and these cell lines are of course, commonly

nurtured with calf serum.

Contaminants from chicken sources

Some viral vaccines are produced by growing the virus in chicken eggs.

Common human vaccines manufactured by this method include influenza,

mumps, measles, yellow fever, and others. Like the vaccines that

include bovine-source materials, those derived from chicken embryo

culture are plagued with some very serious viral contamination problems.

Avian leukosis virus (aka avian leukemia virus or ALV) is a retroviral

pathogen that infects large segments of the modern poultry industry,

is present in commercial chickens and eggs, and thus exposes humans on

a consistent basis (47). An interesting virus in the sense that it can

be considered a " parent " , it easily transforms into a dizzying array

of related viruses by hijacking one of numerous cancer-related gene

segments from its host, and inserting it into its own genome.

Furthermore, it has the additional capability of inserting itself into

the host (including human) genome, hiding out so to speak, and causing

cancerous cell transformation from that location. There is now much

scientific literature available that describes the various active

mechanisms of this and other cancer-associated viruses (48). Viruses

that originate from the " parent " avian leukosis virus, include the

potent Rous sarcoma virus, Rous-associated viruses, avian

myeloblastosis virus, avian myelocytoma virus, avian erythroblastosis

virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, etc. One group of researchers studying

the mechanism of ALV writes, " Serial passaging of a retrovirus that

does not carry an oncogene on such cultures leads with a high

frequency to the emergence of new viruses that have transduced

oncogenes… " (49). In other words, given the right growth conditions,

ALV can easily transform into other closely related viruses that are

known to be cancer-related.

Just how common is this avian leukosis virus in viral vaccines? The

first evidence of contamination came to light in the 1960s when yellow

fever vaccine was found to contain it (50). Since that time, it is

common knowledge in the industry that this virus (or components

thereof) still linger in human and animal vaccines (51). Indeed, the

respected Fields Virology text (year 2001 edition) states, " At the

present time, vaccines produced by some of the world's 12

manufacturing institutes are contaminated with avian leukosis

virus " (52). One point that researchers in this field do agree upon,

are the presence of ALV, avian endogenous virus, avian

reticuloendotheliosis virus (another poultry retrovirus), and also an

enzyme called reverse transcriptase (a component of retroviruses) in

final vaccine products intended for human use, especially the mumps,

measles, yellow fever, and influenza vaccines (53, 54, 55). What they

do not agree upon are the effects on humans in terms of transmission,

infection, and possible subsequent disease. A recent study coming out

of the U.S. CDC (Centers for Disease Control), which analyzed frozen

blood serum samples from children that had received MMR vaccinations,

reports no avian viral presence in these samples (56).

And yet, we see reports from other researchers that make us question

the results of that study. As is often the case with viruses, some

strains will show particular affinities for certain types of tissues

or growth conditions, and ALV is no exception (57). One researcher

makes the effort to explain, " Because of the difficulty in infecting

mammalian cells in vitro with these viruses, it is generally held that

they do not infect humans…Our results show that exposed poultry

workers and subjects with no occupational exposure to these viruses

have antibodies in their sera specifically directed against ALSV

[Avian leucosis/sarcoma viruses]… Further investigation into whether

these findings mean that virus has been integrated into the human

genome is needed, to assess the public health implications of these

results. " (58). He also explains in another article, that given the

known behavior of these viruses in mammalian cellular culture, a blood

serum test will not always provide the correct evidence of viral

presence in the human body (47). In other words, does the virus (or

viral antibodies) need to be actively present in the blood stream at

the time of the blood draw? What if the viral particles have retreated

into other tissues? Thus the CDC study mentioned above may not have

presented an accurate assessment of viral presence, or long-term

effects from the numerous ALV-associated " offspring " viruses.

Considering that ALV can for example, easily capture the human " erbB "

oncogene (59), and that erbB as well as the oncogene called myc are

strongly associated with common forms of human breast cancer, it seems

that the issue of ALV vaccine contamination would deserve a high level

of attention! (By the way, the general reader should not feel

intimidated by the abbreviations associated with oncogenes…erb refers

to " erythroblastosis " , and myc refers to myelocytomatosis, which are

the names of two ALV-associated offspring viruses). A well-known

microbiology text reinforces these concepts by teaching,

" Proto-oncogenes become incorporated into retroviral genomes with

surprising ease. " (60)

Toxin contamination

The unintentional presence of bacterial-source toxins (called

" endotoxins " or " exotoxins " ) in human and veterinary vaccines has been

recognized for many years. Such toxins are originally present in

source materials, or are produced as a result of bacterial infection

during the manufacturing process (61, 62). The various methods used in

attempts to eliminate viruses and bacteria from vaccines are simply

not effective in the removal of these problematic toxic proteins (63).

Several observers have expressed concern that the presence of

endotoxin may be a source of severe adverse reactions seen in some

individuals after receiving a vaccine (61, 64). Some vaccines, such as

those for diphtheria and tetanus, are specifically created to induce a

protective mechanism in the body against the bacterial toxin; however,

vaccines prepared from bacteria can contain appreciable and

potentially dangerous lingering amounts of toxin, despite the steps

used during manufacture to decrease the toxic potency, as described in

this comment: " Vaccines composed of gram-negative bacteria contain

endotoxin in considerable amounts. This may result in adverse effects

after vaccination of sensitive animals. " (65). It has also been

reported that bacterial toxin contamination residing in calf serum,

can cause breaks in the DNA of human cells (66).

