Re: High aldosterone

[Guest guest]

Blocks the effects not the release of aldo. Indeed aldo may go up as renin goes up from MCBlockage.CE Grim MDWhy does this say that spironolactone will increase blood levels of aldosterone? Isn't spironolactone a aldosterone anagonist? Is is because the spiro is blocking the aldo in the tissues, therefor creating more in the blood?To: hyperaldosteronism Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 11:24:21 AMSubject: Re: High aldosterone From Webmd Aldosterone in BloodWhat Affects the TestReasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:Eating large amounts of natural black licorice.Pregnancy. Aldosterone levels may be high in the third trimester of pregnancy.Taking medicines, such as female hormones (progesterone and estrogen), corticosteroids, heparin, opiates, laxatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or diuretics. Most medicines used to treat high blood pressure, especially spironolactone (Aldactone), eplerenone (Inspra), and beta-blockers, increase blood levels of aldosterone and renin.Exercising hard or being under emotional stress.Your age. Aldosterone levels normally decrease with age.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for > >>> this> >>> > > > support!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a > >>> urine test.> >>> > > > My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due > >>> to the> >>> > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and > >>> was> >>> > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone > >>> resistance, and> >>> > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. > >>> This> >>> > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty > >>> normal to> >>> > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very > >>> confusing> >>> > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take > >>> about> >>> > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to > >>> start.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been > >>> hair> >>> > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am> >>> > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the> >>> > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My labs:> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> 9/26/2008> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> >>> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was> >>> > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really > >>> high> >>> > > > too. I can post if necessary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> >>> > > > >> 97. (90-111)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> >>> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> >>> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory > >>> 1.5-5.2)> >>> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking > >>> before/> >>> > > > around 8am> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> >>> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> >>> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> >>> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> >>> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> >>> > > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> >>> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> >>> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> >>> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> >>> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> >>> > > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > >> >>> >> >>>> >>>> >>> >>> >> >>

[Guest guest]

I am available to work with you and your Dr. CE Grim MDGood luck with that one-HA! I live in a real small town in the NW part of the country and I believe that is why this has gone on for so long ! I've seen doctor after doctor with little help and lots of frustration! But you can give it a shot. I live in Whitefish, Montana. I am in the NW corner of the state about 60 miles from the Canadian border. Absolute beautiful place to live but not to seek medical advice.To: hyperaldosteronism Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 9:28:54 AMSubject: Re: High aldosterone If you can tell us where you live and what medical centers are near you Dr Grim may know someone there.> >> > >> > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this support!> >> > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> >> > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I decided not to ignore it! > >> > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why I have high aldosterone.> >> > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about three months. I need some education and advise on where to start.> >> > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> >> > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> >> > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> >> > >> My labs:> >> > >> 9/26/2008> >> Aldosterone (urine)> >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >> > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post if necessary.> >> > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> >> 97. (90-111)> >> > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> >> 52.0. (1-16)> >> > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/around 8am> >> > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> >> > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> >> > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> >> > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> >> > >> Lot of test!!!!> >> > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> >>> >> >>

[Guest guest]

Hypertension Specialists from ASH Specialists Program Inc

Adrogue Horacio MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology

Burney Basil MD Houston Endocrinology

Chisolm Olethia MD Houston Adult Medicine

Dolson MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology

Eissa Mona MD, PhD Houston Pediatrics

Esquenazi MD Houston Nephrology, Consultations Only

Herrera MD, MPH Houston

Hsueh Willa MD Houston

Hyman Barry MD Houston Adult Medicine, Internal Medicine

Ishihara Kanae MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology,

Transplant Nephrology

Kagan M.D., PhD HOUSTON Adult Medicine, Nephrology

Krishna Sistla MD Houston Adult Medicine, Primary Care, Geriatrics, Hypertension

Specialist

Magid MD Houston

Magid Mannie MD Houston Primary Care

Nguyen MD HOUSTON Nephrology

Olivero MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology

Olivero MD HOUSTON Adult Medicine,

Rahman S. Noor MD, FACP Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology

Rubin MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplantation Medicine

Saber Elie MD, FACP,FASN Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology

MD, PhD Houston Adult Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology,

Consultations Only

Vu Chau MD Houston Nephrology

> > >>

> > >>

> > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this support!

> > >>

> > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. My ND

at

> >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact that I was a

> >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a low salt

diet.

> >So we ignored it.

> > >>

> > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and through

> >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I decided not

to

> >ignore it!

> >

> > >>

> > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to low. I

don't

> >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why I have high

> >aldosterone.

> > >>

> > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about three

months.

> >I need some education and advise on where to start.

> > >>

> > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.

> > >>

> > >> My only real " health " issue, that I know about, has been hair loss. This

was

> >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has been the

> >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid

> >issues.

> > >>

> > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.

> > >>

> > >> My labs:

> > >>

> > >> 9/26/2008

> > >> Aldosterone (urine)

> > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)

> > >>

> > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was pretty middle

of

> >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post if necessary.

> > >>

> > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010

> > >> 97. (90-111)

> > >>

> > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010

> > >> 52.0. (1-16)

> > >>

> > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010

> > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)

> > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)

> > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/around 8am

> > >>

> > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15

> > >>

> > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)

> > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)

> > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)

> > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)

> > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)

> > >>

> > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010

> > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)

> > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)

> > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)

> > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)

> > >>

> > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010

> > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)

> > >>

> > >> Lot of test!!!!

> > >>

> > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne

> > >>

> > >

> > >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

You want to see Jim Poole who is who Dr. (on the list) recommended. Even tho he is not on this list.Another would be Will Hseuh but she is prob too busy.On Sep 17, 2010, at 5:07 PM, Francis Bill SUSPECTED PA wrote:Hypertension Specialists from ASH Specialists Program IncAdrogue Horacio MD Houston Adult Medicine, NephrologyBurney Basil MD Houston Endocrinology Chisolm Olethia MD Houston Adult Medicine Dolson MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Eissa Mona MD, PhD Houston Pediatrics Esquenazi MD Houston Nephrology, Consultations Only Herrera MD, MPH HoustonHsueh Willa MD Houston Hyman Barry MD Houston Adult Medicine, Internal MedicineIshihara Kanae MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology Kagan M.D., PhD HOUSTON Adult Medicine, Nephrology Krishna Sistla MD Houston Adult Medicine, Primary Care, Geriatrics, Hypertension Specialist Magid MD Houston Magid Mannie MD Houston Primary Care Nguyen MD HOUSTON Nephrology Olivero MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Olivero MD HOUSTON Adult Medicine,Rahman S. Noor MD, FACP Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Rubin MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplantation MedicineSaber Elie MD, FACP,FASN Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology MD, PhD Houston Adult Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, Consultations Only Vu Chau MD Houston Nephrology > > >> > > >> > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this support!> > >> > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. My ND at > >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact that I was a > >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a low salt diet. > >So we ignored it.> > >> > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and through > >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I decided not to > >ignore it! > >> > >> > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to low. I don't > >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why I have high > >aldosterone.> > >> > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about three months. > >I need some education and advise on where to start.> > >> > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> > >> > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair loss. This was > >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has been the > >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid > >issues.> > >> > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> > >> > > >> My labs:> > >> > > >> 9/26/2008> > >> Aldosterone (urine)> > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> > >> > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was pretty middle of > >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post if necessary.> > >> > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> > >> 97. (90-111)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> > >> 52.0. (1-16)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/around 8am> > >> > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> > >> > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> > >> > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> > >> > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> > >> > > >> Lot of test!!!!> > >> > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> > >>> > >> > >> >>

[Guest guest]

