Ritalin alternative that's working

[Guest guest]

I have just come back from the health shop and bought an ayurveda product "Ashwagandha & Gotu Kola". If you scroll down this text below there are studies about Brahmi and the above which have been published in journals. They sound very good for anxiety reducing and replacements for conventional GABA ( for those that cannot tolerate them).

I shall let you know how we get on with them....

[Autism-Mercury] Ritalin alternative that's working

!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hospital Study Proves Ancient Herbs Helpful in ADD-ADHDAn Israeli Hospital just finished a four month research study testing the results of an Herbal formula on ADD/ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder). The children receiving the herbs showed significant improvement in concentration and behavior, compared to the placebo. The Herbal formula, designed for the study contains a blend of herbs, many of which have been used for centuries to strengthen mental concentration and development. ------------------------------------------------------------------Tel Aviv, Israel - December 19, 2005 - Hospital Study Proves Ancient Herbs Help ADD-ADHD!Researchers at Sheba Hospital in Israel just concluded an amazing "Double Blind/Random Placebo" study on the effects of herbs on children suffering from ADD and ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder)."We expected good results, but this is remarkable!", said Aliza Adar Levine RNMH, Clinical Herbalist and designer of the formula.Newly diagnosed ADD/ADHD, school children ages 7-12 took either a specially designed Herbal formula, or a Placebo (colored water), daily for four months. The results were startling. The herbal group showed significantimprovement in concentration and behavior, compared to the Placebo. The Herbal formula, includes legendary "Brain Tonics", revered for centuries in India and the Far East.An estimated 2 million children in the United States, or some 3 to 5 percent of school children suffer from ADHD. That means that every classroom with more than 28 to 30 kids, can have an ADHD sufferer in the class. This can even mean disruptions for the other kids in the class, too. The need to find a solution is urgent.At present, the usual solution offered to anxious, concerned parents is drug therapy, like Ritalin, often with unpleasant side effects. Loss of appetite is one of the most common side effects. In children this can be a serious cause of Brain malnutrition during the formative years, critical to brain growth and development.The brain is over 60% Fat. Essential Fatty Acids (brain "building blocks") can only be supplied by diet. An "essential" Nutrient means it cannot be made in the body. It must be supplied through diet or supplements. Appetite suppressing drugs can cause long term problems in kids who are already seriously nutritionally challenged. "What is exciting about this study" continues Aliza Adar Levine, "is that the herbs actually nourish,feed and normalize the brain, rather than just provide temporary artificial stimulation!"Many of the herbs in the formula are legendary for centuries for creating powerful mental capacity and memory. Modern Science is proving that these herbs really do contain biochemical treasures that boost concentration and memory. For more information on the actual herbs in the formula, and a discussion of what they do, find out more at http://www.ADD-ADHDinfo.com or http://www.Herb-Xpert.com.Contact Aliza Adar Levine RNMH for more insights into this topic. Email: alizalevine@... . Other helpful information regarding ADD-ADHD or herbs that help can be found at: http://www.ADD-ADHDinfo.comFor More Information Contact:Aliza Adar Levine RNMHalizalevine@...http://www.ADD-ADHDinfo.comhttp://www.Herb-Xpert.comhttp://www.ChineseMedicineHerbs.info.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ADD/ADHD researchThe most recent models describing what is happening in the brains of ADD ADHD - suggest that several areas of the brain are involved.They include: the frontal lobes, the inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex, the limbic system, and the reticular activating system. Each of these areas of the brain is associated with various functions. The frontal lobes:attention to tasks, focus concentration, decisions, planning ahead, learning, memory and appropriate behavior . The inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex prevent hyperactivity, saying things out of turn, and inappropriate anger, for examples. They help "inhibit" behaviors. It has been said that 70% of the brain is there to inhibit the other 30% of the brain. Inadequate inhibitory mechanisms of the brain cause "dis-inhibition disorders" such as impulsive behaviors, quick temper, poor decision making, hyperactivity, and so on. The limbic system, the base of our emotions is a highly vigilant look-out tower. If over-activated, can cause wide mood swings, or quick temper outbursts-"over-aroused," quick to startle, touching everything , hyper-vigilant. A normally functioning limbic system provides for normal emotional changes, normal levels of energy, normal sleep routines, and normal levels of coping with stress. A dysfunctional limbic system results in problems with those areas. The Attention Deficit Disorder might affect one, two, or all three of these areas, resulting in several different "styles" or "profiles" of children (and adults) with Attention Deficit Disorder. The Attention Deficit Disorder children show excessive slow brainwave activity (theta and alpha ranges) compared to non- ADD ADHD activity. The slow brainwave activity indicates a lack of control in the cortex of the brain. The Reticular Activating System is the attention center in the brain. It is the key to "turning on the brain," and seems to be the center of motivation. The Reticular Activating System is connected at its