Bacterial contamination - nanobacteria

Nanobacteria is a recently discovered pathogen that infects humans.

Now considered to be the smallest existing bacterial form known to

science, it escapes through common filtering processes, and can easily

invade other cells and cause cell death. Nanobacteria also are classed

as " pleomorphic " , that is, they have the ability the change physical

form. A human variety of this pathogen has been found to cause or be

associated with a host of disease conditions, only a few of which

include atherosclerosis, coronary artery / heart disease, kidney

stones and kidney disease, arthritis, MS, alzheimers, some cancers,

and other conditions (67).

Since this species of bacteria is specific to mammals, and must be

lab-cultured in mammalian blood or serum, it is not surprising that

this variety of nanobacterium has been isolated as a contaminant from

bovine calf serum, other mammaliam bio-products, and vaccines. One

study reports that 100% of serum of cattle in a US herd showed

antigens to nanobacteria, and cites another report from Europe that,

" more than 80% of commercial bovine serum lots contain Nanobacterium "

(68). Obviously, any vaccines that must incorporate mammalian products

during production (which would include cow, monkey, or human cells,

blood or serum), will be prone to nanobacterial contamination. This

was indeed verified when a group of researchers found that 2 out of 3

lots of inactivated polio vaccine, and 3 out of 6 lots of veterinary

vaccines were contaminated with nanobacteria. They also point out that

the bacteria could be coming from calf serum and contaminated culture

cell lines (69). Any reasoning person with a basic knowledge of

vaccine production can deduce that nanobacteria have undoubtedly been

infecting humans in a fairly widespread manner via vaccination

procedures. One might also wonder whether it has contributed to the

current prevalence of atherosclerosis and generalized heart disease.

Bacterial contamination – mycoplasmas and related forms

If there is any one type of bacterial contamination in vaccines that

warrants particular attention, it would be mycoplasmas. These small

organisms have a structure not characteristic of most forms of

bacteria, i.e., they usually contain a thin outer membrane as compared

to the more complex walls of common bacterial forms. They are

described as being capable of slipping through filtration procedures,

and can transfer to other media through the air or via routine

handling in the lab (70). One source states that " less than 10% of

laboratories actually test for infection/contamination regularly " …that

mycoplasmas are " influencing almost every aspect of cell biology " …and

that labs " which do not test for mycoplasma probably harbour

contaminated cell lines and may even have their entire stocks

contaminated, as mycoplasma spreads readily along cell lines via

regents and media, the operator and the work surface " (71). They are

resistant to certain types of antibiotics used to kill other bacteria

(70, 72), and are subject to changing form under varying physiological

or biochemical conditions (73).

The journal and industry literature is filled with references to the

problems of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and vaccines.

Various studies cite corrupted cell lines ranging in occurrence from

5% to 87% (71, 72, 74, 75, 76), and as we now know, once this pathogen

is in the cell culture being used to make the vaccine, it is liable to

end up in the final product (77, 78, 79,80). One author states,

" Mycoplasma contaminants can be considered important not only because

of their role as pathogens but also because they may indicate that

insufficient care has been taken during vaccine manufacture or quality

control. " (81). Species of mycoplasmas that have polluted the cell

cultures include Mycoplasma hominis, M. fermentans (implicated in Gulf

War illness), M. arginini, M. hyorhinis, M. orale, M. pirum, M.

pneumoniae, and Acholeplasma laidlawii (75, 76, 82). Any reputable

company that sells tissue or cell culture material, also must test for

and sell kits to detect mycoplasmas (72, 75, 76, 83, 84).

Mycoplasmas and associated variant forms have long been associated

with many disease processes, including cancer, chronic illnesses such

as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, arthritis, Gulf War

Illness, and many others (73, 85, 86). It would be impossible to cite

all the pertinent references in this short report, on this vast arena

of microbiology that is often ignored by much of the medical

community, sometimes with tragic consequences. Mycoplasmas without

question have the capability of altering cell membranes and their

antigens, disrupting DNA, and altering cellular metabolism both in

vitro and in vivo (70, 71, 72, 73, 86).

Cross-contamination of cell lines

As we recall that all viral vaccines can only be produced with the use

of cells, the purity of the cell lines an important issue. The most

famous example of many cell lines becoming contaminated from outside

sources, occurred when the famous and extremely fastidious HeLa cancer

cells started showing up in labs across the world in the 1960s. The

phenomenon is well-documented (87, 88, 89, 90), and is even the

subject of an entire book (91). One study from 1976 cited a litany of

contamination in all primary and continuous cell lines that were

examined – many viruses were found, as well as HeLa cells (92). As the

years progress, the reports continue to come in: one from 1984, for

instance, tells of inter- and intra-species cell cross-contamination,

that 35% of all cell lines were corrupted, and that most of these

lines were (originally) cells of human origin (93).

Let's fast-forward to 1999. A study in Germany finds that the problem

is continuing, if not worsening. In a survey of human cell lines, the

most common cross-contaminants came from " classic tumor cell lines " ;

that these polluted lines had been unknowingly used in " several

hundred " projects which generated potentially false reports; and that

they considered it a " grave and chronic problem demanding radical

measures " (94).

The situation is such that several scientists were prompted to write a

letter to the respected journal " Nature " in January 2000, calling for

immediate action to institute procedures that would verify the purity

of cells used for research and production of biological products,

ensure freedom from mycoplasma, and include biohazard information

(95). (Did I hear that correctly – cells can be considered a

biohazard)? Has anything changed since then to remedy the situation?