Can you upload a pdf to our files on this article?Thanks CEGOn Sep 17, 2010, at 12:39 PM, Francis Bill SUSPECTED PA wrote:Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study. HOMEHELPFEEDBACKSUBSCRIPTIONSARCHIVESEARCHTABLE OF CONTENTSJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1154This ArticleAbstract Full Text (PDF)Submit a related Letter to the EditorAlert me when this article is citedAlert me when eLetters are postedAlert me if a correction is postedCitation MapServicesEmail this article to a friendSimilar articles in this journalSimilar articles in PubMedAlert me to new issues of the journalDownload to citation managerReprints, Permissions and RightsCiting ArticlesCiting Articles via HighWireCiting Articles via Google ScholarGoogle ScholarArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Search for Related ContentPubMedPubMed CitationArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Pubmed/NCBI databasesCompound via MeSHSubstance via MeSHHazardous Substances DBESTRADIOLPROGESTERONESODIUMRelated CollectionsAdrenal and Hypertension Female EndocrinologyThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10 3981-3987Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human Menstrual Cycle D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E. Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. SeelyDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S., G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W. Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... . AbstractTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone production in vitro.Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone, estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase. PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases. Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system. IntroductionTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2, 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13) sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium balance, because differences in sodium balance independently influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not been previously reported.The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production. Subjects and MethodsTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences SubjectsSubjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph) were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or progestins.Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone level more than 3 ng/ml.ProtocolsSubjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject provided written informed consent before enrollment.As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100 mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC, and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6 h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min, delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation, Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium <40 mEq) were included.Laboratory proceduresBlood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA]. PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO, Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN). Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).In vitro experimentsZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20). Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study. Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml; Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05 mg/ml; Worthington Biochemical Corporation) for 50 min at 37 C followed by centrifugation. After washing the cell pellets with a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRBGA) and determining by microscopic examination that less than 5% of cells were fasciculata cells, cells were resuspended in KRBGA (0.5 x 106 cells/ml). Cells were incubated for 1 h at 37 C in 5% CO2-95% O2 with KRBGA containing vehicle, progesterone (50 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), estradiol (80 pg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), or estradiol (80 pg/ml) plus progesterone (50 ng/ml). These progesterone and estradiol concentrations correspond to peak levels achieved during the rat estrous cycle (21). Incubations were performed in duplicate or triplicate, and the studies were repeated twice. Media from incubates was assayed for aldosterone in duplicate using solid phase RIA (DPC). All experiments were conducted in accord with accepted standards of humane animal care, and experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Harvard University.Statistical analysisData from the human study are presented as median with interquartile range, and data from the in vitro study are presented as mean ± SEM. Comparisons between phases of the menstrual cycle were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. For subjects studied in both high- and low-sodium balance, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare parameters in high- vs. low-sodium balance. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between sex hormones (progesterone and estradiol) and aldosterone, PRA, and AngII levels. In the in vitro study, one-way ANOVA was used to compare treatment groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 14.0.2 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). ResultsTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Human menstrual cycleThe high-sodium balance group included 27 subjects [median age 30 yr (25–37 yr)], and the low-sodium balance group included 51 subjects [median age 33 yr (27–41 yr)]. Twenty-four subjects were studied in both high- and low-sodium balance. No significant differences in age, race, weight, or blood pressure were found between menstrual phases in either high- or low-sodium balance, except for younger median age (P = 0.048) in the low-sodium luteal vs. follicular group (Table 1). The majority (80%) of subjects were white.View this table:[in this window][in a new window] TABLE 1. Baseline characteristics, according to sodium balance and menstrual phase Consistent with the known effects of sodium balance on the RAS (22), subjects in low- vs. high-sodium balance had significantly greater (all P < 0.001) 24-h urinary aldosterone [78.8 µg/24 h (29.8–98.0) vs. 8.5 µg/24 h (6.8–16.9)], basal serum aldosterone [21.0 ng/dl (8.7–26.1) vs. 3.9 ng/dl (2.5–6.0)], serum aldosterone response to infused AngII [increase of 22.8 ng/dl (16.4–37.0) vs. 7.9 ng/dl (5.2–11.0)], and PRA [2.8 ng/ml·hr (1.6–4.2) vs. 0.4 ng/ml·hr (0.2–0.7)].As per the prespecified definition of the luteal phase, progesterone levels were significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the luteal vs. follicular phase in both high-sodium [9.7 ng/ml (6.9–11.4) vs. 0.5 ng/ml (0.4–0.6)] and low-sodium [10.1 ng/ml (4.4–13.9) vs. 0.5 ng/ml (0.4–0.7)] balance. As expected, estradiol levels were also higher (P < 0.01) in the luteal vs. follicular phase in both high-sodium [79.5 pg/ml (55.5–119.1) vs. 29.4 pg/ml (18.9–48.2)] and low-sodium [63.9 pg/ml (41.6–97.3) vs. 37.1 pg/ml (21.8–57.9)] balance.In high-sodium balance, 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (P < 0.05), basal serum aldosterone levels (P < 0.05), and increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII (P < 0.01) were all significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase, but there were no significant differences between menstrual phases in 24-h urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII levels (Fig. 1). In low-sodium balance, there were no significant differences in luteal vs. follicular phase urinary aldosterone excretion, basal serum aldosterone levels, serum aldosterone response to infused AngII, urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII levels (Fig. 2). In both high- and low-sodium balance, there were no differences between phases in serum potassium levels, urinary creatinine, or basal and AngII-stimulated blood pressures (data not shown).View larger version (22K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 1. Follicular (white bars) vs. luteal (gray bars) 24-h urinary aldosterone levels (A), basal serum aldosterone levels (, increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII ©, 24-h urinary sodium levels (D), PRA (E), and plasma AngII levels (F) under conditions of high-sodium balance. Data are shown as median with interquartile range. Comparisons are between the follicular phase and the luteal phase. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Twenty-four-hour urinary aldosterone excretion, basal serum aldosterone levels, and increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII were all significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase, but there were no significant differences between menstrual phases in urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII. Conversion factors for Système Internationale units: urinary aldosterone (nanomoles per day), 2.77; serum aldosterone (nanomoles per liter), 0.0277; PRA (nanograms per liter per second), 0.2778. View larger version (22K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 2. Follicular (white bars) vs. luteal (gray bars) 24-h urinary aldosterone levels (A), basal serum aldosterone levels (, increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII ©, 24-h urinary sodium levels (D), PRA (E), and plasma AngII levels (F) under conditions of low-sodium balance. Data are shown as median with interquartile range. There were no significant differences between the follicular phase and the luteal phase in any of these parameters under conditions of low-sodium balance. Conversion factors for Système Internationale units: urinary aldosterone (nanomoles per day), 2.77; serum aldosterone (nanomoles per liter), 0.0277; PRA (nanograms per liter per second), 0.2778. In high-sodium balance (where differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases were observed), progesterone was directly correlated with 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (r = 0.646, P < 0.001), basal serum aldosterone (r = 0.363, P = 0.06), AngII-stimulated serum aldosterone (r = 0.631, P < 0.001), and an increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII (r = 0.53, P = 0.004). There were no significant correlations between progesterone and either PRA or AngII. There were no significant correlations between estradiol and aldosterone levels (basal or stimulated). In low-sodium balance, there were no significant correlations between progesterone and aldosterone levels (basal or stimulated).In vitro aldosterone productionIncubating isolated ZG cells with progesterone significantly increased aldosterone production compared with incubation with vehicle alone (Fig. 3). Estradiol had no effect on aldosterone production, alone or in combination with progesterone.View larger version (18K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 3. Aldosterone production in vitro by isolated ZG cells incubated for 1 h with vehicle (Control), 50 ng/ml progesterone (Prog), 80 pg/ml estradiol (E2), or the combination (Prog + E2). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 8 per treatment. *, P < 0.01 vs. control and E2 treatments. There was no significant difference between Prog and Prog + E2 treatments. DiscussionTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences We have demonstrated that urinary and serum aldosterone levels as well as the increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII are significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase among women in high-sodium balance. Progesterone, but not estradiol, directly correlated with aldosterone levels under these conditions. In contrast, we found no differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among women in low-sodium balance. Because we could not attribute the luteal phase aldosterone increase in high-sodium balance to increased circulating levels of PRA or AngII, we investigated in vitro whether progesterone or estradiol might directly influence aldosterone production. Addition of progesterone to isolated rat ZG cells caused a 2.8-fold increase in aldosterone production, whereas addition of estradiol had no effect. These data suggest that progesterone may directly influence adrenal aldosterone production and that this may be one mechanism underlying increased aldosterone production during physiological high-progesterone states.Previous studies reported higher serum or urinary aldosterone levels during the luteal phase, but sodium intake was either not controlled (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or not documented (13) in the majority of these studies. Since sodium intake, via modulation of the RAS, is a primary determinant of aldosterone production (22), it is difficult to interpret the findings of these earlier studies, because they may have been confounded by changes in sodium intake over the course of the menstrual cycle. Indeed, luteal phase salt restriction is often advised to ameliorate premenstrual symptoms (23, 24, 25), and a reduction in dietary sodium intake premenstrually could potentially increase luteal phase aldosterone levels. Consistent with our findings, two prior studies that controlled for sodium intake demonstrated increased luteal phase serum aldosterone levels in high-sodium balance (14, 15), but these studies did not explore the relationships between aldosterone levels and concentrations of progesterone or estradiol. Our study extends the findings of these prior studies in several ways. Most importantly, unlike these prior studies, we examined the relationships between both progesterone and estradiol concentrations and aldosterone levels. In addition, we report increased luteal phase urinary aldosterone excretion, which represents an integrated summation of aldosterone production over a 24-h period and is a more reliable indicator of overall aldosterone production. Finally, we rigorously controlled not only for sodium balance but also for prolonged supine posture before blood sampling to minimize confounding influences on RAS hormone levels.In contrast to these two studies (14, 15) as well as many prior studies that did not control for sodium balance (4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13), we did not find concurrent increases in PRA associated with increased luteal phase aldosterone levels. Therefore, our study is unique in that we observed PRA-independent luteal phase increases in aldosterone after rigorously controlling for both sodium balance and recumbent posture, which can confound measurement of PRA. We also demonstrated no difference between menstrual phases in plasma AngII levels, further supporting RAS-independent stimulation of aldosterone production during the luteal phase.One prior study examined menstrual phase variation in aldosterone levels among subjects assigned to a low-sodium diet, and no differences in aldosterone levels between phases were found (14). In this study, however, the luteal vs. follicular group had a significantly higher mean urinary sodium excretion rate, which may have suppressed the RAS and prevented detection of a hormonally mediated aldosterone increase in the luteal group. In the current study, which was not confounded by differences in sodium balance, we found no significant differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases in low-sodium balance. Because sodium restriction is such a potent stimulus for activation of the RAS (22), any additional stimulation by progesterone or estradiol during the luteal phase is likely negligible under conditions of low-sodium balance.Previous studies that accounted for dietary sodium intake did not investigate the relationships between progesterone, estradiol, and aldosterone levels (14, 15). Because both estradiol and progesterone increase during the luteal phase, both could potentially contribute to luteal phase increases in aldosterone. We think it unlikely that estradiol mediates this effect for several reasons. First, although oral estrogen use has been associated with changes in aldosterone plasma protein binding, these changes are not seen during the menstrual cycle (26). Similarly, increases in the AngII precursor angiotensinogen are seen with oral estrogen use (27) but not during the menstrual cycle (8, 27), and plasma AngII levels were not higher during the luteal phase in the current study. Second, estradiol levels did not correlate with aldosterone levels in our study. Lastly, estradiol did not increase aldosterone production by isolated ZG cells in vitro in the current study.Increased luteal phase aldosterone levels are thought to result from increased progesterone, which has known antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2, 3, 16). However, the relationships between aldosterone levels and concentrations of progesterone and estradiol during the menstrual cycle have not been previously examined among women in sodium balance. Progesterone administration to young men on a fixed-sodium diet led to natriuresis and increases in aldosterone, PRA, and AngII, and these changes were not observed when synthetic progestogens without antimineralocorticoid properties were administered (2). A small study that did not control for sodium intake found that urinary aldosterone excretion increased during the second half of the menstrual cycle only in women whose progesterone levels also increased (8). Our study is the first to demonstrate a direct correlation between progesterone and aldosterone levels among subjects in sodium balance. There are several possible mechanisms by which progesterone could influence aldosterone production. Progesterone is a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor and has natriuretic properties in humans (1, 2) and rats (3). Therefore, progesterone-induced natriuresis likely leads to compensatory activation of the RAS during the luteal phase (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, if this were the only mechanism at work, PRA and AngII levels would be expected to increase concurrently with aldosterone, which was not seen in our study that was rigorously controlled for sodium balance and recumbent posture. It is also possible that progesterone-induced vasodilation (28) leads to RAS activation. However, as above, PRA and AngII would be expected to increase concurrently with aldosterone levels if this were the primary mechanism at work.Because our data did not support a RAS-mediated increase in aldosterone during the luteal phase, we examined whether progesterone might directly influence adrenal aldosterone production. We showed that progesterone, at physiological concentrations, directly increases aldosterone production from isolated rat ZG cells. Our results are consistent with two prior studies showing that administration of oral micronized progesterone to women for 4–8 d increased serum aldosterone levels, but did not change PRA (29, 30) or plasma AngII (30). We believe that our results are complimentary to these prior studies, because the effects of exogenous hormone administration and endogenous hormone changes are often distinct. Studies performed over 30 yr ago showed that addition of fixed amounts of progesterone to the media of rat (31) and chicken (32) adrenal glands increased aldosterone production. However, it is not known whether physiological progesterone concentrations can effect these changes, because these studies did not control for or measure the progesterone concentration to which the adrenal tissue was exposed. We used a progesterone concentration known to be achieved in vivo during the rat estrous cycle (21) and showed that ZG cell aldosterone production is increased by physiological progesterone concentrations. Furthermore, we used isolated ZG cells instead of whole adrenal tissue. This technique allows for more efficient and controlled diffusion of treatments to the ZG cells and more direct evaluation of the impact of regulatory factors on ZG cell aldosterone production, because the secretory products of neighboring fasciculata and reticularis cells can influence glomerulosa cell aldosterone production (33, 34) and can confound results in experiments using whole adrenal tissue. Importantly, our study further demonstrated that estradiol, alone or in combination with progesterone, did not influence ZG cell aldosterone production in vitro, which has not been previously demonstrated. Progesterone receptor expression has been detected in adrenal capsular cells from female mice (35), raising the possibility that progesterone acts through its receptor to modulate aldosterone production. Alternatively, because progesterone is a precursor in the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway, increased substrate taken up by the adrenal cells may contribute in part to increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Progesterone may also increase aldosterone production in ways that have not yet been elucidated and require further study.Our findings of increased luteal phase aldosterone levels in high-sodium balance may be physiologically relevant, because the average dietary sodium intake in the United States is approximately 150 mmol/d (36), similar to the urinary sodium levels achieved in our high-sodium balance study. The fluid retention that is seen during pregnancy and is variably observed during the luteal phase (37) is poorly understood. If progesterone led only to compensatory activation of the RAS via its antimineralocorticoid effects, then total body volume would be maintained but would not increase. However, if progesterone also independently stimulates aldosterone production, as our data suggest, then volume retention could occur. Furthermore, differences in progesterone production and adrenal sensitivity to progesterone could possibly contribute to variability in the degree of fluid retention observed among different individuals. Although PRA would be expected to decrease in response to increased aldosterone production and volume retention, it is possible that because progesterone simultaneously activates the RAS, the net effect of progesterone on PRA may be minimal.Our findings may also shed light on the unexplained dissociation between aldosterone levels and PRA that is well described during pregnancy (38, 39, 40). The disproportionately greater increase in aldosterone levels relative to PRA during pregnancy is postulated to result from either increased adrenal sensitivity to AngII or nonangiotensin-mediated aldosterone release (39). Our results suggest that increased progesterone levels could possibly lead to both, because our study demonstrates enhanced serum aldosterone response to AngII infusion during the luteal phase as well as direct progesterone-induced stimulation of ZG cell aldosterone production. Further studies are needed to better define the progesterone-mediated changes in aldosterone production that occur during pregnancy.Our study has limitations. Ideally we would have performed paired analyses of the same women in the follicular and luteal phases in both high- and low-sodium balance, but arranging four consecutive studies in sodium balance for each subject would have been logistically difficult. A prospective study confirming our results could be informative. In addition, it is possible that our sample size limited our ability to detect menstrual phase differences in aldosterone levels in low-sodium balance, because progesterone's effect on aldosterone production under these conditions may be small relative to the effect of sodium restriction. Because high-sodium intake reduces PRA to levels close to the lower limit of detection of our assay, it is possible that small differences in PRA between phases may have been undetectable in high-sodium balance. As this study included only normotensive, premenopausal women who were predominantly white, the results may not be applicable to hypertensive women or women of other ethnicities.In conclusion, we have shown that both urinary and serum aldosterone levels are significantly greater during the luteal phase among subjects in high- but not low-sodium balance. In high-sodium balance, aldosterone levels directly correlated with progesterone but not estradiol levels. In contrast to prior studies (4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), the increased luteal phase aldosterone levels observed in our study were independent of increases in PRA. Our study provides in vitro evidence that progesterone directly stimulates ZG cell aldosterone production. Together these data suggest that progesterone may directly contribute to increased adrenal aldosterone production during the luteal phase, particularly when the RAS is suppressed by normal or high sodium intake. Acknowledgments We acknowledge the assistance of Laine Murphey, M.D., Ph.D., of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, in studying some of the subjects. Footnotes This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants GCRCs M01-RR02635, M01-RR00095, RO1-HL-67332, RO1-AR-43130, SCOR P50-HL55000, and K24 RR0186-13-01.Disclosure statement: The authors have nothing to disclose.First Published Online July 25, 2006Abbreviations: AngII, Angiotensin II; KRBGA, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution; PRA, plasma renin activity; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; ZG, zona glomerulosa.Received May 30, 2006.Accepted July 19, 2006. ReferencesTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Landau RL, Lugibihl K 1958 Inhibition of the sodium-retaining influence of aldosterone by progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:1237–1245[Abstract/Free Full Text]Oelkers W, Schoneshofer M, Blumel A 1974 Effects of progesterone and four synthetic progestagens on sodium balance and the renin-aldosterone system in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:882–890[Abstract/Free Full Text]Wambach G, Higgins JR 1978 Antimineralocorticoid action of progesterone in the rat: correlation of the effect on electrolyte excretion and interaction with renal mineralocorticoid receptors. Endocrinology 102:1686–1693[Abstract/Free Full Text]Chapman AB, Zamudio S, Woodmansee W, Merouani A, Osorio F, A, LG, Dahms T, Coffin C, Abraham WT, Schrier RW 1997 Systemic and renal hemodynamic changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle mimic early pregnancy. Am J Physiol 273(Pt 2):F777–F782Reich M 1962 The variations in urinary aldosterone levels of normal females during their menstrual cycle. Australas Ann Med 11:41–49[Medline]Katz FH, Romfh P 1972 Plasma aldosterone and renin activity during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:819–821[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1973 Variations in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity throughout the menstrual cycle, with special reference to the pre-ovulatory period. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 73:499–508[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1972 Plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate and urinary aldosterone excretion in the menstrual cycle in relation to the concentration of progesterone and oestrogens in the plasma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 71:519–529[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1970 Plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone excretion during the menstrual cycle. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 64:452–458[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, Splenser AE, Calzone WL, MP, Keefe DL 2001 Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling. J Appl Physiol 91:1893–1901[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, DiPietro L, Kokoszka CA, Silva C, Keefe DL, Nadel ER 1999 Physiological variability of fluid-regulation hormones in young women. J Appl Physiol 86:1092–1096[Abstract/Free Full Text]Hirshoren N, Tzoran I, Makrienko I, Edoute Y, Plawner MM, Itskovitz-Eldor J, G 2002 Menstrual cycle effects on the neurohumoral and autonomic nervous systems regulating the cardiovascular system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1569–1575[Abstract/Free Full Text]Michelakis AM, Yoshida H, Dormois JC 1975 Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:724–726[Medline]Pechère-Bertschi A, Maillard M, Stalder H, Brunner HR, Burnier M 2000 Blood pressure and renal haemodynamic response to salt during the normal menstrual cycle. Clin Sci (Lond) 98:697–702[Medline]Chidambaram M, Duncan JA, Lai VS, Cattran DC, Floras JS, Scholey JW, JA 2002 Variation in the renin angiotensin system throughout the normal menstrual cycle. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:446–452[Abstract/Free Full Text]Quinkler M, Meyer B, Bumke-Vogt C, Grossmann C, Gruber U, Oelkers W, Diederich S, Bahr V 2002 Agonistic and antagonistic properties of progesterone metabolites at the human mineralocorticoid receptor. Eur J Endocrinol 146:789–799[Abstract]Oelkers W, Berger V, Bolik A, Bahr V, Hazard B, Beier S, Elger W, Heithecker A 1991 Dihydrospirorenone, a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid activity: effects on ovulation, electrolyte excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:837–842[Abstract/Free Full Text]Fisher ND, Hurwitz S, Ferri C, Jeunemaitre X, Hollenberg NK, GH 1999 Altered adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in low-renin essential hypertension. Hypertension 34:388–394[Abstract/Free Full Text]Kosachunhanun N, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, RR, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Ferri C, Mortensen RM, Hollenberg NK, GH 2003 Genetic determinants of nonmodulating hypertension. Hypertension 42:901–908[Abstract/Free Full Text]Adler GK, Chen R, Menachery AI, Braley LM, GH 1993 Sodium restriction increases aldosterone biosynthesis by increasing late pathway, but not early pathway, messenger ribonucleic acid levels and enzyme activity in normotensive rats. Endocrinology 133:2235–2240[Abstract/Free Full Text]Butcher RL, WE, Fugo NW 1974 Plasma concentration of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17ß throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 94:1704–1708[Abstract/Free Full Text]Adler GK, TJ, Hollenberg NK, GH 1987 Changes in adrenal responsiveness and potassium balance with shifts in sodium intake. Endocr Res 13:419–445[Medline]Budoff PW 1983 The use of prostaglandin inhibitors for the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 28:469–478[Medline]1973 Premenstrual symptoms. Br Med J 1:689–690Grady-Weliky TA 2003 Clinical practice. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. N Engl J Med 348:433–438[Free Full Text]Nowaczynski W, Murakami T, K, Genest J 1978 Increased aldosterone plasma protein binding in women on combined oral contraceptives throughout the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:193–199[Abstract/Free Full Text]on PM, Buddle ML, Brown MA, Whitworth JA 1996 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the normal menstrual cycle and in women using oral contraceptives. Comparison with conventional blood pressure measurement. Am J Hypertens 9(Pt 1):953–958Orshal JM, Khalil RA 2004 Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R233–R249Stachenfeld NS, Keefe DL, HS 2005 Responses to a saline load in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist-pretreated premenopausal women receiving progesterone or estradiol-progesterone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:386–394[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, HS 2005 Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol. J Appl Physiol 98:1991–1997[Abstract/Free Full Text]Telegdy G, Lissák K 1965 The effect of progesterone on adrenal corticosterone and aldosterone secretion in the female rat. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung 26:313–318[Medline]DeRoos R 1969 Effects of mammalian corticotropin and progesterone on corticoid production by chicken adrenal tissue in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 13:455–459[CrossRef][Medline] GH, McDonnell LM, Tait SA, Tait JF 1972 The effect of medium composition and in vitro stimuli on the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone in rat glomerulosa tissue. Endocrinology 91:948–960[Abstract/Free Full Text]Braley LM, GH 1980 The effect of unit gravity sedimentation on adrenal steroidogenesis by isolated rat glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. Endocrinology 106:50–55[Abstract/Free Full Text]Uotinen N, Puustinen R, Pasanen S, Manninen T, Kivineva M, Syvala H, Tuohimaa P, Ylikomi T 1999 Distribution of progesterone receptor in female mouse tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 115:429–441[CrossRef][Medline]Ervin RB, Wang CY, JD, Kennedy-son J 2004 Dietary intake of selected minerals for the United States population: 1999–2000. Adv Data 341:1–5[Medline]Pechère-Bertschi A, Burnier M 2004 Female sex hormones, salt, and blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens 17:994–1001[CrossRef][Medline]Bentley- R, Graves SW, Seely EW 2005 The renin-aldosterone response to stimulation and suppression during normal pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 24:1–16[Medline]Brown MA, Zammit VC, Mitar DA, Whitworth JA 1992 Renin-aldosterone relationships in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 5(Pt 1):366–371Fagundes VG, Lamas CC, Francischetti EA 1992 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Response to postural stimuli. Hypertension 19(Suppl):II74-II78This article has been cited by other articles:Q. Fu, T. B. VanGundy, S. Shibata, R. J. Auchus, G. H. , and B. D. LevineMenstrual Cycle Affects Renal-Adrenal and Hemodynamic Responses During Prolonged Standing in the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia SyndromeHypertension, July 1, 2010; 56(1): 82 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] S. T. Sims, N. J. Rehrer, M. L. Bell, and J. D. CotterEndogenous and exogenous female sex hormones and renal electrolyte handling: effects of an acute sodium load on plasma volume at restJ Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] R. Rosenfeld, D. Livne, O. Nevo, L. Dayan, V. Milloul, S. Lavi, and G. Hormonal and Volume Dysregulation in Women With Premenstrual SyndromeHypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 1225 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] This ArticleAbstract Full Text (PDF)Submit a related Letter to the EditorAlert me when this article is citedAlert me when eLetters are postedAlert me if a correction is postedCitation MapServicesEmail this article to a friendSimilar articles in this journalSimilar articles in PubMedAlert me to new issues of the journalDownload to citation managerReprints, Permissions and RightsCiting ArticlesCiting Articles via HighWireCiting Articles via Google ScholarGoogle ScholarArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Search for Related ContentPubMedPubMed CitationArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Related CollectionsAdrenal and Hypertension Female EndocrinologyHOMEHELPFEEDBACKSUBSCRIPTIONSARCHIVESEARCHTABLE OF CONTENTSEndocrinologyEndocrine ReviewsJ. Clin. End. & Metab.Molecular EndocrinologyRecent Prog. Horm. Res.All Endocrine Journals> > > >>> > > >>> > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this > > > support!> > > >>> > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. > > > My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and was > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> > > >>> > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> > > >>> > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> > > >>> > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to start.> > > >>> > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> > > >>> > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> > > >>> > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> > > >>> > > >> My labs:> > > >>> > > >> 9/26/2008> > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> > > >>> > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really high > > > too. I can post if necessary.> > > >>> > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> > > >> 97. (90-111)> > > >>> > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> > > >>> > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/ > > > around 8am> > > >>> > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> > > >>> > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> > > >>> > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> > > >>> > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> > > >>> > > >> Lot of test!!!!> > > >>> > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> > > >>> > > >> > > >> > >> > >> > >> >>