There is another report from Jan. 2002, that two major cell lines used

in research projects actually turned out to be HeLa cells (96).

I ask the reader to now recall information from earlier in this

report, that there are proposals being considered to produce vaccines

and other biological products using distinctly cancerous cell lines,

including HeLa (25). Does this seem reasonable, especially since the

current lines are already dangerously tainted with HeLa and possibly

other cancerous cells? Please remember the 100,000,000 allowable

pieces of cell-source DNA allowed per dose of vaccine (and this does

not include the viral contaminants). Anyone care for a small,

under-the-skin serving of human cancer-cell-component soup? With maybe

a few monkey cell fragments for garnish, and viruses for flavor?

Additional points to consider

There are several issues the public and medical community may want to

be aware of concerning safe administration of vaccines. The human and

animal body has normal barriers that help to protect against

infiltration by foreign agents, among them are the skin, the

respiratory and intestinal mucous linings, and the blood-brain

barrier. The puncture of skin by a needle breaches that barrier. A

group of researchers states, " Virus contamination of bioproducts such

as vaccines, blood products or biological material used in surgery and

for transplantations also is more hazardous because the application of

contaminating virus usually occurs by circumvention of the natural

barrier systems of the body…virus contamination of bioproducts should

be considered as a hazard no matter which method has been used for its

detection. " (97). Of even more concern, is the administration of

vaccines nasally (through the nose), or accidental passage via that

route (98). Fields Virology text (2001) says, " The olfactory tract has

long been recognized as an alternative pathway to the CNS [central

nervous system]…olfactory neurons…are unprotected by the blood brain

barrier. " While that writer particularly addresses the flavivirus

family [i.e., " intranasal inoculation of flaviviruses may result in

lethal encephalitis " (99)], this pattern of potential danger may

deserve further attention than it currently receives, especially if

there ever is consideration to use a method of nasal inoculation for

mass vaccination of the public or military, and there may be

contaminating viruses or toxins in a vaccine that have an affinity for

nerve cells and tissues.

Mass immunization programs often use jet injectors to save the time

and inconvenience associated with needles and syringes. However, a

study published in July 2001, found that the four injectors tested had

the capability of transferring tiny amounts of fluid and blood (and

thus, viruses such as hepatitis B and C, HIV, etc.) from one recipient

to the next (100). Numerous other articles confirm the danger, and

question the safety of these devices, including one study that

reported an outbreak of hepatitis B associated with use of a jet

injector (101, 102).

Some of the newest types of vaccines are called " subunit " and " naked

DNA " vaccines. Without going into the intricacies of their production,

they involve techniques used in genetic engineering. Subunit vaccines

generally will insert a viral or bacterial DNA section into the DNA

from yeast, which is allowed to reproduce in large quantities. The

protein intended for inclusion in the vaccine is then separated from

the yeast cells. In the case of naked DNA vaccines, the viral or DNA

gene is first reproduced, then spliced into a plasmid (which is

essentially free DNA, widely used in recombinant technology),

reproduced in bacteria or cells, and then separated from them for

inclusion in the vaccine. Recombinant gene vaccines can also be

produced via these methods – for instance, hepatitis B is now an

exclusively recombinant vaccine (103, 104)

One of the major concerns with these methods is the unpredictability

and interaction of the final vaccine product with the proteins or DNA

of the host. A document from the FDA states: " Genetic toxicity:

Integration of the plasmid DNA vaccine into the genome of the

vaccinated subjects is an important theoretical risk to consider in

preclinical studies. The concern is that an integrated vaccine may

result in insertional mutagenesis through the activation of oncogenes

or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. In addition, an integrated

plasmid DNA vaccine may result in chromosomal instability through the

induction of chromosomal breaks or rearrangements. " (105). Another

group advises, " Research findings in gene therapy and vaccine

development show that naked/free nucleic acids constructs are readily

taken up by the cells of all species including human beings. These

nucleic acid constructs can become integrated into the cell's genome

and such integration may result in harmful biological effects,

including cancers. " (106). And to reiterate the danger of tumorigenic

cell lines, a researcher says, " More recently, recombinant DNA

technology has expanded beyond bacterial cells to mammalian cells,

some of which may also be tumorigenic. " (107).

It seems obvious that there needs to be a new and open dialog

regarding vaccines among the regulatory agencies, manufacturers,

research and medical community, and the public. Many have been

ridiculed for refusing vaccination for themselves or their children,

but considering the occurrences of short-term adverse events and

questionable efficacy (108), possible long-term health damage, and now

also facing the potential of wide-ranging loss of civil liberties

(109), is it so surprising that many are questioning what the actual

benefits are surrounding most vaccination protocols? Are the cases of

damaged children, non-functional adults, the huge increases in cancer

rates, immune and chronic diseases to be simply and blindly accepted

by the public as " tolerable losses " ?

As a citizen with a right to good health, please be advised of the

following issues. Vaccine quality in the U.S. relies for the most

part, on manufacturers reporting to the FDA. Here is a relevant

statement from the CDC: " Manufacturers are required to submit the

results of their own tests for potency, safety, and purity for each

vaccine lot to the FDA. They are also required to submit samples of

each vaccine lot to FDA for testing. However, if the sponsor describes

an alternative procedure which provides continued assurance of safety,

purity and potency, CBER may determine that routine submission of lot

release protocols (showing results of applicable tests) and samples is

not necessary. " (110) Yes, this is the scope of the quality-control

protocol that oversees a market worth billions of dollars, yet

allowing all these contaminants into the vaccines.

It may be helpful to have an idea of the scope of the operation to

understand what we are dealing with here. We are advised that

" Large-scale cell culture operations for biotechnology products use

millions of litres of complex media and gases as well as huge

quantities of organic and inorganic raw materials. These raw materials

must always be assumed to contain contamination by adventitious

agents " (111). And because there is a potentially large number of

animal and human viruses (or viral segments) that could be entering

into the final vaccine products, it would take a equally large bank of

molecular probes, as well as frequent, wide-spread testing, to screen

for presence of these contaminating agents. This would obviously add

time and expense for the manufacturers. What needs to be decided is

this – is the effort and cost involved in cleaning up these admittedly

filthy medical products, worth the resultant benefit to the public

health? And since certain animal products are necessary for the

production of vaccines, it may also be necessary to clean house at

several levels, including the agricultural sector. It is no secret for

instance, that commercial chicken flocks raised for meat and eggs are

often carrying infectious avian leucosis virus, mentioned earlier in

this report (112, 113, 114)

For the record, the smallpox vaccine ordered by the U.S. government

from Aventis is being produced on two types of continuous cell lines,

the human embryonic MRC-5 and the green monkey Vero cells (115). We

might also be advised of one researcher's thoughts, that " normal

embryo and foreskin cells presumably represent a state in development

which is genetically unstable, rendering them considerably more

susceptible to malignant transformation. " (116). Are remnants of these

types of cells something we want injected into our bodies?

The decision you make in accepting or refusing a vaccination can be a

very personal one, but whatever you decide, do try to be informed of

the true benefits and risks. Nobody should be forced to submit to any

medical procedure, especially one of questionable value.

References / Notes

[items with a PMID number will usually have abstracts available to

read. Go to the PubMed website:

http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi and enter the accession

number into the search box.]

1. Trijzelaar B. Regulatory affairs and biotechnology in Europe: III.

Introduction into good regulatory practice--validation of virus

removal and inactivation. Biotherapy 1993; 6(2):93-102. PMID 8398576.

2. Vilcek S. Identification of pestiviruses contaminating cell lines

and fetal calf sera. Acta Virol 2001 Apr;45(2):81-6. PMID 11719986.

3. Barkema HW, Bartels CJ, van Wuijckhuise L, Hesselink JW, Holzhauer

M, Weber MF, en P, Kock PA, Bruschke CJ, Zimmer GM. Outbreak of

bovine virus diarrhea on Dutch dairy farms induced by a bovine

herpesvirus 1 marker vaccine contaminated with bovine virus diarrhea

virus type 2. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2001 Mar 15;126(6):158-65. PMID

11285633.

4. Rolleston WB. Bovine serum: reducing the variables through the use

of donor herds. Dev Biol Stand 1999;99:79-86. PMID 10404879.

5. Bolin SR, s PJ, Ridpath JF. Methods for detection and

frequency of contamination of fetal calf serum with bovine viral

diarrhea virus and antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. : J

Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Jul;3(3):199-203. PMID 1655059.

6. kson GA, Landgraf JG, Wessman SJ, Koski TA, Moss LM. Detection

and elimination of adventitious agents in continuous cell lines. Dev

Biol Stand 1989;70:59-66. PMID 2759356.

7. Yanagi M, Bukh J, Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Contamination of

commercially available fetal bovine sera with bovine viral diarrhea

virus genomes: implications for the study of hepatitis C virus in cell

cultures. J Infect Dis 1996 Dec;174(6):1324-7. PMID 8940226.

8. Giangaspero M, Harasawa R, Verhulst A. Genotypic analysis of the

5'-untranslated region of a pestivirus strain isolated from human

leucocytes. Microbiol Immunol 1997;41(10):829-34. PMID 9403511.

9. Harasawa R, Mizusawa H. Demonstration and genotyping of pestivirus

RNA from mammalian cell lines. Microbiol Immunol 1995;39(12):979-85.

PMID 8789057.

10. Brock, KV. Pathogenesis of BVDV Infections.

http://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/~brockkv/path.htm and

http://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/~brockkv/terms.htm

11. Stoffregen B, Bolin SR, Ridpath JF, Pohlenz J. Morphologic lesions

in type 2 BVDV infections experimentally induced by strain BVDV2-1373

recovered from a field case. Vet Microbiol 2000 Nov 15;77(1-2):157-62.

PMID 11042409.

12. Meehan JT, Lehmkuhl HD, Cutlip RC, Bolin SR. Acute pulmonary

lesions in sheep experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea

virus. J Comp Pathol 1998 Oct;119(3):277-92. PMID 9807729.

13. Loken T, Krogsrud J, Bjerkas I. Outbreaks of border disease in

goats induced by a pestivirus-contaminated orf vaccine, with virus

transmission to sheep and cattle. J Comp Pathol 1991

Feb;104(2):195-209. PMID 1650802.

14. Yolken R, Dubovi E, Leister F, Reid R, Almeido-Hill J, Santosham

M. Infantile gastroenteritis associated with excretion of pestivirus

antigens. Lancet 1989 Mar 11;1(8637):517-20. PMID 2564059.