[Guest guest]

Can you upload a pdf to our files on this article?Thanks CEGOn Sep 17, 2010, at 12:39 PM, Francis Bill SUSPECTED PA wrote:Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study. HOMEHELPFEEDBACKSUBSCRIPTIONSARCHIVESEARCHTABLE OF CONTENTSJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1154This ArticleAbstract Full Text (PDF)Submit a related Letter to the EditorAlert me when this article is citedAlert me when eLetters are postedAlert me if a correction is postedCitation MapServicesEmail this article to a friendSimilar articles in this journalSimilar articles in PubMedAlert me to new issues of the journalDownload to citation managerReprints, Permissions and RightsCiting ArticlesCiting Articles via HighWireCiting Articles via Google ScholarGoogle ScholarArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Search for Related ContentPubMedPubMed CitationArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Pubmed/NCBI databasesCompound via MeSHSubstance via MeSHHazardous Substances DBESTRADIOLPROGESTERONESODIUMRelated CollectionsAdrenal and Hypertension Female EndocrinologyThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10 3981-3987Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human Menstrual Cycle D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E. Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. SeelyDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S., G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W. Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... . AbstractTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone production in vitro.Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone, estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase. PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases. Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system. IntroductionTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2, 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13) sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium balance, because differences in sodium balance independently influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not been previously reported.The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production. Subjects and MethodsTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences SubjectsSubjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph) were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or progestins.Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone level more than 3 ng/ml.ProtocolsSubjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject provided written informed consent before enrollment.As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100 mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC, and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6 h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min, delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation, Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium <40 mEq) were included.Laboratory proceduresBlood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA]. PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO, Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN). Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).In vitro experimentsZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20). Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study. Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml; Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05 mg/ml; Worthington Biochemical Corporation) for 50 min at 37 C followed by centrifugation. After washing the cell pellets with a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRBGA) and determining by microscopic examination that less than 5% of cells were fasciculata cells, cells were resuspended in KRBGA (0.5 x 106 cells/ml). Cells were incubated for 1 h at 37 C in 5% CO2-95% O2 with KRBGA containing vehicle, progesterone (50 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), estradiol (80 pg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), or estradiol (80 pg/ml) plus progesterone (50 ng/ml). These progesterone and estradiol concentrations correspond to peak levels achieved during the rat estrous cycle (21). Incubations were performed in duplicate or triplicate, and the studies were repeated twice. Media from incubates was assayed for aldosterone in duplicate using solid phase RIA (DPC). All experiments were conducted in accord with accepted standards of humane animal care, and experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Harvard University.Statistical analysisData from the human study are presented as median with interquartile range, and data from the in vitro study are presented as mean ± SEM. Comparisons between phases of the menstrual cycle were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. For subjects studied in both high- and low-sodium balance, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare parameters in high- vs. low-sodium balance. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between sex hormones (progesterone and estradiol) and aldosterone, PRA, and AngII levels. In the in vitro study, one-way ANOVA was used to compare treatment groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 14.0.2 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). ResultsTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Human menstrual cycleThe high-sodium balance group included 27 subjects [median age 30 yr (25–37 yr)], and the low-sodium balance group included 51 subjects [median age 33 yr (27–41 yr)]. Twenty-four subjects were studied in both high- and low-sodium balance. No significant differences in age, race, weight, or blood pressure were found between menstrual phases in either high- or low-sodium balance, except for younger median age (P = 0.048) in the low-sodium luteal vs. follicular group (Table 1). The majority (80%) of subjects were white.View this table:[in this window][in a new window] TABLE 1. Baseline characteristics, according to sodium balance and menstrual phase Consistent with the known effects of sodium balance on the RAS (22), subjects in low- vs. high-sodium balance had significantly greater (all P < 0.001) 24-h urinary aldosterone [78.8 µg/24 h (29.8–98.0) vs. 8.5 µg/24 h (6.8–16.9)], basal serum aldosterone [21.0 ng/dl (8.7–26.1) vs. 3.9 ng/dl (2.5–6.0)], serum aldosterone response to infused AngII [increase of 22.8 ng/dl (16.4–37.0) vs. 7.9 ng/dl (5.2–11.0)], and PRA [2.8 ng/ml·hr (1.6–4.2) vs. 0.4 ng/ml·hr (0.2–0.7)].As per the prespecified definition of the luteal phase, progesterone levels were significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the luteal vs. follicular phase in both high-sodium [9.7 ng/ml (6.9–11.4) vs. 0.5 ng/ml (0.4–0.6)] and low-sodium [10.1 ng/ml (4.4–13.9) vs. 0.5 ng/ml (0.4–0.7)] balance. As expected, estradiol levels were also higher (P < 0.01) in the luteal vs. follicular phase in both high-sodium [79.5 pg/ml (55.5–119.1) vs. 29.4 pg/ml (18.9–48.2)] and low-sodium [63.9 pg/ml (41.6–97.3) vs. 37.1 pg/ml (21.8–57.9)] balance.In high-sodium balance, 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (P < 0.05), basal serum aldosterone levels (P < 0.05), and increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII (P < 0.01) were all significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase, but there were no significant differences between menstrual phases in 24-h urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII levels (Fig. 1). In low-sodium balance, there were no significant differences in luteal vs. follicular phase urinary aldosterone excretion, basal serum aldosterone levels, serum aldosterone response to infused AngII, urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII levels (Fig. 2). In both high- and low-sodium balance, there were no differences between phases in serum potassium levels, urinary creatinine, or basal and AngII-stimulated blood pressures (data not shown).View larger version (22K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 1. Follicular (white bars) vs. luteal (gray bars) 24-h urinary aldosterone levels (A), basal serum aldosterone levels (, increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII ©, 24-h urinary sodium levels (D), PRA (E), and plasma AngII levels (F) under conditions of high-sodium balance. Data are shown as median with interquartile range. Comparisons are between the follicular phase and the luteal phase. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. Twenty-four-hour urinary aldosterone excretion, basal serum aldosterone levels, and increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII were all significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase, but there were no significant differences between menstrual phases in urinary sodium excretion, PRA, or plasma AngII. Conversion factors for Système Internationale units: urinary aldosterone (nanomoles per day), 2.77; serum aldosterone (nanomoles per liter), 0.0277; PRA (nanograms per liter per second), 0.2778. View larger version (22K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 2. Follicular (white bars) vs. luteal (gray bars) 24-h urinary aldosterone levels (A), basal serum aldosterone levels (, increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII ©, 24-h urinary sodium levels (D), PRA (E), and plasma AngII levels (F) under conditions of low-sodium balance. Data are shown as median with interquartile range. There were no significant differences between the follicular phase and the luteal phase in any of these parameters under conditions of low-sodium balance. Conversion factors for Système Internationale units: urinary aldosterone (nanomoles per day), 2.77; serum aldosterone (nanomoles per liter), 0.0277; PRA (nanograms per liter per second), 0.2778. In high-sodium balance (where differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases were observed), progesterone was directly correlated with 24-h urinary aldosterone excretion (r = 0.646, P < 0.001), basal serum aldosterone (r = 0.363, P = 0.06), AngII-stimulated serum aldosterone (r = 0.631, P < 0.001), and an increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII (r = 0.53, P = 0.004). There were no significant correlations between progesterone and either PRA or AngII. There were no significant correlations between estradiol and aldosterone levels (basal or stimulated). In low-sodium balance, there were no significant correlations between progesterone and aldosterone levels (basal or stimulated).In vitro aldosterone productionIncubating isolated ZG cells with progesterone significantly increased aldosterone production compared with incubation with vehicle alone (Fig. 3). Estradiol had no effect on aldosterone production, alone or in combination with progesterone.View larger version (18K):[in this window][in a new window] FIG. 3. Aldosterone production in vitro by isolated ZG cells incubated for 1 h with vehicle (Control), 50 ng/ml progesterone (Prog), 80 pg/ml estradiol (E2), or the combination (Prog + E2). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 8 per treatment. *, P < 0.01 vs. control and E2 treatments. There was no significant difference between Prog and Prog + E2 treatments. DiscussionTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences We have demonstrated that urinary and serum aldosterone levels as well as the increase in serum aldosterone in response to infused AngII are significantly greater in the luteal vs. follicular phase among women in high-sodium balance. Progesterone, but not estradiol, directly correlated with aldosterone levels under these conditions. In contrast, we found no differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among women in low-sodium balance. Because we could not attribute the luteal phase aldosterone increase in high-sodium balance to increased circulating levels of PRA or AngII, we investigated in vitro whether progesterone or estradiol might directly influence aldosterone production. Addition of progesterone to isolated rat ZG cells caused a 2.8-fold increase in aldosterone production, whereas addition of estradiol had no effect. These data suggest that progesterone may directly influence adrenal aldosterone production and that this may be one mechanism underlying increased aldosterone production during physiological high-progesterone states.Previous studies reported higher serum or urinary aldosterone levels during the luteal phase, but sodium intake was either not controlled (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or not documented (13) in the majority of these studies. Since sodium intake, via modulation of the RAS, is a primary determinant of aldosterone production (22), it is difficult to interpret the findings of these earlier studies, because they may have been confounded by changes in sodium intake over the course of the menstrual cycle. Indeed, luteal phase salt restriction is often advised to ameliorate premenstrual symptoms (23, 24, 25), and a reduction in dietary sodium intake premenstrually could potentially increase luteal phase aldosterone levels. Consistent with our findings, two prior studies that controlled for sodium intake demonstrated increased luteal phase serum aldosterone levels in high-sodium balance (14, 15), but these studies did not explore the relationships between aldosterone levels and concentrations of progesterone or estradiol. Our study extends the findings of these prior studies in several ways. Most importantly, unlike these prior studies, we examined the relationships between both progesterone and estradiol concentrations and aldosterone levels. In addition, we report increased luteal phase urinary aldosterone excretion, which represents an integrated summation of aldosterone production over a 24-h period and is a more reliable indicator of overall aldosterone production. Finally, we rigorously controlled not only for sodium balance but also for prolonged supine posture before blood sampling to minimize confounding influences on RAS hormone levels.In contrast to these two studies (14, 15) as well as many prior studies that did not control for sodium balance (4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13), we did not find concurrent increases in PRA associated with increased luteal phase aldosterone levels. Therefore, our study is unique in that we observed PRA-independent luteal phase increases in aldosterone after rigorously controlling for both sodium balance and recumbent posture, which can confound measurement of PRA. We also demonstrated no difference between menstrual phases in plasma AngII levels, further supporting RAS-independent stimulation of aldosterone production during the luteal phase.One prior study examined menstrual phase variation in aldosterone levels among subjects assigned to a low-sodium diet, and no differences in aldosterone levels between phases were found (14). In this study, however, the luteal vs. follicular group had a significantly higher mean urinary sodium excretion rate, which may have suppressed the RAS and prevented detection of a hormonally mediated aldosterone increase in the luteal group. In the current study, which was not confounded by differences in sodium balance, we found no significant differences in aldosterone levels between menstrual phases in low-sodium balance. Because sodium restriction is such a potent stimulus for activation of the RAS (22), any additional stimulation by progesterone or estradiol during the luteal phase is likely negligible under conditions of low-sodium balance.Previous studies that accounted for dietary sodium intake did not investigate the relationships between progesterone, estradiol, and aldosterone levels (14, 15). Because both estradiol and progesterone increase during the luteal phase, both could potentially contribute to luteal phase increases in aldosterone. We think it unlikely that estradiol mediates this effect for several reasons. First, although oral estrogen use has been associated with changes in aldosterone plasma protein binding, these changes are not seen during the menstrual cycle (26). Similarly, increases in the AngII precursor angiotensinogen are seen with oral estrogen use (27) but not during the menstrual cycle (8, 27), and plasma AngII levels were not higher during the luteal phase in the current study. Second, estradiol levels did not correlate with aldosterone levels in our study. Lastly, estradiol did not increase aldosterone production by isolated ZG cells in vitro in the current study.Increased luteal phase aldosterone levels are thought to result from increased progesterone, which has known antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2, 3, 16). However, the relationships between aldosterone levels and concentrations of progesterone and estradiol during the menstrual cycle have not been previously examined among women in sodium balance. Progesterone administration to young men on a fixed-sodium diet led to natriuresis and increases in aldosterone, PRA, and AngII, and these changes were not observed when synthetic progestogens without antimineralocorticoid properties were administered (2). A small study that did not control for sodium intake found that urinary aldosterone excretion increased during the second half of the menstrual cycle only in women whose progesterone levels also increased (8). Our study is the first to demonstrate a direct correlation between progesterone and aldosterone levels among subjects in sodium balance. There are several possible mechanisms by which progesterone could influence aldosterone production. Progesterone is a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor and has natriuretic properties in humans (1, 2) and rats (3). Therefore, progesterone-induced natriuresis likely leads to compensatory activation of the RAS during the luteal phase (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, if this were the only mechanism at work, PRA and AngII levels would be expected to increase concurrently with aldosterone, which was not seen in our study that was rigorously controlled for sodium balance and recumbent posture. It is also possible that progesterone-induced vasodilation (28) leads to RAS activation. However, as above, PRA and AngII would be expected to increase concurrently with aldosterone levels if this were the primary mechanism at work.Because our data did not support a