15. Potts BJ, Sever JL, Tzan NR, Huddleston D, Elder GA. Possible role

of pestiviruses in microcephaly. Lancet 1987 Apr 25;1(8539):972-3.

16. Harasawa R. Latent Risk in Bovine Serums Used for Biopharmaceutic

Production. http://www.asmusa.org/pcsrc/sum02.htm

17. Levings RL, Wessman SJ. Bovine viral diarrhea virus contamination

of nutrient serum, cell cultures and viral vaccines. Dev Biol Stand

1991;75:177-81. PMID 1665461.

18. http://www.nybloodcenter.org/PatentsAndLicensing/SDTechnology.htm

19. Giangaspero M, Vacirca G, Harasawa R, Buttner M, Panuccio A, De

Giuli Morghen C, Zanetti A, Belloli A, Verhulst A. Genotypes of

pestivirus RNA detected in live virus vaccines for human use. J Vet

Med Sci 2001 Jul;63(7):723-33. PMID 11503899.

20. Harasawa R, Mizusawa H. Detection of Pestiviruses from Mammalian

Cell Cultures by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Proceedings of 3rd

Internet World Congress on Biomedical Sciences 1996.12.9-20 Riken,

Tsukuba, Japan.

http://www.3iwc.riken.go.jp/CONGRESS/SYMPO/SBB0202/AK0111/TIT.HTM

21. Contreras G, Bather R, Furesz J, Becker BC. Activation of

metastatic potential in African green monkey kidney cell lines by

prolonged in vitro culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1985

Nov;21(11):649-52. PMID 4066602.

22. Levenbook IS, Petricciani JC, Elisberg BL. Tumorigenicity of Vero

cells. J Biol Stand 1984 Oct;12(4):391-8. PMID 6526826.

23. Furesz J, Fanok A, Contreras G, Becker B. Tumorigenicity testing

of various cell substrates for production of biologicals. Dev Biol

Stand 1989;70:233-43. PMID 2759351.

24. Letter to Sponsors Using Vero Cells as a Cell Substrate for

Investigational Vaccines. Department of Health and Human Services,

Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Division of

Vaccines and Related Products Applications, March 12, 2001.

www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/vero031301.htm

25. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,

Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and

Research. Evolving Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives on Cell

Substrates for Vaccine Development.

http://www.fda.gov/cber/minutes/0907evolv.txt

26. AM Jr. Developing an approach to evaluate the use of

neoplastic cells as vaccine substrates. Dev Biol (Basel)

2001;106:37-42; discussion 42-3. PMID 11761251.

27. Purcell DF. Pathogenesis of replication competent retroviruses

derived from mouse cells in immuno suppressed primates: implications

for use of neoplastic cells as vaccine substrates. Dev Biol (Basel)

2001;106:187-98; discussion 199, 253-63. PMID 11761231.

28. Amosenko FA, Svitkin YV, Popova VD, Terletskaya EN, Timofeev AV,

Elbert LB, Lashkevich VA, Drozdov SG. Use of protamine sulphate for

elimination of substrate DNA in polio vaccines produced on continuous

cell lines. Vaccine 1991 Mar;9(3):207-9. PMID 1645900.

29. Thyagarajan B, McCormick-Graham M, Romero DP, C.

Characterization of homologous DNA recombination activity in normal

and immortal mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1996 Oct

15;24(20):4084-91. PMID 8918816 (full text article available free at

this link).

30. Ruscetti SK. Generation of mink cell focus-inducing retroviruses:

a model for understanding how viral-viral and viral-cellular

interactions can result in biological consequences. Dev Biol (Basel)

2001;106:163-7; discussion 167-8, 253-63. PMID 11761228.

31. Hilleman MR. History, precedent, and progress in the development

of mammalian cell culture systems for preparing vaccines: safety

considerations revisited. J Med Virol 1990 May;31(1):5-12. PMID 2198327.

32. Butel JS, Lednicky JA. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus

40: implications for human infections and disease. J Natl Cancer Inst

1999 Jan 20;91(2):119-34. PMID 9923853.

33. Arrington AS, Lednicky JA, Butel JS. Molecular characterization of

SV40 DNA in multiple samples from a human mesothelioma. Anticancer Res

2000 Mar-Apr;20(2A):879-84. PMID 10810370.

34. Vilchez RA, Madden CR, Kozinetz CA, Halvorson SJ, White ZS,

nsen JL, Finch CJ, Butel JS. Association between simian virus 40

and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 2002 Mar 9;359(9309):817-23. PMID

11897278.

35. Shivapurkar N, Harada K, Reddy J, Scheuermann RH, Xu Y, McKenna

RW, Milchgrub S, Kroft SH, Feng Z, Gazdar AF. Presence of simian virus

40 DNA sequences in human lymphomas. Lancet 2002 Mar

9;359(9309):851-2. PMID 11897287.

36. Bu X, Zhang X, Zhang X, et Al. A study of simian virus 40

infection and its origin in human brain tumors. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing

Xue Za Zhi 2000 Feb;21(1):19-21. PMID 11860751.

37. Butel JS, Jafar S, Wong C, Arrington AS, Opekun AR, Finegold MJ,

Adam E. Evidence of SV40 infections in hospitalized children. Hum

Pathol 1999 Dec;30(12):1496-502. PMID 10667429.

38. von Mettenheim AE. Studies on simian viruses as possible

contaminants of inactivated virus vaccines. I. Direct and serologic

detection of simian adenovirus SV20. Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig A] 1975

Jul;232(2-3):131-40. PMID 1179876.