RAS-mediated increase in aldosterone during the luteal phase, we examined whether progesterone might directly influence adrenal aldosterone production. We showed that progesterone, at physiological concentrations, directly increases aldosterone production from isolated rat ZG cells. Our results are consistent with two prior studies showing that administration of oral micronized progesterone to women for 4–8 d increased serum aldosterone levels, but did not change PRA (29, 30) or plasma AngII (30). We believe that our results are complimentary to these prior studies, because the effects of exogenous hormone administration and endogenous hormone changes are often distinct. Studies performed over 30 yr ago showed that addition of fixed amounts of progesterone to the media of rat (31) and chicken (32) adrenal glands increased aldosterone production. However, it is not known whether physiological progesterone concentrations can effect these changes, because these studies did not control for or measure the progesterone concentration to which the adrenal tissue was exposed. We used a progesterone concentration known to be achieved in vivo during the rat estrous cycle (21) and showed that ZG cell aldosterone production is increased by physiological progesterone concentrations. Furthermore, we used isolated ZG cells instead of whole adrenal tissue. This technique allows for more efficient and controlled diffusion of treatments to the ZG cells and more direct evaluation of the impact of regulatory factors on ZG cell aldosterone production, because the secretory products of neighboring fasciculata and reticularis cells can influence glomerulosa cell aldosterone production (33, 34) and can confound results in experiments using whole adrenal tissue. Importantly, our study further demonstrated that estradiol, alone or in combination with progesterone, did not influence ZG cell aldosterone production in vitro, which has not been previously demonstrated. Progesterone receptor expression has been detected in adrenal capsular cells from female mice (35), raising the possibility that progesterone acts through its receptor to modulate aldosterone production. Alternatively, because progesterone is a precursor in the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway, increased substrate taken up by the adrenal cells may contribute in part to increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Progesterone may also increase aldosterone production in ways that have not yet been elucidated and require further study.Our findings of increased luteal phase aldosterone levels in high-sodium balance may be physiologically relevant, because the average dietary sodium intake in the United States is approximately 150 mmol/d (36), similar to the urinary sodium levels achieved in our high-sodium balance study. The fluid retention that is seen during pregnancy and is variably observed during the luteal phase (37) is poorly understood. If progesterone led only to compensatory activation of the RAS via its antimineralocorticoid effects, then total body volume would be maintained but would not increase. However, if progesterone also independently stimulates aldosterone production, as our data suggest, then volume retention could occur. Furthermore, differences in progesterone production and adrenal sensitivity to progesterone could possibly contribute to variability in the degree of fluid retention observed among different individuals. Although PRA would be expected to decrease in response to increased aldosterone production and volume retention, it is possible that because progesterone simultaneously activates the RAS, the net effect of progesterone on PRA may be minimal.Our findings may also shed light on the unexplained dissociation between aldosterone levels and PRA that is well described during pregnancy (38, 39, 40). The disproportionately greater increase in aldosterone levels relative to PRA during pregnancy is postulated to result from either increased adrenal sensitivity to AngII or nonangiotensin-mediated aldosterone release (39). Our results suggest that increased progesterone levels could possibly lead to both, because our study demonstrates enhanced serum aldosterone response to AngII infusion during the luteal phase as well as direct progesterone-induced stimulation of ZG cell aldosterone production. Further studies are needed to better define the progesterone-mediated changes in aldosterone production that occur during pregnancy.Our study has limitations. Ideally we would have performed paired analyses of the same women in the follicular and luteal phases in both high- and low-sodium balance, but arranging four consecutive studies in sodium balance for each subject would have been logistically difficult. A prospective study confirming our results could be informative. In addition, it is possible that our sample size limited our ability to detect menstrual phase differences in aldosterone levels in low-sodium balance, because progesterone's effect on aldosterone production under these conditions may be small relative to the effect of sodium restriction. Because high-sodium intake reduces PRA to levels close to the lower limit of detection of our assay, it is possible that small differences in PRA between phases may have been undetectable in high-sodium balance. As this study included only normotensive, premenopausal women who were predominantly white, the results may not be applicable to hypertensive women or women of other ethnicities.In conclusion, we have shown that both urinary and serum aldosterone levels are significantly greater during the luteal phase among subjects in high- but not low-sodium balance. In high-sodium balance, aldosterone levels directly correlated with progesterone but not estradiol levels. In contrast to prior studies (4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), the increased luteal phase aldosterone levels observed in our study were independent of increases in PRA. Our study provides in vitro evidence that progesterone directly stimulates ZG cell aldosterone production. Together these data suggest that progesterone may directly contribute to increased adrenal aldosterone production during the luteal phase, particularly when the RAS is suppressed by normal or high sodium intake. Acknowledgments We acknowledge the assistance of Laine Murphey, M.D., Ph.D., of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, in studying some of the subjects. Footnotes This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants GCRCs M01-RR02635, M01-RR00095, RO1-HL-67332, RO1-AR-43130, SCOR P50-HL55000, and K24 RR0186-13-01.Disclosure statement: The authors have nothing to disclose.First Published Online July 25, 2006Abbreviations: AngII, Angiotensin II; KRBGA, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution; PRA, plasma renin activity; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; ZG, zona glomerulosa.Received May 30, 2006.Accepted July 19, 2006. ReferencesTopAbstractIntroductionSubjects and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences Landau RL, Lugibihl K 1958 Inhibition of the sodium-retaining influence of aldosterone by progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:1237–1245[Abstract/Free Full Text]Oelkers W, Schoneshofer M, Blumel A 1974 Effects of progesterone and four synthetic progestagens on sodium balance and the renin-aldosterone system in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:882–890[Abstract/Free Full Text]Wambach G, Higgins JR 1978 Antimineralocorticoid action of progesterone in the rat: correlation of the effect on electrolyte excretion and interaction with renal mineralocorticoid receptors. Endocrinology 102:1686–1693[Abstract/Free Full Text]Chapman AB, Zamudio S, Woodmansee W, Merouani A, Osorio F, A, LG, Dahms T, Coffin C, Abraham WT, Schrier RW 1997 Systemic and renal hemodynamic changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle mimic early pregnancy. Am J Physiol 273(Pt 2):F777–F782Reich M 1962 The variations in urinary aldosterone levels of normal females during their menstrual cycle. Australas Ann Med 11:41–49[Medline]Katz FH, Romfh P 1972 Plasma aldosterone and renin activity during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:819–821[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1973 Variations in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity throughout the menstrual cycle, with special reference to the pre-ovulatory period. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 73:499–508[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1972 Plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate and urinary aldosterone excretion in the menstrual cycle in relation to the concentration of progesterone and oestrogens in the plasma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 71:519–529[Abstract/Free Full Text]Sundsfjord JA, Aakvaag A 1970 Plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone excretion during the menstrual cycle. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 64:452–458[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, Splenser AE, Calzone WL, MP, Keefe DL 2001 Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling. J Appl Physiol 91:1893–1901[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, DiPietro L, Kokoszka CA, Silva C, Keefe DL, Nadel ER 1999 Physiological variability of fluid-regulation hormones in young women. J Appl Physiol 86:1092–1096[Abstract/Free Full Text]Hirshoren N, Tzoran I, Makrienko I, Edoute Y, Plawner MM, Itskovitz-Eldor J, G 2002 Menstrual cycle effects on the neurohumoral and autonomic nervous systems regulating the cardiovascular system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1569–1575[Abstract/Free Full Text]Michelakis AM, Yoshida H, Dormois JC 1975 Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone during the normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123:724–726[Medline]Pechère-Bertschi A, Maillard M, Stalder H, Brunner HR, Burnier M 2000 Blood pressure and renal haemodynamic response to salt during the normal menstrual cycle. Clin Sci (Lond) 98:697–702[Medline]Chidambaram M, Duncan JA, Lai VS, Cattran DC, Floras JS, Scholey JW, JA 2002 Variation in the renin angiotensin system throughout the normal menstrual cycle. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:446–452[Abstract/Free Full Text]Quinkler M, Meyer B, Bumke-Vogt C, Grossmann C, Gruber U, Oelkers W, Diederich S, Bahr V 2002 Agonistic and antagonistic properties of progesterone metabolites at the human mineralocorticoid receptor. Eur J Endocrinol 146:789–799[Abstract]Oelkers W, Berger V, Bolik A, Bahr V, Hazard B, Beier S, Elger W, Heithecker A 1991 Dihydrospirorenone, a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid activity: effects on ovulation, electrolyte excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:837–842[Abstract/Free Full Text]Fisher ND, Hurwitz S, Ferri C, Jeunemaitre X, Hollenberg NK, GH 1999 Altered adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in low-renin essential hypertension. Hypertension 34:388–394[Abstract/Free Full Text]Kosachunhanun N, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, RR, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, Ferri C, Mortensen RM, Hollenberg NK, GH 2003 Genetic determinants of nonmodulating hypertension. Hypertension 42:901–908[Abstract/Free Full Text]Adler GK, Chen R, Menachery AI, Braley LM, GH 1993 Sodium restriction increases aldosterone biosynthesis by increasing late pathway, but not early pathway, messenger ribonucleic acid levels and enzyme activity in normotensive rats. Endocrinology 133:2235–2240[Abstract/Free Full Text]Butcher RL, WE, Fugo NW 1974 Plasma concentration of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17ß throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 94:1704–1708[Abstract/Free Full Text]Adler GK, TJ, Hollenberg NK, GH 1987 Changes in adrenal responsiveness and potassium balance with shifts in sodium intake. Endocr Res 13:419–445[Medline]Budoff PW 1983 The use of prostaglandin inhibitors for the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med 28:469–478[Medline]1973 Premenstrual symptoms. Br Med J 1:689–690Grady-Weliky TA 2003 Clinical practice. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. N Engl J Med 348:433–438[Free Full Text]Nowaczynski W, Murakami T, K, Genest J 1978 Increased aldosterone plasma protein binding in women on combined oral contraceptives throughout the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:193–199[Abstract/Free Full Text]on PM, Buddle ML, Brown MA, Whitworth JA 1996 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the normal menstrual cycle and in women using oral contraceptives. Comparison with conventional blood pressure measurement. Am J Hypertens 9(Pt 1):953–958Orshal JM, Khalil RA 2004 Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R233–R249Stachenfeld NS, Keefe DL, HS 2005 Responses to a saline load in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist-pretreated premenopausal women receiving progesterone or estradiol-progesterone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:386–394[Abstract/Free Full Text]Stachenfeld NS, HS 2005 Progesterone increases plasma volume independent of estradiol. J Appl Physiol 98:1991–1997[Abstract/Free Full Text]Telegdy G, Lissák K 1965 The effect of progesterone on adrenal corticosterone and aldosterone secretion in the female rat. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung 26:313–318[Medline]DeRoos R 1969 Effects of mammalian corticotropin and progesterone on corticoid production by chicken adrenal tissue in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 13:455–459[CrossRef][Medline] GH, McDonnell LM, Tait SA, Tait JF 1972 The effect of medium composition and in vitro stimuli on the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone in rat glomerulosa tissue. Endocrinology 91:948–960[Abstract/Free Full Text]Braley LM, GH 1980 The effect of unit gravity sedimentation on adrenal steroidogenesis by isolated rat glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. Endocrinology 106:50–55[Abstract/Free Full Text]Uotinen N, Puustinen R, Pasanen S, Manninen T, Kivineva M, Syvala H, Tuohimaa P, Ylikomi T 1999 Distribution of progesterone receptor in female mouse tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 115:429–441[CrossRef][Medline]Ervin RB, Wang CY, JD, Kennedy-son J 2004 Dietary intake of selected minerals for the United States population: 1999–2000. Adv Data 341:1–5[Medline]Pechère-Bertschi A, Burnier M 2004 Female sex hormones, salt, and blood pressure regulation. Am J Hypertens 17:994–1001[CrossRef][Medline]Bentley- R, Graves SW, Seely EW 2005 The renin-aldosterone response to stimulation and suppression during normal pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 24:1–16[Medline]Brown MA, Zammit VC, Mitar DA, Whitworth JA 1992 Renin-aldosterone relationships in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 5(Pt 1):366–371Fagundes VG, Lamas CC, Francischetti EA 1992 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Response to postural stimuli. Hypertension 19(Suppl):II74-II78This article has been cited by other articles:Q. Fu, T. B. VanGundy, S. Shibata, R. J. Auchus, G. H. , and B. D. LevineMenstrual Cycle Affects Renal-Adrenal and Hemodynamic Responses During Prolonged Standing in the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia SyndromeHypertension, July 1, 2010; 56(1): 82 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] S. T. Sims, N. J. Rehrer, M. L. Bell, and J. D. CotterEndogenous and exogenous female sex hormones and renal electrolyte handling: effects of an acute sodium load on plasma volume at restJ Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] R. Rosenfeld, D. Livne, O. Nevo, L. Dayan, V. Milloul, S. Lavi, and G. Hormonal and Volume Dysregulation in Women With Premenstrual SyndromeHypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 1225 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] This ArticleAbstract Full Text (PDF)Submit a related Letter to the EditorAlert me when this article is citedAlert me when eLetters are postedAlert me if a correction is postedCitation MapServicesEmail this article to a friendSimilar articles in this journalSimilar articles in PubMedAlert me to new issues of the journalDownload to citation managerReprints, Permissions and RightsCiting ArticlesCiting Articles via HighWireCiting Articles via Google ScholarGoogle ScholarArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Search for Related ContentPubMedPubMed CitationArticles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.Articles by Seely, E. W.Related CollectionsAdrenal and Hypertension Female EndocrinologyHOMEHELPFEEDBACKSUBSCRIPTIONSARCHIVESEARCHTABLE OF CONTENTSEndocrinologyEndocrine ReviewsJ. Clin. End. & Metab.Molecular EndocrinologyRecent Prog. Horm. Res.All Endocrine Journals> > > >>> > > >>> > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this > > > support!> > > >>> > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. > > > My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and was > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> > > >>> > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> > > >>> > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> > > >>> > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to start.> > > >>> > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> > > >>> > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> > > >>> > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> > > >>> > > >> My labs:> > > >>> > > >> 9/26/2008> > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> > > >>> > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really high > > > too. I can post if necessary.> > > >>> > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> > > >> 97. (90-111)> > > >>> > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> > > >>> > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/ > > > around 8am> > > >>> > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> > > >>> > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> > > >>> > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> > > >>> > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> > > >>> > > >> Lot of test!!!!> > > >>> > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> > > >>> > > >> > > >> > >> > >> > >> >>

[Guest guest]

I added the file.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this

> > > > > support!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine

> > test.

> > > > > My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to

> > the

> > > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and was

> > > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance,

> > and

> > > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again.

> > This

> > > > > time I decided not to ignore it!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to

> > > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very

> > confusing

> > > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about

> > > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to

> > start.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> My only real " health " issue, that I know about, has been hair

> > > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am

> > > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the

> > > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> My labs:

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> 9/26/2008

> > > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)

> > > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was

> > > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really high

> > > > > too. I can post if necessary.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010

> > > > > >> 97. (90-111)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010

> > > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010

> > > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)

> > > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory

> > 1.5-5.2)

> > > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/

> > > > > around 8am

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)

> > > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)

> > > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)

> > > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)

> > > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010

> > > > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)

> > > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)

> > > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)

> > > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010

> > > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Lot of test!!!!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > >

> > >

> >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

I added the file.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this

> > > > > support!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine

> > test.

> > > > > My ND at the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to

> > the

> > > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and was

> > > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance,

> > and

> > > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again.

> > This

> > > > > time I decided not to ignore it!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to

> > > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very

> > confusing

> > > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about

> > > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to

> > start.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> My only real " health " issue, that I know about, has been hair

> > > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am

> > > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the

> > > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> My labs:

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> 9/26/2008

> > > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)

> > > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was

> > > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really high

> > > > > too. I can post if necessary.

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010

> > > > > >> 97. (90-111)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010

> > > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010

> > > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)

> > > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory

> > 1.5-5.2)

> > > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/

> > > > > around 8am

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)

> > > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)

> > > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)

> > > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)

> > > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010

> > > > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)

> > > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)

> > > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)

> > > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010

> > > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Lot of test!!!!

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne

> > > > > >>

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > >

> > >

> >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

Only found one listed Hypertension Specialists from ASH in Montana. Barager

DO Great Falls Nephrology Montana.

Did find Scot Born, MD Nephrology and Tobin Hoppes, MD

Nephrology

Kalispell Diagnostic Service

135 Commons Way

Kalispell, MT 59901

Phone:

> > > > >>

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this

> > support!

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine

> > test. My ND at

> > > >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact

> > that I was a

> > > >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a

> > low salt diet.

> > > >So we ignored it.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance,

> > and through

> > > >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I

> > decided not to

> > > >ignore it!

> > > >

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to

> > low. I don't

> > > >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why

> > I have high

> > > >aldosterone.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about

> > three months.

> > > >I need some education and advise on where to start.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> My only real " health " issue, that I know about, has been hair

> > loss. This was

> > > >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has

> > been the

> > > >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my

> > thyroid

> > > >issues.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> My labs:

> > > > >>

> > > > >> 9/26/2008

> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)

> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was

> > pretty middle of

> > > >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post

> > if necessary.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010

> > > > >> 97. (90-111)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010

> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010

> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)

> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)

> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/

> > around 8am

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)

> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)

> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)

> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)

> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010

> > > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)

> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)

> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)

> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010

> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne

> > > > >>

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > >

> > >

> >

> >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

Only found one listed Hypertension Specialists from ASH in Montana. Barager

DO Great Falls Nephrology Montana.

Did find Scot Born, MD Nephrology and Tobin Hoppes, MD

Nephrology

Kalispell Diagnostic Service

135 Commons Way

Kalispell, MT 59901

Phone:

> > > > >>

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this

> > support!

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine

> > test. My ND at

> > > >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact

> > that I was a

> > > >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a

> > low salt diet.