39. Schuurman R, van Steenis B, Sol C. Bovine polyomavirus, a frequent

contaminant of calf serum. Biologicals 1991 Oct;19(4):265-70. PMID

1665699.

40. Nettleton PF, Rweyemamu MM. The association of calf serum with the

contamination of BHK21 clone 13 suspension cells by a parvovirus

serologically related to the minute virus of mice (MVM). Arch Virol

1980;64(4):359-74. PMID 7396725.

41. Fong CK, Gross PA, Hsiung GD, Swack NS. Use of electron microscopy

for detection of viral and other microbial contaminants in bovine

sera. J Clin Microbiol 1975 Feb;1(2):219-24. PMID 51855.

42. kson GA, Bolin SR, Landgraf JG. Viral contamination of fetal

bovine serum used for tissue culture: risks and concerns. Dev Biol

Stand 1991;75:173-5. PMID 1665460.

43. Kniazeff AJ, Wopschall LJ, Hopps HE, CS. Detection of

bovine viruses in fetal bovine serum used in cell culture. In Vitro

1975 Nov-Dec;11(6):400-3. PMID 172434.

44. Michalski FJ, Dietz A, Hsiung GD. Growth characteristics of bovine

herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) in human diploid

cell strain WI-38. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1976 Feb;151(2):407-10. PMID

175382.

45. Egyed L. Bovine herpesvirus type 4: a special herpesvirus (review

article). Acta Vet Hung 2000;48(4):501-13. PMID 11402667.

46. Egyed L. Replication of bovine herpesvirus type 4 in human cells

in vitro. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Jul;36(7):2109-11. PMID 9650976.

47. ES. Poultry oncogenic retroviruses and humans. Cancer

Detect Prev 1994;18(1):9-30. PMID 8162609.

48. For example, see Nevins JR, " Cell Transformation by Viruses " , in

Knipe DM et al (ed.), 2001. Fields Virology (4th ed), Vol. I, chapter

10, p.245-283. Lippincott. Also see Joklik WK, " Tumor Viruses " , in

Joklik WK et al, 1992. Zinsser Microbiology (20th ed), chapter 59,

p.869-905. Appleton & Lange.

49. Felder MP, Eychene A, Laugier D, Marx M, Dezelee P, Calothy G.

Steps and mechanisms of oncogene transduction by retroviruses. Folia

Biol (Praha) 1994;40(5):225-35. PMID 7895853.

50. RJ, Dougherty RM, Biggs PM, Payne LN, Goffe AP, Churchill

AE, Mortimer R. Contaminant viruses in two live virus vaccines

produced in chick cells. J Hyg (Lond) 1966 Mar;64(1):1-7. PMID 4286627.

51. Payne LN, Biggs PM, Chubb RC, Bowden RS. Contamination of

egg-adapted canine distemper vaccine by avian leukosis virus. Vet Rec

1966 Jan 8;78(2):45-8. PMID 4285488.

52. Knipe DM et al (ed.) 2001. Fields Virology (4th ed), Vol. I,

p.1103. Lippincott.

53. JA, Heneine W. Characterization of endogenous avian

leukosis viruses in chicken embryonic fibroblast substrates used in

production of measles and mumps vaccines. J Virol 2001

Apr;75(8):3605-12. PMID 11264350.

54. Maudru T, Peden KW. Analysis of a coded panel of licensed vaccines

by polymerase chain reaction-based reverse transcriptase assays: a

collaborative study. J Clin Virol 1998 Jul 24;11(1):19-28. PMID 9784140.

55. Tsang SX, Switzer WM, Shanmugam V, JA, Goldsmith C,

A, Fadly A, Thea D, Jaffe H, Folks TM, Heneine W. Evidence of avian

leukosis virus subgroup E and endogenous avian virus in measles and

mumps vaccines derived from chicken cells: investigation of

transmission to vaccine recipients. J Virol 1999 Jul;73(7):5843-51.

PMID 10364336.

56. Hussain AI, Shanmugam V, Switzer WM, Tsang SX, Fadly A, Thea D,

Helfand R, Bellini WJ, Folks TM, Heneine W. Lack of evidence of

endogenous avian leukosis virus and endogenous avian retrovirus

transmission to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine recipients. Emerg

Infect Dis 2001 Jan-Feb;7(1):66-72. PMID 11266296. Full article text

available at www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/hussain.htm

57. Arshad SS, Howes K, Barron GS, LM, PH, Payne LN.

Tissue tropism of the HPRS-103 strain of J subgroup avian leukosis

virus and of a derivative acutely transforming virus. Vet Pathol 1997

Mar;34(2):127-37. PMID 9066079.

58. ES, Overby L, Philpot R. Detection of antibodies to avian

leukosis/sarcoma viruses and reticuloendotheliosis viruses in humans

by western blot assay. Cancer Detect Prev 1995;19(6):472-86. PMID

8925516.

59. Raines MA, Maihle NJ, Moscovici C, Crittenden L, Kung HJ.

Mechanism of c-erbB transduction: newly released transducing viruses

retain poly(A) tracts of erbB transcripts and encode C-terminally

intact erbB proteins. J Virol 1988 Jul;62(7):2437-43. PMID 2897475.

60. Joklik WK, " Tumor Viruses " , in Joklik WK et al, 1992. Zinsser

Microbiology (20th ed.), chapter 59, p.889. Appleton & Lange.