> > > >So we ignored it.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance,

> > and through

> > > >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I

> > decided not to

> > > >ignore it!

> > > >

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to

> > low. I don't

> > > >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why

> > I have high

> > > >aldosterone.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about

> > three months.

> > > >I need some education and advise on where to start.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> My only real " health " issue, that I know about, has been hair

> > loss. This was

> > > >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has

> > been the

> > > >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my

> > thyroid

> > > >issues.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> My labs:

> > > > >>

> > > > >> 9/26/2008

> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)

> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was

> > pretty middle of

> > > >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post

> > if necessary.

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010

> > > > >> 97. (90-111)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010

> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010

> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)

> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)

> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/

> > around 8am

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)

> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)

> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)

> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)

> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010

> > > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)

> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)

> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)

> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010

> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!

> > > > >>

> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne

> > > > >>

> > > > >

> > > > >

> > > >

> > >

> >

> >

> >

>

[Guest guest]

So does this mean the chances are good Thar spironolactone will not always work? Is there a better drug?Sent from my iPad

Blocks the effects not the release of aldo. Indeed aldo may go up as renin goes up from MCBlockage.CE Grim MDWhy does this say that spironolactone will increase blood levels of aldosterone?

Isn't spironolactone a aldosterone anagonist? Is is because the spiro is blocking the aldo in the tissues, therefor creating more in the blood?To: hyperaldosteronism Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 11:24:21 AMSubject: Re: High aldosterone From Webmd Aldosterone in BloodWhat Affects the TestReasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:Eating large amounts of natural black licorice.Pregnancy. Aldosterone levels may be high in the third trimester of pregnancy.Taking medicines, such as female hormones (progesterone and estrogen), corticosteroids, heparin, opiates, laxatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs), or diuretics. Most medicines used to treat high blood pressure, especially spironolactone (Aldactone), eplerenone (Inspra), and beta-blockers, increase blood levels of aldosterone and renin.Exercising hard or being under emotional stress.Your age. Aldosterone levels normally decrease with age.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for > >>> this> >>> > > > support!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a > >>> urine test.> >>> > > > My ND at the time was not

concerned, he thought it was due > >>> to the> >>> > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and > >>> was> >>> > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone > >>> resistance, and> >>> > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. > >>> This> >>> > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs

pretty > >>> normal to> >>> > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very > >>> confusing> >>> > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take > >>> about> >>> > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to > >>> start.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My only

real "health" issue, that I know about, has been > >>> hair> >>> > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am> >>> > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the> >>> > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My labs:> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> 9/26/2008> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> >>> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >>> > > >

>>> >>> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was> >>> > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really > >>> high> >>> > > > too. I can post if necessary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> >>> > > > >> 97. (90-111)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> >>> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> >>> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory

0.8-2.5, non ambulatory > >>> 1.5-5.2)> >>> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking > >>> before/> >>> > > > around 8am> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> >>> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> >>> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> >>> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> >>> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> >>>

> > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> >>> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> >>> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> >>> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> >>> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> >>> > > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > >> >>> >>

>>>> >>>> >>> >>> >> >>

[Guest guest]

So does this mean the chances are good Thar spironolactone will not always work? Is there a better drug?Sent from my iPad

Blocks the effects not the release of aldo. Indeed aldo may go up as renin goes up from MCBlockage.CE Grim MDWhy does this say that spironolactone will increase blood levels of aldosterone?

Isn't spironolactone a aldosterone anagonist? Is is because the spiro is blocking the aldo in the tissues, therefor creating more in the blood?To: hyperaldosteronism Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 11:24:21 AMSubject: Re: High aldosterone From Webmd Aldosterone in BloodWhat Affects the TestReasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:Eating large amounts of natural black licorice.Pregnancy. Aldosterone levels may be high in the third trimester of pregnancy.Taking medicines, such as female hormones (progesterone and estrogen), corticosteroids, heparin, opiates, laxatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs), or diuretics. Most medicines used to treat high blood pressure, especially spironolactone (Aldactone), eplerenone (Inspra), and beta-blockers, increase blood levels of aldosterone and renin.Exercising hard or being under emotional stress.Your age. Aldosterone levels normally decrease with age.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for > >>> this> >>> > > > support!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a > >>> urine test.> >>> > > > My ND at the time was not

concerned, he thought it was due > >>> to the> >>> > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and > >>> was> >>> > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone > >>> resistance, and> >>> > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. > >>> This> >>> > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs

pretty > >>> normal to> >>> > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very > >>> confusing> >>> > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take > >>> about> >>> > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to > >>> start.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My only

real "health" issue, that I know about, has been > >>> hair> >>> > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am> >>> > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the> >>> > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My labs:> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> 9/26/2008> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> >>> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >>> > > >

>>> >>> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was> >>> > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really > >>> high> >>> > > > too. I can post if necessary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> >>> > > > >> 97. (90-111)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> >>> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> >>> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory

0.8-2.5, non ambulatory > >>> 1.5-5.2)> >>> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking > >>> before/> >>> > > > around 8am> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> >>> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> >>> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> >>> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> >>> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> >>>

> > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> >>> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> >>> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> >>> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> >>> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> >>> > > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > >> >>> >>

>>>> >>>> >>> >>> >> >>

[Guest guest]

I AM LOVIN' U BILL...THANK U SOOOOO MUCH!! Kristi (Kris) Mondry RN, BSN

To: hyperaldosteronism Cc: Clarence Grim Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 5:51:42 PMSubject: Re: Re: High aldosterone

You want to see Jim Poole who is who Dr. (on the list) recommended. Even tho he is not on this list. Another would be Will Hseuh but she is prob too busy.

On Sep 17, 2010, at 5:07 PM, Francis Bill SUSPECTED PA wrote:

Hypertension Specialists from ASH Specialists Program IncAdrogue Horacio MD Houston Adult Medicine, NephrologyBurney Basil MD Houston Endocrinology Chisolm Olethia MD Houston Adult Medicine Dolson MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Eissa Mona MD, PhD Houston Pediatrics Esquenazi MD Houston Nephrology, Consultations Only Herrera MD, MPH HoustonHsueh Willa MD Houston Hyman Barry MD Houston Adult Medicine, Internal MedicineIshihara Kanae MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology Kagan

M.D., PhD HOUSTON Adult Medicine, Nephrology Krishna Sistla MD Houston Adult Medicine, Primary Care, Geriatrics, Hypertension Specialist Magid MD Houston Magid Mannie MD Houston Primary Care Nguyen MD HOUSTON Nephrology Olivero MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Olivero MD HOUSTON Adult Medicine,Rahman S. Noor MD, FACP Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Rubin MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplantation MedicineSaber Elie MD, FACP,FASN Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology MD, PhD Houston Adult Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, Consultations Only Vu Chau MD Houston Nephrology > > >> > >

>> > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this support!> > >> > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. My ND at > >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact that I was a > >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a low salt diet. > >So we ignored it.> > >> > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and through > >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I decided not

to > >ignore it! > >> > >> > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to low. I don't > >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why I have high > >aldosterone.> > >> > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about three months. > >I need some education and advise on where to start.> > >> > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> > >> > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair loss. This was > >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has been the > >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid > >issues.> > >> > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> > >> > > >> My labs:> > >> > > >> 9/26/2008> > >> Aldosterone (urine)> > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >

>> > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was pretty middle of > >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post if necessary.> > >> > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> > >> 97. (90-111)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> > >> 52.0. (1-16)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/around 8am> >

>> > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> > >> > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> > >> > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> > >> > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> > >> > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >

>> > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> > >>> > >> > >> >>

[Guest guest]

I AM LOVIN' U BILL...THANK U SOOOOO MUCH!! Kristi (Kris) Mondry RN, BSN

To: hyperaldosteronism Cc: Clarence Grim Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 5:51:42 PMSubject: Re: Re: High aldosterone

You want to see Jim Poole who is who Dr. (on the list) recommended. Even tho he is not on this list. Another would be Will Hseuh but she is prob too busy.

On Sep 17, 2010, at 5:07 PM, Francis Bill SUSPECTED PA wrote:

Hypertension Specialists from ASH Specialists Program IncAdrogue Horacio MD Houston Adult Medicine, NephrologyBurney Basil MD Houston Endocrinology Chisolm Olethia MD Houston Adult Medicine Dolson MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Eissa Mona MD, PhD Houston Pediatrics Esquenazi MD Houston Nephrology, Consultations Only Herrera MD, MPH HoustonHsueh Willa MD Houston Hyman Barry MD Houston Adult Medicine, Internal MedicineIshihara Kanae MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology, Transplant Nephrology Kagan

M.D., PhD HOUSTON Adult Medicine, Nephrology Krishna Sistla MD Houston Adult Medicine, Primary Care, Geriatrics, Hypertension Specialist Magid MD Houston Magid Mannie MD Houston Primary Care Nguyen MD HOUSTON Nephrology Olivero MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Olivero MD HOUSTON Adult Medicine,Rahman S. Noor MD, FACP Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology Rubin MD Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology, Transplantation MedicineSaber Elie MD, FACP,FASN Houston Adult Medicine, Nephrology MD, PhD Houston Adult Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, Consultations Only Vu Chau MD Houston Nephrology > > >> > >

>> > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for this support!> > >> > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a urine test. My ND at > >the time was not concerned, he thought it was due to the fact that I was a > >runner. I also thought that made since and was also following a low salt diet. > >So we ignored it.> > >> > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone resistance, and through > >recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. This time I decided not

to > >ignore it! > >> > >> > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs pretty normal to low. I don't > >have issues with potassium. This is all Very confusing as to why I have high > >aldosterone.> > >> > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take about three months. > >I need some education and advise on where to start.> > >> > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> > >> > > >> My only real "health" issue, that I know about, has been hair loss. This was > >one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am wondering if it has been the > >aldosterone all along. Maybe the aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid > >issues.> > >> > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> > >> > > >> My labs:> > >> > > >> 9/26/2008> > >> Aldosterone (urine)> > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >

>> > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was pretty middle of > >the road. *Progesterone however was really high too. I can post if necessary.> > >> > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> > >> 97. (90-111)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> > >> 52.0. (1-16)> > >> > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory 0.8-2.5, non ambulatory 1.5-5.2)> > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking before/around 8am> >

>> > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> > >> > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> > >> > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> > >> > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> > >> > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >

>> > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> > >>> > >> > >> >>

[Guest guest]

Thanks. Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

I added the file.

>

> >

> > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> >

> >

> >

> > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > 2006-1154

> > This Article

> >

> > Abstract

> > Full Text (PDF)

> > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > Alert me when this article is cited

> > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > Citation Map

> >

> > Services

> >

> > Email this article to a friend

> > Similar articles in this journal

> > Similar articles in PubMed

> > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > Download to citation manager

> > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> >

> > Citing Articles

> >

> > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> >

> > Google Scholar

> >

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Search for Related Content

> >

> > PubMed

> >

> > PubMed Citation

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > Compound via MeSH

> > Substance via MeSH

> > Hazardous Substances DB

> > ESTRADIOL

> > PROGESTERONE

> > SODIUM

> >

> > Related Collections

> >

> > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > Female Endocrinology

> > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > 3981-3987

> > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > Menstrual Cycle

> >

> > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> >

> > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... .

> >

> >

> >

> > Abstract

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > production in vitro.

> >

> > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> >

> > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> >

> > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> >

> >

> >

> > Introduction

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > been previously reported.

> >

> > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> >

> >

> >

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Subjects

> > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > progestins.

> >

> > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> >

> > Protocols

> >

> > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> >

> > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect

> > recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at

> > baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.

> >

> > For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully

> > achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and

> > 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from

> > subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine

> > sodium <40 mEq) were included.

> >

> > Laboratory procedures

> >

> > Blood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time

> > of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum

> > aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count

> > procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA].

> > PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of

> > generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples

> > for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and

> > angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included

> > phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and

> > captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO,

> > Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle

> > chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN).

> > Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum

> > and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame

> > photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical,

> > Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE

> > Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).

> >

> > In vitro experiments

> >

> > ZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats

> > ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab

> > Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by

> > induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then

> > killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from

> > the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20).

> > Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study.

> > Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml;

> > Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05

> >

[Guest guest]

Thanks. Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

I added the file.

>

> >

> > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> >

> >

> >

> > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > 2006-1154

> > This Article

> >

> > Abstract

> > Full Text (PDF)

> > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > Alert me when this article is cited

> > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > Citation Map

> >

> > Services

> >

> > Email this article to a friend

> > Similar articles in this journal

> > Similar articles in PubMed

> > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > Download to citation manager

> > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> >

> > Citing Articles

> >

> > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> >

> > Google Scholar

> >

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Search for Related Content

> >

> > PubMed

> >

> > PubMed Citation

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > Compound via MeSH

> > Substance via MeSH

> > Hazardous Substances DB

> > ESTRADIOL

> > PROGESTERONE

> > SODIUM

> >

> > Related Collections

> >

> > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > Female Endocrinology

> > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > 3981-3987

> > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > Menstrual Cycle

> >

> > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> >

> > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... .

> >

> >

> >

> > Abstract

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > production in vitro.

> >

> > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> >

> > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> >

> > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> >

> >

> >

> > Introduction

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > been previously reported.

> >

> > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> >

> >

> >

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Subjects

> > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > progestins.

> >

> > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> >

> > Protocols

> >

> > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> >

> > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect

> > recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at

> > baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.

> >

> > For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully

> > achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and

> > 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from

> > subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine

> > sodium <40 mEq) were included.

> >

> > Laboratory procedures

> >

> > Blood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time

> > of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum

> > aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count

> > procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA].

> > PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of

> > generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples

> > for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and

> > angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included

> > phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and

> > captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO,

> > Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle

> > chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN).

> > Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum

> > and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame

> > photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical,

> > Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE

> > Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).

> >

> > In vitro experiments

> >

> > ZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats

> > ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab

> > Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by

> > induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then

> > killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from

> > the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20).

> > Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study.

> > Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml;

> > Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05

> >

[Guest guest]

I am going to do a 3 month locum at VA out pt clinic in Raton NM starting later this week. Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

I added the file.

>

> >

> > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> >

> >

> >

> > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > 2006-1154

> > This Article

> >

> > Abstract

> > Full Text (PDF)

> > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > Alert me when this article is cited

> > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > Citation Map

> >

> > Services

> >

> > Email this article to a friend

> > Similar articles in this journal

> > Similar articles in PubMed

> > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > Download to citation manager

> > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> >

> > Citing Articles

> >

> > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> >

> > Google Scholar

> >

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Search for Related Content

> >

> > PubMed

> >

> > PubMed Citation

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > Compound via MeSH

> > Substance via MeSH

> > Hazardous Substances DB

> > ESTRADIOL

> > PROGESTERONE

> > SODIUM

> >

> > Related Collections

> >

> > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > Female Endocrinology

> > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > 3981-3987

> > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > Menstrual Cycle

> >

> > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> >

> > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... .

> >

> >

> >

> > Abstract

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > production in vitro.

> >

> > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> >

> > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> >

> > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> >

> >

> >

> > Introduction

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > been previously reported.

> >

> > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> >

> >

> >

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Subjects

> > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > progestins.

> >

> > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> >

> > Protocols

> >

> > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> >

> > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect

> > recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at

> > baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.

> >

> > For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully

> > achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and

> > 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from

> > subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine

> > sodium <40 mEq) were included.

> >

> > Laboratory procedures

> >

> > Blood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time

> > of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum

> > aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count

> > procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA].

> > PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of

> > generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples

> > for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and

> > angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included

> > phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and

> > captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO,

> > Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle

> > chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN).

> > Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum

> > and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame

> > photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical,

> > Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE

> > Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).

> >

> > In vitro experiments

> >

> > ZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats

> > ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab

> > Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by

> > induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then

> > killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from

> > the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20).

> > Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study.

> > Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml;

> > Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05

> >

[Guest guest]

I am going to do a 3 month locum at VA out pt clinic in Raton NM starting later this week. Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

I added the file.

>

> >

> > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> >

> >

> >

> > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > 2006-1154

> > This Article

> >

> > Abstract

> > Full Text (PDF)

> > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > Alert me when this article is cited

> > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > Citation Map

> >

> > Services

> >

> > Email this article to a friend

> > Similar articles in this journal

> > Similar articles in PubMed

> > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > Download to citation manager

> > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> >

> > Citing Articles

> >

> > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> >

> > Google Scholar

> >

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Search for Related Content

> >

> > PubMed

> >

> > PubMed Citation

> > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > Compound via MeSH

> > Substance via MeSH

> > Hazardous Substances DB

> > ESTRADIOL

> > PROGESTERONE

> > SODIUM

> >

> > Related Collections

> >

> > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > Female Endocrinology

> > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > 3981-3987

> > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > Menstrual Cycle

> >

> > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> >

> > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@... .

> >

> >

> >

> > Abstract

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > production in vitro.

> >

> > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> >

> > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> >

> > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> >

> >

> >

> > Introduction

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > been previously reported.

> >

> > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> >

> >

> >

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Top

> > Abstract

> > Introduction

> > Subjects and Methods

> > Results

> > Discussion

> > References

> >

> > Subjects

> > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > progestins.

> >

> > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> >

> > Protocols

> >

> > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> >

> > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect

> > recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at

> > baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.

> >

> > For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully

> > achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and

> > 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from

> > subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine

> > sodium <40 mEq) were included.

> >

> > Laboratory procedures

> >

> > Blood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time

> > of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum

> > aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count

> > procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA].

> > PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of

> > generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples

> > for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and

> > angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included

> > phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and

> > captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO,

> > Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle

> > chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN).

> > Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum

> > and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame

> > photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical,

> > Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE

> > Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).

> >

> > In vitro experiments

> >

> > ZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats

> > ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab

> > Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by

> > induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then

> > killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from

> > the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20).

> > Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study.

> > Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml;

> > Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05

> >

[Guest guest]

Spiro will work and is good to start with unless u can get eplerenone cheap. I always start with it. Spiro Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

So does this mean the chances are good Thar spironolactone will not always work? Is there a better drug?Sent from my iPad

Blocks the effects not the release of aldo. Indeed aldo may go up as renin goes up from MCBlockage.CE Grim MDWhy does this say that spironolactone will increase blood levels of aldosterone?

Isn't spironolactone a aldosterone anagonist? Is is because the spiro is blocking the aldo in the tissues, therefor creating more in the blood?To: hyperaldosteronism Sent: Fri, September 17, 2010 11:24:21 AMSubject: Re: High aldosterone From Webmd Aldosterone in BloodWhat Affects the TestReasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:Eating large amounts of natural black licorice.Pregnancy. Aldosterone levels may be high in the third trimester of pregnancy.Taking medicines, such as female hormones (progesterone and estrogen), corticosteroids, heparin, opiates, laxatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs), or diuretics. Most medicines used to treat high blood pressure, especially spironolactone (Aldactone), eplerenone (Inspra), and beta-blockers, increase blood levels of aldosterone and renin.Exercising hard or being under emotional stress.Your age. Aldosterone levels normally decrease with age.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Hi everyone, just joined today. Thanks to all of you for > >>> this> >>> > > > support!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I tested high for aldosterone two years ago through a > >>> urine test.> >>> > > > My ND at the time was not

concerned, he thought it was due > >>> to the> >>> > > > fact that I was a runner. I also thought that made since and > >>> was> >>> > > > also following a low salt diet. So we ignored it.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am treAting a thyroid issue, thyroid hormone > >>> resistance, and> >>> > > > through recent blood work tested high for aldosterone again. > >>> This> >>> > > > time I decided not to ignore it!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I do not have a high blood pressure. It runs

pretty > >>> normal to> >>> > > > low. I don't have issues with potassium. This is all Very > >>> confusing> >>> > > > as to why I have high aldosterone.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I am trying to get into a endocrinologist but will take > >>> about> >>> > > > three months. I need some education and advise on where to > >>> start.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> I don't even know if this is primary or secondary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My only

real "health" issue, that I know about, has been > >>> hair> >>> > > > loss. This was one reason for exploring the thyroid but I am> >>> > > > wondering if it has been the aldosterone all along. Maybe the> >>> > > > aldosterone is what's causing my thyroid issues.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Any comments or advice would be greatly appreciated.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> My labs:> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> 9/26/2008> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone (urine)> >>> > > > >> High 54.3. (normal diet 6-25, low salt 17-44, high salt0-6)> >>> > > >

>>> >>> > > > >> Other adrenal hormones were fine at that time. Cortisol was> >>> > > > pretty middle of the road. *Progesterone however was really > >>> high> >>> > > > too. I can post if necessary.> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc potassium 7/14/2010> >>> > > > >> 97. (90-111)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone 7/18/2010> >>> > > > >> 52.0. (1-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Blood aldosterone/renin 6/30/2010> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone 49. (1-16)> >>> > > > >> Renin. 3.3. (random ambulatory

0.8-2.5, non ambulatory > >>> 1.5-5.2)> >>> > > > >> I was sitting, fasting, taking two hours after waking > >>> before/> >>> > > > around 8am> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Aldosterone renin ratio = 15> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Sodium. 138. (135-145)> >>> > > > >> Potassium. 4.5. (3.5-5.3)> >>> > > > >> Chloride. 106. (98-109)> >>> > > > >> Co2. 23. (22-31)> >>> > > > >> Anion gap. 9. (5-16)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Saliva cortisol 5/23/2010> >>>

> > > >> 7am. 3.7. (3.7-9.5)> >>> > > > >> 11am. 1.6. (1.2-3.0)> >>> > > > >> 5pm. 1.3. (0.6-1.9)> >>> > > > >> 9pm. 0.5. (0.4-1.0)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Rbc magnesium 5/26/2010> >>> > > > >> 4.2. (4.0-6.4)> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Lot of test!!!!> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> Thanks again for your kind support! Suzanne> >>> > > > >>> >>> > > > >> >>> > > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > > >> >>> > >> >>> >>

>>>> >>>> >>> >>> >> >>

[Guest guest]

You will get to try out the VA medical record system. To bad you were not closer

to me.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > 2006-1154

> > > > This Article

> > > >

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > Citation Map

> > > >

> > > > Services

> > > >

> > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > >

> > > > Citing Articles

> > > >

> > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > >

> > > > Google Scholar

> > > >

> > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > Search for Related Content

> > > >

> > > > PubMed

> > > >

> > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > SODIUM

> > > >

> > > > Related Collections

> > > >

> > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > > > 3981-3987

> > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > >

> > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > >

> > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > production in vitro.

> > > >

> > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > >

> > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > >

> > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > > > been previously reported.

> > > >

> > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > Subjects

> > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > progestins.

> > > >

> > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > > > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > > > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > > > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > > > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > > > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > > > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > > > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> > > >

> > > > Protocols

> > > >

> > > > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > > > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > > > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > > > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > > > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> > > >

> > > > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > > > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > > > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > > > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > > > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > > > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > > > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > > > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > > > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > > > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > > > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > > > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > > > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > > > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > > > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > > > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > > > infusion. Blood pressure was measured with an automatic indirect

> > > > recording sphygmomanometer (Dinamap; Critikon, Inc., Tampa, FL) at

> > > > baseline and then every 2 min during the AngII infusion.

> > > >

> > > > For the high-sodium analysis, data from subjects who successfully

> > > > achieved high-sodium balance (24-h urine sodium excretion 150 and

> > > > 250 mEq) were included. For the low-sodium analysis, data from

> > > > subjects who successfully achieved low-sodium balance (24-h urine

> > > > sodium <40 mEq) were included.

> > > >

> > > > Laboratory procedures

> > > >

> > > > Blood samples were collected on ice, spun, and frozen until the time

> > > > of assay. Urinary aldosterone, serum progesterone, and serum

> > > > aldosterone were measured by solid phase RIA using the Coat-A-Count

> > > > procedure [Diagnostic Products Corporation (DPC), Los Angeles, CA].

> > > > PRA was measured using the GammaCoat [125I] RIA kit by the RIA of

> > > > generated angiotensin I (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). Plasma samples

> > > > for AngII were immediately treated with a mix of angiotensinase and

> > > > angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that included

> > > > phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, phenanthroline, pepstatin, and

> > > > captopril. Plasma AngII was measured by double-antibody RIA (ALPCO,

> > > > Windham, NH). FSH was measured by paramagnetic-particle

> > > > chemiluminescent immunoassay (Beckman Instruments Inc., Chaska, MN).

> > > > Estradiol was measured using double antibody 125I RIA (DPC). Serum

> > > > and urinary sodium and serum potassium levels were measured by flame

> > > > photometry, with lithium as an internal standard (Nova Biomedical,

> > > > Waltham, MA). Urinary creatinine was measured using the ACE

> > > > Creatinine Reagent (Alfa Wasserman, West Caldwell, NJ).

> > > >

> > > > In vitro experiments

> > > >

> > > > ZG cells were isolated from intact female 6- to 8-wk-old Wistar rats

> > > > ( River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA). Rats were fed PicoLab

> > > > Rodent Diet 20 (0.33% sodium; Richmond, IN) for 6 d followed by

> > > > induction of anesthesia using inhaled isoflurane; they were then

> > > > killed, and adrenal glands were removed. ZG cells were prepared from

> > > > the capsular portion of the adrenal as previously described (20).

> > > > Cells from approximately eight rats were pooled for each study.

> > > > Briefly, capsules were incubated in collagenase (3.7 mg/ml;

> > > > Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Freehold, NJ) and DNAase (0.05

> > > >

>

[Guest guest]

Will take a few days to learn is my guess. Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

You will get to try out the VA medical record system. To bad you were not closer to me.

> > >

> > > >

> > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > 2006-1154

> > > > This Article

> > > >

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > Citation Map

> > > >

> > > > Services

> > > >

> > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > >

> > > > Citing Articles

> > > >

> > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > >

> > > > Google Scholar

> > > >

> > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > Search for Related Content

> > > >

> > > > PubMed

> > > >

> > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > SODIUM

> > > >

> > > > Related Collections

> > > >

> > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > > > 3981-3987

> > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > >

> > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > >

> > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > production in vitro.

> > > >

> > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > >

> > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > >

> > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > > > been previously reported.