61. Geier MR, Stanbro H, Merril CR. Endotoxins in commercial vaccines.

Appl Environ Microbiol 1978 Sep;36(3):445-9. PMID 727776.

62. Kreeftenberg JG, Loggen HG, van Ramshorst JD, Beuvery EC. The

limulus amebocyte lysate test micromethod and application in the

control of sera and vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 1977;34:15-20. PMID 838139.

63. Sharma SK. Endotoxin detection and elimination in biotechnology.

Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1986 Feb;8(1):5-22. PMID 3548752.

64. Fumarola D, Panaro A, Palma R, Mazzone A. Endotoxic contamination

of biological products (ribosomal vaccines, viral vaccines and

interferon). G Batteriol Virol Immunol 1979 Jan-Jun;72(1-6):72-7. PMID

95449.

65. Cussler K, Godau H, Gyra H. Investigation of the endotoxin content

of veterinary vaccines. ALTEX 1994;11(5):24-29. PMID 11178403.

66. Whitaker AM, EM. Effect of bacterial toxins in serum on the

chromosomes of WI-38. Dev Biol Stand 1976 Dec 13-15;37:185-90. PMID

801471.

67. See " What are nanobacteria? " at

http://www.nanobaclabs.com/PageDisplay.asp?p1=6578

68. Breitschwerdt EB, Sontakke S, Cannedy A, Hancock SI, Bradley JM.

Infection with Bartonella weissii and detection of Nanobacterium

antigens in a North Carolina beef herd. J Clin Microbiol 2001

Mar;39(3):879-82. PMID 11230398. Full article text available at

http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/39/3/879?view=full & pmid=11230398

69. Nanobacteria detected in vaccines. NanoNews 2001 July;1(2).

Article available at

http://www.nanobaclabs.com/Files/Newsletter/JulyNANONEWS1.pdf

70. Cell Culture Contamination Example. Mycoplasma.

http://www.unc.edu/depts/tcf/mycoplasma.htm

71. Prasad E, Lim-Fong R. Mycoplasmas.

http://www2.provlab.ab.ca/bugs/biologos/9702mypl.htm

72. Mycoplasma Detection Kit.

http://www.atcc.org/Products/MycoplasmaDetectKit.cfm

73. Mattman LH, 2001. Cell wall deficient forms: stealth pathogens

(3rd ed.). CRC Press.

74. Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Prevention of mycoplasma contamination in

leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Hum Cell 2001 Sep;14(3):244-7. PMID

11774744.

75. Mycoplasma Detection and Elimination.

http://www.dsmz.de/mutz/mutzmyco.htm

76. Mycoplasma Detection Kit.

http://www.biovalley.fr/anglais/biology/mob_cc.htm

77. Kojima A, Takahashi T, Kijima M, Ogikubo Y, Tamura Y, Harasawa R.

Detection of mycoplasma DNA in veterinary live virus vaccines by the

polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Med Sci 1996 Oct;58(10):1045-8. PMID

8916012.

78. Kojima A, Takahashi T, Kijima M, Ogikubo Y, Nishimura M, Nishimura

S, Harasawa R, Tamura Y. Detection of Mycoplasma in avian live virus

vaccines by polymerase chain reaction. Biologicals 1997

Dec;25(4):365-71. PMID 9467032.

79. Benisheva T, Sovova V, Ivanov I, Opalchenova G. Comparison of

methods used for detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell

cultures, sera, and live-virus vaccines. Folia Biol (Praha)

1993;39(5):270-6. PMID 8206173.

80. Nicolson GL, Nass M, Nicolson N. Anthrax vaccine: controversy over

safety and efficacy. Antimicrobics and Infectious Disease Newsletter

(Elsevier Science) 2000. Article located at

http://www.flatlandbooks.com/anthrax.html

81. Thornton DH. A survey of mycoplasma detection in veterinary

vaccines. Vaccine 1986 Dec;4(4):237-40. PMID 3799018.

82. Kong F, G, Gordon S, Zelynski A, Gilbert GL.

Species-specific PCR for identification of common contaminant

mollicutes in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001

Jul;67(7):3195-200. PMID 11425741.

83. Mycoplasma testing by PCR. http://locus.umdnj.edu/nia/qc/myco.html

84. Mycoplasma sp. Reagent Set.

http://www.euroclone.net/mol_biology/mycoplasma.htm

85. Macomber PB. Cancer and cell wall deficient bacteria. Med

Hypotheses 1990 May;32(1):1-9. PMID 2190063.

86. Baseman JB, Tully JG. Mycoplasmas: sophisticated, reemerging, and

burdened by their notoriety. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Jan-Mar;3(1):21-32.

PMID 9126441. Full text article available at

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no1/baseman.htm

87. Gartler SM. Apparent Hela cell contamination of human heteroploid

cell lines. Nature 1968 Feb 24;217(5130):750-1. PMID 5641128.

88. Lavappa KS. Survey of ATCC stocks of human cell lines for HeLa

contamination. In Vitro 1978 May;14(5):469-75. PMID 566722.

89. -Rees WA, s DW, Flandermeyer RR. Cross-contamination

of cells in culture. Science 1981 Apr 24;212(4493):446-52. PMID 6451928.

90. Gold M. The cells that would not die. Science 81 1981 April; 29-35.

91. Gold M, 1986. A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman's Immortal Legacy

and the Medical Scandal It Caused. State University of New York Press.