> > > >

> > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > >

> > > >

> > > >

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Top

> > > > Abstract

> > > > Introduction

> > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > Results

> > > > Discussion

> > > > References

> > > >

> > > > Subjects

> > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > progestins.

> > > >

> > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > > > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > > > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > > > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > > > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > > > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > > > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > > > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> > > >

> > > > Protocols

> > > >

> > > > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > > > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > > > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > > > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > > > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> > > >

> > > > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > > > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > > > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > > > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > > > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > > > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > > > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > > > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > > > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > > > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > > > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > > > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > > > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > > > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50 min,

> > > > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > > > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > > > infusion. Blood pressure was measur

[Guest guest]

The VA will let any one download and use the system free.

> > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > > > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > > > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > > > 2006-1154

> > > > > > This Article

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > > > Citation Map

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Services

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Search for Related Content

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > > > SODIUM

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Related Collections

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > > > > > 3981-3987

> > > > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > > > >

> > > > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > > > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > > > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > > > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > > > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > > > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > > > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > > > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production in vitro.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > > > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > > > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > > > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > > > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > > > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > > > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > > > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > > > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > > > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > > > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > > > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > > > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > > > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > > > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > > > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > > > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > > > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > > > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > > > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > > > > > been previously reported.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > > > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > > > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > > > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > > > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > > > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects

> > > > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > > > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > > > progestins.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic blood pressure less than

> > > > > > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg measured

> > > > > > manually with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer on three

> > > > > > occasions. Premenopausal status was defined as having regular

> > > > > > menstrual cycles or, where menstrual history was not available, age

> > > > > > 45 yr or less and serum FSH level less than 20 IU/liter. The luteal

> > > > > > phase of the menstrual cycle was defined by a serum progesterone

> > > > > > level more than 3 ng/ml.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Protocols

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Centers

> > > > > > (GCRCs) of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, University of Utah

> > > > > > Medical Center, or Vanderbilt University. The Institutional Review

> > > > > > Boards at each site approved the protocols, and each subject

> > > > > > provided written informed consent before enrollment.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > As part of the original protocol, subjects were scheduled for study

> > > > > > on low-sodium or both low- and high-sodium diets without regard for

> > > > > > menstrual cycle phase. For the high-sodium protocol, subjects were

> > > > > > placed on an isocaloric diet containing 200 mEq sodium and 100 mEq

> > > > > > potassium per day for 7 d. For the low-sodium protocol, subjects

> > > > > > were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 10 mEq sodium and 100

> > > > > > mEq potassium per day for 7 d. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and

> > > > > > aldosterone excretion were measured in a 24-h urine sample collected

> > > > > > at the end of the 7-d period. Subjects were admitted to the GCRC,

> > > > > > and after fasting overnight and remaining recumbent for at least 6

> > > > > > h, blood was drawn in the supine position for aldosterone, plasma

> > > > > > renin activity (PRA), AngII, potassium, estradiol, and progesterone

> > > > > > measurement using an iv catheter. Subjects then received an infusion

> > > > > > of AngII-amide (CIBA-Geigy, Summit, NJ) at 3 ng/kg·min for 50

min,

> > > > > > delivered by an electronic infusion pump (Baxter Corporation,

> > > > > > Deerfield, IL). Serum aldosterone was measured at the end of the

> > > > > > infusion. Blood pressure was measur

>

[Guest guest]

They have not told me this Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

The VA will let any one download and use the system free.

> > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > > > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > > > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > > > 2006-1154

> > > > > > This Article

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > > > Citation Map

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Services

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Search for Related Content

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > > > SODIUM

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Related Collections

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > > > > > 3981-3987

> > > > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > > > >

> > > > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > > > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > > > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > > > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > > > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > > > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > > > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > > > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production in vitro.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > > > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > > > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > > > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > > > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > > > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > > > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > > > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > > > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > > > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > > > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > > > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > > > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > > > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > > > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > > > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > > > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > > > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > > > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > > > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > > > > > been previously reported.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > > > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > > > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > > > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > > > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > > > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects

> > > > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > > > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > > > progestins.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic b=

[Guest guest]

I suspect that is not true. How do I do it?Tiped sad Send form miiPhone ;-)May your pressure be low!CE Grim MDSpecializing in DifficultHypertension

The VA will let any one download and use the system free.

> > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of salt

> > > > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this study.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS

> > > > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > > > 2006-1154

> > > > > > This Article

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > > > Citation Map

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Services

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Google Scholar

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Search for Related Content

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed

> > > > > >

> > > > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > > > SODIUM

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Related Collections

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 10

> > > > > > 3981-3987

> > > > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > > > >

> > > > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina E.

> > > > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.), University

> > > > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen W.

> > > > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension,

> > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the

> > > > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women in

> > > > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the relationships

> > > > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the effects

> > > > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production in vitro.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII infusion

> > > > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with progesterone,

> > > > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal serum

> > > > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII were

> > > > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular phase.

> > > > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone, and

> > > > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance, no

> > > > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases were

> > > > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not low-

> > > > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between phases.

> > > > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin system.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the luteal

> > > > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1, 2,

> > > > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior studies

> > > > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document (13)

> > > > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In

> > > > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15), the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase in

> > > > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased aldosterone

> > > > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in sodium

> > > > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the role

> > > > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has not

> > > > > > been previously reported.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels during

> > > > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among women

> > > > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate the

> > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last, we

> > > > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex hormones

> > > > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether direct

> > > > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Top

> > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > Results

> > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > References

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Subjects

> > > > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive, premenopausal

> > > > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > > > progestins.

> > > > > >

> > > > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic b=

[Guest guest]

I will have to find the information again It is somewhere on there web site.

You can not access the VA records with it. It is for any one that wants to put

there patiences on.

> > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Since you say this aldo/renin was done after you ate a lot of

salt

> > > > > > > > and was done early in menstrual cycle. You should read this

study.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF

CONTENTS

> > > > > > > > Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , doi:10.1210/jc.

> > > > > > > > 2006-1154

> > > > > > > > This Article

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > > > Full Text (PDF)

> > > > > > > > Submit a related Letter to the Editor

> > > > > > > > Alert me when this article is cited

> > > > > > > > Alert me when eLetters are posted

> > > > > > > > Alert me if a correction is posted

> > > > > > > > Citation Map

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Services

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Email this article to a friend

> > > > > > > > Similar articles in this journal

> > > > > > > > Similar articles in PubMed

> > > > > > > > Alert me to new issues of the journal

> > > > > > > > Download to citation manager

> > > > > > > > Reprints, Permissions and Rights

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Citing Articles

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Citing Articles via HighWire

> > > > > > > > Citing Articles via Google Scholar

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Google Scholar

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > > > Search for Related Content

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > PubMed

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > PubMed Citation

> > > > > > > > Articles by Szmuilowicz, E. D.

> > > > > > > > Articles by Seely, E. W.

> > > > > > > > Pubmed/NCBI databases

> > > > > > > > Compound via MeSH

> > > > > > > > Substance via MeSH

> > > > > > > > Hazardous Substances DB

> > > > > > > > ESTRADIOL

> > > > > > > > PROGESTERONE

> > > > > > > > SODIUM

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Related Collections

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Adrenal and Hypertension

> > > > > > > > Female Endocrinology

> > > > > > > > The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No.

10

> > > > > > > > 3981-3987

> > > > > > > > Copyright © 2006 by The Endocrine Society

> > > > > > > > Relationship between Aldosterone and Progesterone in the Human

> > > > > > > > Menstrual Cycle

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > D. Szmuilowicz, Gail K. Adler, S. , Dina

E.

> > > > > > > > Green, Tham M. Yao, N. Hopkins and Ellen W. Seely

> > > > > > > > Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension (E.D.S.,

> > > > > > > > G.K.A., J.S.W., D.E.G., T.M.Y., E.W.S.), Department of Medicine,

> > > > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,

> > > > > > > > Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Medicine (P.N.H.),

University

> > > > > > > > of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Ellen

W.

> > > > > > > > Seely, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and

Hypertension,

> > > > > > > > Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston,

> > > > > > > > Massachusetts 02115. E-mail: eseely@ .

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > > > Top

> > > > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > > > Results

> > > > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > > > References

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Context: Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of

the

> > > > > > > > menstrual cycle. Prior studies examining relationships between

> > > > > > > > aldosterone and female sex hormones did not control for sodium

> > > > > > > > balance, a major determinant of aldosterone production.

> > > > > > > > Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to compare

> > > > > > > > aldosterone levels between menstrual phases among cycling women

in

> > > > > > > > high- and low-sodium balance; and 2) to examine the

relationships

> > > > > > > > between aldosterone and female sex hormones in women and the

effects

> > > > > > > > of sex hormones on rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cell aldosterone

> > > > > > > > production in vitro.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Subjects/Interventions: Normotensive, premenopausal women were

> > > > > > > > studied in low- and/or high-sodium balance. Urinary aldosterone,

> > > > > > > > basal serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma

> > > > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII), and serum aldosterone after AngII

infusion

> > > > > > > > were measured. Isolated rat ZG cells were treated with

progesterone,

> > > > > > > > estradiol, or both, and aldosterone was measured.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Results: In high-sodium balance, urinary aldosterone, basal

serum

> > > > > > > > aldosterone, and serum aldosterone response to infused AngII

were

> > > > > > > > significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the luteal vs. follicular

phase.

> > > > > > > > PRA, AngII, and potassium did not differ. Progesterone directly

> > > > > > > > correlated with urinary aldosterone, basal serum aldosterone,

and

> > > > > > > > serum aldosterone response to infused AngII. Estradiol did not

> > > > > > > > significantly correlate with aldosterone. In low-sodium balance,

no

> > > > > > > > significant differences in aldosterone levels between phases

were

> > > > > > > > found. In vitro, progesterone increased ZG cell aldosterone

> > > > > > > > production (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol had no effect.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Conclusions: In women, urinary and serum aldosterone levels are

> > > > > > > > significantly higher during the luteal phase in high- but not

low-

> > > > > > > > sodium balance, whereas PRA and AngII do not differ between

phases.

> > > > > > > > Progesterone may directly contribute to increased luteal phase

> > > > > > > > aldosterone production, independent of the renin-angiotensin

system.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > > > Top

> > > > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > > > Results

> > > > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > > > References

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > ALDOSTERONE LEVELS HAVE been reported to increase during the

luteal

> > > > > > > > phase of the human menstrual cycle, a time characterized by

> > > > > > > > increased progesterone and estradiol production. Although

> > > > > > > > progesterone is known to have antimineralocorticoid effects (1,

2,

> > > > > > > > 3), it is unclear whether additional mechanisms contribute to

> > > > > > > > increased luteal phase aldosterone production. Most prior

studies

> > > > > > > > did not control for (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) or document

(13)

> > > > > > > > sodium balance, which plays a major role in regulation of

> > > > > > > > aldosterone production via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).

In

> > > > > > > > two prior studies that did account for sodium balance (14, 15),

the

> > > > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > > > progesterone and estradiol were not investigated.

> > > > > > > > Progesterone is postulated to mediate the luteal phase increase

in

> > > > > > > > aldosterone levels. Because progesterone inhibits aldosterone

> > > > > > > > binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (1, 3, 16), increased

> > > > > > > > progesterone production during the luteal phase likely leads to

> > > > > > > > compensatory activation of the RAS and thus increased

aldosterone

> > > > > > > > production (6, 8, 9, 12, 17). However, it is not known whether

> > > > > > > > additional mechanisms contribute to luteal phase aldosterone

> > > > > > > > increases, independent of the RAS. We examined the mechanisms by

> > > > > > > > which luteal phase aldosterone levels increase among women in

sodium

> > > > > > > > balance, because differences in sodium balance independently

> > > > > > > > influence RAS hormone levels. Furthermore, we investigated the

role

> > > > > > > > of estradiol in the luteal phase aldosterone increase, which has

not

> > > > > > > > been previously reported.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > The purpose of this study was to compare aldosterone levels

during

> > > > > > > > the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle among

women

> > > > > > > > in documented sodium balance, at baseline and in response to

> > > > > > > > angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. We also sought to investigate

the

> > > > > > > > relationships between aldosterone and the female sex hormones

> > > > > > > > progesterone and estradiol among women in sodium balance. Last,

we

> > > > > > > > aimed to explore additional mechanisms by which female sex

hormones

> > > > > > > > may modulate aldosterone production by determining whether

direct

> > > > > > > > administration of progesterone or estradiol to isolated rat zona

> > > > > > > > glomerulosa (ZG) cells influences aldosterone production.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > > > Top

> > > > > > > > Abstract

> > > > > > > > Introduction

> > > > > > > > Subjects and Methods

> > > > > > > > Results

> > > > > > > > Discussion

> > > > > > > > References

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Subjects

> > > > > > > > Subjects studied as previously described (18, 19) by the

> > > > > > > > international HyperPath (Hypertensive Pathotype) consortium were

> > > > > > > > included in this post hoc analysis. Only normotensive,

premenopausal

> > > > > > > > women in sodium balance (as described in a subsequent paragraph)

> > > > > > > > were included. Subjects were excluded if they had active medical

> > > > > > > > problems, were pregnant, or were taking exogenous estrogens or

> > > > > > > > progestins.

> > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > Normotension was defined as seated systolic b=

>