92. Demidova SA, Tsareva AA, Mikhailova GR, Perekrest VV, Gushchin BV.

Several methodologic problems in the control of cell cultures. Vopr

Virusol 1976 May-Jun;(3):371-9. PMID 983006.

93. Hukku B, Halton DM, Mally M, WD Jr. Cell characterization

by use of multiple genetic markers. Adv Exp Med Biol 1984;172:13-31.

PMID 6328905.

94. MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG.

Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines

arising at source. Int J Cancer 1999 Nov 12;83(4):555-63. PMID 10508494.

95. Stacey GN. Cell contamination leads to inaccurate data: we must

take action now. Nature 2000 Jan 27;403(6768):356. PMID 10667765.

96. Kniss DA, Xie Y, Li Y, Kumar S, Linton EA, Cohen P, Fan-Havard P,

Redman CW, Sargent IL. ED(27) Trophoblast-like Cells Isolated from

First-trimester Chorionic Villi are Genetically Identical to HeLa

Cells Yet Exhibit a Distinct Phenotype. Placenta 2002 Jan;23(1):32-43.

PMID 11869090.

97. Buttner M, Oehmig A, Weiland F, Rziha HJ, Pfaff E. Detection of

virus or virus specific nucleic acid in foodstuff or

bioproducts--hazards and risk assessment. Arch Virol Suppl

1997;13:57-66. PMID 9413526.

98. Monath TP, Cropp CB, on AK. Mode of entry of a neurotropic

arbovirus into the central nervous system. Reinvestigation of an old

controversy. Lab Invest 1983 Apr;48(4):399-410. PMID 6300550.

99. Burke DS, Monath TP, " Flaviviruses " , in Knipe DM et al (ed.),

2001. Fields Virology (4th ed), Vol. I, chapter 33, p.1057. Lippincott.

100. Hoffman PN, Abuknesha RA, s NJ, D, Lloyd JS. A model

to assess the infection potential of jet injectors used in mass

immunisation. Vaccine 2001 Jul 16;19(28-29):4020-7. PMID 11427278.

101. Canter J, Mackey K, Good LS, o RR, Chin J, Bond WW, Alter

MJ, Horan JM. An outbreak of hepatitis B associated with jet

injections in a weight reduction clinic. Arch Intern Med 1990

Sep;150(9):1923-7. PMID 2393323.

102. Brink PR, van Loon AM, Trommelen JC, Gribnau FW, Smale-Novakova

IR. Virus transmission by subcutaneous jet injection. J Med Microbiol

1985 Dec;20(3):393-7. PMID 4068027.

103. McAleer WJ, Buynak EB, Maigetter RZ, Wampler DE, WJ,

Hilleman MR. Human hepatitis B vaccine from recombinant yeast. Nature

1984 Jan 12-18;307(5947):178-80. PMID 6318124.

104. Hilleman MR. Yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Infection

1987 Jan-Feb;15(1):3-7. PMID 2437037.

105. Points to Consider on Plasmid DNA Vaccines for Preventive

Infectious Disease Indications. Food and Drug Administration, Center

for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Vaccine Research and

Review, December 1996. Full article available at

http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/plasmid.txt

106. Ho M, A, Cummins J, Traavik T. Slipping through the

regulatory net: 'Naked' and 'free' nucleic acids. TWN Biotechnology

and Biosafety Series No. 5, 2001. Available at

http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/biod5.htm

107. Petricciani JC. Safety issues relating to the use of mammalian

cells as hosts. Dev Biol Stand 1985;59:149-53. PMID 3891461.

108. A. Dispelling vaccination myths: an internationally

published, referenced report. 1998. Report available at

http://www.unc.edu/~aphillip/www/chf/myths/dvm1.htm For statistics

regarding adverse events, see the link at

http://www.unc.edu/~aphillip/www/chf/myths/dvm11.htm

109. See a discussion of issues surrounding proposed forced smallpox

vaccination at: Fisher, BL. Smallpox and forced vaccination: what

every American needs to know. The Vaccine Reaction, Winter 2002.

Article available at http://www.909shot.com/smallpoxspecialrpt.htm.

The entire text of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act,

currently being considered by the various U.S. state governments is

available at http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf

110. National Vaccine Program Office, Vaccine Fact Sheets: Vaccine

Product Approval Process. Article available at

http://www.cdc.gov/od/nvpo/fs_tableII_doc2.htm

111. Garnick RL. Raw materials as a source of contamination in

large-scale cell culture. Dev Biol Stand 1998;93:21-9. PMID 9737373.

112. Fadly AM, EJ. Isolation and some characteristics of a

subgroup J-like avian leukosis virus associated with myeloid leukosis

in meat-type chickens in the United States. Avian Dis 1999

Jul-Sep;43(3):391-400. PMID 10494407.

113. Grunder AA, Benkel BF, Chambers JR, Sabour MP, Gavora JS, Dickie

JW. Characterization of four endogenous viral genes in semi-congenic

lines of meat chickens. Poult Sci 1999 Jun;78(6):873-7. PMID 10438132.

114. Pham TD, Spencer JL, ES. Detection of avian leukosis

virus in albumen of chicken eggs using reverse transcription

polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1999 Mar;78(1-2):1-11. PMID

10204692.

115. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25538

116. Kopelovich L. Are all normal diploid human cell strains alike?

Relevance to carcinogenic mechanisms in vitro. Exp Cell Biol

1982;50(5):266-70. PMID 7141068.