base to the spinal cord where it receives information projected directly from the ascending sensory tracts. The brainstem reticular formation runs all the way up to the mid-brain. As a result, the Reticular Activating System is a very complex collection of neurons that serve as a point of convergence for signals from the external world and from interior environment. This Reticular Activating System is very capable of generating dynamic effects on the activity of the cortex, including the frontal lobes, and the motor activity centers of the brain. It plays a significant role in determining whether a person can learn and remember things well or not, on whether or not a person is impulsive or self-controlled, on whether or not a person has high or low motor activity levels, and on whether or not a person is highly motivated or bored easily. The Reticular Activating System is the center of balance for the other systems involved in learning, self-control or inhibition, and motivation. When functioning normally, it provides the neural connections that are needed for the processing and learning of information, and the ability to pay attention to the correct task. If the Reticular Activating System doesn't excite the neurons of the cortex as much as it ought to, then we see the results of an under-aroused cortex, such as difficulty learning, poor memory, little self-control, and so on. In fact, if the Reticular Activating System failed to activate the cortex at all one would see a lack of consciousness or even coma. If the Reticular Activating System was too excited, and aroused the cortex too much then it can cause excessive startle responses, hyper-vigilance, touching everything, talking too much, restless, and hyperactive. So the Reticular Activating System must be activated to normal levels for the rest of the brain to function as it should. What factors cause the Reticular Activating System to be either over-activated or under-activated? According to Harvard Medical School, current research strongly suggests that Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD is caused in part by a deficiency of Norepinephrine in the ascending reticular activating system, and it is thought that the stimulant medications, such as Ritalin, increase the levels of Norepinephrine in that part of the brain, as well as probably increasing dopamine levels in the frontal lobes. This treatment strategy works well for the inattentive under-aroused ADD kids, and somewhat well for the over-aroused impulsive-hyperactive ADHD kids. However, for the kids who have an over-aroused Reticular Activating System to begin with, the use of stimulants will often exacerbate the problems with temper, sleep, and hyper-vigilance or anxiety. For these individuals their physicians will often prescribe a Norepinepherine antagonist such as Clonadine, or an antidepressant such as Prozac, which works to enhance the Serotonin driven inhibitory mechanisms of the brain. However, it is not just activation levels of the Reticular Activating System that are a problem with Attention Deficit Disordered individuals. It seems that the same problems that cause the Reticular Activating System to be under or over aroused also restricts the development of neural connections and the required neural density needed to process incoming information. In other words, these are issues with the number of brain cells, the size of the brain cells, and the number of connections between brain cells. It is not uncommon for one brain cell to have as many as 5,000 connections with other brain cells.If the brain does not have enough neural connections, or lacks the neural density, to process the incoming information, then learning will take place, but the time that it takes to process the information will be slowed significantly. The impact of this with an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder child is best seen when the child is given a timed test, even with material that the child understands pretty well. ADD ADHD child, or adult, needs a greater degree of neural density, and a larger number of neural connections to process information faster and more efficiently. It also includes the the subjective thoughts and feelings of the ADHD person. All of that must be sorted out and filtered, so that only the important information is paid attention to, and the unimportant information is ignored. Without proper filtering by the Reticular Activating System, the individual will be distracted by "noise," both from outside of him as well as from inside of him. Functional DifferencesThe Functional Differences include studies with EEGs, Q-EEGs, CPTs, psychological testing, and "functional" MRIs (fMRI). They showed differences in activation levels of various areas of the brain, differences in brainwave patterns, and differences in glucose metabolism (as measure of brain work load).They also showed the ADD ADHD groups to have poorer performance on timed tasks, slower reaction time, slower processing times, lower problem solving abilities, less fine motor control, less gross motor control, differences in evoked potentials, and problems with inhibition, as compared to the controls.The Structural Differences include studies with MRIs, PET scans, and SPECT scans. They show subtle structural differences in the prefrontal cortex (smaller right anterior frontal cortex, and less white matter in the right frontal lobes which cause problems with sustained or focused attention), caudate nucleus (asymmetries which cause problems with self-control), and globus pallidus. They also show that the right hemisphere of the ADD ADHD brain is, on average, 5% smaller than the control groups. They also show differences in blood flow in certain parts of the brain, as well as chemical abnormalities in Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD subjects.The studies on Essential Fatty Acid levels in Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD subjects vs. non-ADD ADHD subjects are interesting. The ADD ADHD groups had significantly lower concentrations of key essential fatty acids than did the control groups, and about 40% of the ADD ADHD group showed signs of EFA deficiency (increased thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, and dry hair). Low levels of Omega 6 EFAs contributed to higher incidents of illness (colds, flu, etc.), and deficits in Omega 3 EFAs contributed to problems with learning, behavior, sleep, and temper. These studies support the case for EFA supplementation as a part of the overall treatment approach to Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD. Genetic Studies on Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD show gene alterations that may contribute to ADD ADHD in some children. They are especially looking at the DRD4 dopamine receptor gene.Familial Genetic Studies show that Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD runs in families. For example, a child with an older sibling with ADD ADHD is 300% to 500% more likely to himself have Attention Deficit Disorder than is a child without ADD ADHD siblings. Twin studies and Adoption studies are also included. *******************************************************************Micro nutrients in herbs and their functions_ Essential fatty acids support and promote the building of neural pathways needed for learning and sustained attention. Essential fatty acids are especially needed in those with Attention Deficit Disorder and ADHD who are easily distracted and find it difficult to sustain and direct attention. _ Amino acids promote the production of various neurotransmitters and enzymes critically needed in brain metabolism. Amino acids allow smooth, balanced cognition and fluid transition from thought to disciplined action. Aid in the reduction of stress, frustration and cognitive overload.Description micro nutrients in the herbs: L- Valine, increases cognitive function and smoothes nervous system functioning. L- Tyrosine, used by the brain to produce Dopamine and Norepinephrine. Tyrosine has been shown to increase concentration, decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression. Best used in conjunction with vitamin B6. It is the parent compound for the manufacture of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in the adrenal medulla, and of the hormones thyroxin and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland. L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L- Cysteine, also helps to detoxify the body and promote healing, L- Cystine, strengthens the immune system, reduces damage from free-radicals, works to repair RNA-DNA in the cells, helps in the assimilation of vitamin B6. DL- Methionine, belongs to the lipotropic group of amino acids, supports the liver's manufacturing of lecithin (Phosphatidylcholine), and helps to chelate heavy metals from the body's tissues. L- Glutamic Acid, is involved in the creation of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), improves overall brain health, improves attitude and mental performance. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), calms cellular excitabilityessential for normal inhibitory functions of the CNS. It has been said that 70% of the brain is there to inhibit the other 30% of the brain. Certainly part of the problem with ADD ADHD can be classified as a "dis-inhibition disorder". GABA is an essential factor in the brain's inhibitory functions.Glycine, a neurotransmitter. Also necessary for the immune system, for health of the thymus gland, spleen, and bone marrow. Helps to maintain adequate amounts of ATP in the muscles. Necessary for balanced white cell production. L- Glutathione, a free radical scavenger, helps to detoxify the body. Pyridoxine HCL- B6, may help to increase seritonin levels in the brain. Calcium , necessary for normal cell function. Magnesium , necessary for normal cell function. Zinc, to help regulate protein synthesis in the body. Zinc deficiencies in children is associated with both behavior problems and mental retardation. Zinc is also helpful in building the immune system. Niacinamide-B3, works with B6 and DLPA to increase seritonin levels in the blood and brain. DMAE Acts to disolve lipofuscin on nerve pathways, thereby decreasing neurological "interference". It is also an acetycholine precurser, DMAE is basically a Choline molecule with one methyl group missing from the nitrogen. DMAE is more able to cross the blood-brain barrier than Choline. Once inside the brain, an enzyme performs a methylation that converts DMAE into Choline. So, taking DMAE increases the brain's potential to make neurotransmitters. Helps with mood elevation, improvement of memory and learning, intelligence increases, and increases in the life span of laboratory animals. DL- Phenylalanine, used by the brain in the manufacturing of dopamine and norepinepherin, which are excitatory neurotransmitters, which function to improve learning and memory. DLPA increases energy, decreases depression and pain, increases helps to process proteins, often converted to tyrosine. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Coenzyme 1), an enzyme stored in every cell of the body and used in the production of energy of each cell, may help to improve memory functions and learning, thought to increase the production of dopamine in the brain as well as noradrenaline and acetylcholine, may help to protect neural pathways. Catechol, a catecholamine precurser. A complete Endomembrane Lipid Complex including Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylserine, and Phosphatidylinositol. Phosphatidylcholine is found in every living cell, with its highest concentration found in vital organs such as the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys. In the brain Phosphatidylcholine is transformed into acetylcholine, which is vital to the transmission of neural impulses. It has been shown to enhance memory and cognitive abilities.Phosphatidylserine A complete Fatty Acid (Omega Oil) Complex including Medium Chain Triglycerides, Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Palmitoleic, Stearic, Arachidic Acid, Oleic, Linolenic, EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid), Decosanoic Acid, DHA (Decosahexaenoic Acid), Linoleic, GLA (Gamma linolanic Acid), Ecicosatrienoci Acid, and Arachidonic Acid. Fatty acids have been shown to be beneficial to the nervous system and to the body's immune system, as well as other vital health benefits. DHA and Arachidonic Acid are exceptionally important long chain fatty acids. They are essential for normal brain development in infants and in children. The Lancet published a study demonstrating that supplementing the diet with a multivitamin-mineral formula can increase non-verbal intelligence in children.1 This study demonstrates the essential role of many vitamins and minerals in brain function. A deficiency in any of the following nutrients will result in impaired brain and nervous system function: thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium and zinc.(Benton D, G. Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren. Lancet 1998; i: 140-143.)The Functional Differences include studies with EEGs, Q-EEGs, CPTs, psychological testing, and "functional" MRIs (fMRI). They showed differences in activation levels of various areas of the brain, differences in brainwave patterns, and differences in glucose metabolism (as measure of brain work load).They also showed the ADD ADHD groups to have poorer performance on timed tasks, slower reaction time, slower processing times, lower problem solving abilities, less fine motor control, less gross motor control, differences in evoked potentials, and problems with inhibition, as compared to the controls.The Structural Differences include studies with MRIs, PET scans, and SPECT scans. They show subtle structural differences in the prefrontal cortex (smaller right anterior frontal cortex, and less white matter in the right frontal lobes which cause problems with sustained or focused attention), caudate nucleus (asymmetries which cause problems with self-control), and globus pallidus. They also show that the right hemisphere of the ADD ADHD brain is, on average, 5% smaller than the control groups. They also show differences in blood flow in certain parts of the brain, as well as chemical abnormalities in Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD subjects.The studies on Essential Fatty Acid levels in Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD subjects vs. non-ADD ADHD subjects are interesting. The ADD ADHD groups had significantly lower concentrations of key essential fatty acids than did the control groups, and about 40% of the ADD ADHD group showed signs of EFA deficiency (increased thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, and dry hair). Low levels of Omega 6 EFAs contributed to higher incidents of illness (colds, flu, etc.), and deficits in Omega 3 EFAs contributed to problems with learning, behavior, sleep, and temper. These studies support the case for EFA supplementation as a part of the overall treatment approach to Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD ADHD. Nutrient deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly), omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD symptoms.EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: JULY 15, 1996 Subtle structural abnormalities in the brain circuit that inhibits thoughts have been confirmed in the first comprehensive brain imaging study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Difficulty staying mentally focused is a primary symptom of ADHD, which affects about 5 percent of school age children. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 57 boys with ADHD, aged 5-18, also revealed that their brains were more symmetrical than those of 55 age-matched controls. F. Xavier Castellanos, M.D., of the National Institute of Mental Health and colleagues report on their findings in the July issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry. Three structures in the affected circuit on the right side of the brain -- prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus -- were smaller than normal in the boys with ADHD, when examined as a group. The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe just behind the forehead, is believed to serve as the brain's command center. The caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, located near the middle of the brain, translate the commands into action. "If the prefrontal cortex is the steering wheel, the caudate and globus are the accelerator and brakes," explained Castellanos. "And it's this braking or inhibitory function that is likely impaired in ADHD." ADHD is thought to be rooted in an inability to inhibit thoughts. Finding smaller right hemisphere brain structures responsible for such "executive" functions strengthens support for this hypothesis. The NIMH researchers also found that the entire right cerebral hemispheres in boys with ADHD were, on average, 5.2% smaller than those of controls... morehttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/events/pradhd.htmCerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents.Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 May;47(5):419-26Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Hamburger S, Hibbs E, Potter WZ, Lenane M, Brown GLNational Institute of Mental Health, Child Psychiatry Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892.Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a metabolite of serotonin, were measured in relation to aggression, impulsivity, and social functioning in 29 children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. The cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level was low compared with that of age-, sex-, and race-matched patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Within the disruptive group, significant negative correlations with age-corrected 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level were seen for the child's report of aggression toward people and the expressed emotionality of the child toward his or her mother; other correlations of age-corrected 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level with measures of aggression were in the expected negative direction but did not reach statistical significance. Impulsivity per se and socioenvironmental factors were not significantly related to cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration.Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children: Rationale for Its Integrative Management. Author/s: Parris M. KiddIssue: Oct, 2000AbstractAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in children. ADHD is characterized by attention deficit, impulsivity, and sometimes overactivity ("hyperactivity"). Abnormalities in the frontostriatal brain circuitry and possible hypofunctioning of dopaminergic pathways are apparent in ADHD, and are consistent with the benefits obtained in some instances by the use of methylphenidate (Ritalin[R]) and other potent psychostimulants. Mounting controversy over the widespread use of methylphenidate and possible life-threatening effects from its long-term use make it imperative that alternative modalities be implemented for ADHD management. Nutrient deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly), omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD symptoms. When individually managed with supplementation, dietary modification, detoxification, correction of intestinal dysbiosis, and other features of a wholistic/integrative program of management, the ADHD subject can lead a normal and productive life. (Altern Med Rev 2000;5(5):402-428)Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Burgess, JR, et al.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000,Vol. 71, No. 1, 327-330.Several previous studies indicated that some physical symptoms reported in ADHD are similar to symptoms observed in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in animals and humans deprived of EFAs. We reported previously that a subgroup of ADHD subjects reporting many symptoms indicative of EFA deficiency (L-ADHD) had significantly lower proportions of plasma arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than did ADHD subjects with few such symptoms or control subjects. In another study using contrast analysis of the plasma polar lipid data, subjects with lower compositions of total n-3 fatty acids had significantly more behavioral problems, temper tantrums, and learning, health, and sleep problems than did those with high proportions of n-3 fatty acids. The reasons for the lower proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in these children are not clear; however, factors involving fatty acid intake, conversion of EFAs to LCPUFA products, and enhanced metabolism are discussed. Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia.Stordy, Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71 (2000): 323-326.Dyslexia is a widespread condition characterized by difficulty with learning and movement skills. It is frequently comorbid with dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), the chief characteristic of which is impaired movement skills, indicating that there may be some common biological basis to the conditions. Visual and central processing deficits have been found. The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are important components of retinal and brain membranes. In the preliminary studies reported here, dark adaptation was shown to be impaired in 10 dyslexic young adults when compared with a similar control group (P < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of variance); dark adaptation improved in 5 dyslexia patients after supplementation with a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil for 1 mo (P < 0.05, paired t test on final rod threshold); and movement skills in a group of 15 dyspraxic children improved after 4 mo of supplementation with a mixture of high-DHA fish oil, evening primrose oil, and thyme oil (P < 0.007 for manual dexterity, P < 0.02 for ball skills, and P < 0.03 for static and dynamic balance; paired t tests).EFAs, especially the Omega 3s DHA and arachidonic acid, are the most abundant and the most important, and Studies show that children with ADD ADHD have lower levels of essential fatty acids than do non-ADD ADHD children, and Studies show that lower levels of EFAs can result in problems with learning, behavior, temper, sleep, and immune function. These problems can be significantly helped when EFA levels are brought up to normal levels. ********************************************************************herb researchBrahmi (Bacopa monniera) This Ayurvedic herb has a long history of use as a cognitive enhancer. Research shows that it the protects brain from free radical damage even better than the cognitive-enhancing drug deprenyl (Battacharya), while stimulating improved learning and cognitive function (Kidd).StudiesClinical evaluation of memory enhancing properties of Memory Plus in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 2000 Apr; 42(2) SupplementNegi KS, Singh YD, Kushwaha KP, Rastogi CK, Rathi AK, Srivastava JS, Asthana OP, Gupta RC, Lucknow G.Bacopa monniera(active constituent identified as Bacosides A & from the plant Bacopa monniera, commonly known as Brahmi. Bacosides have undergone extensive pharmacological and toxicity evaluation at Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. They facilitate acquisition, consolidation and retention of newly acquired behavioural responses in animal models. The safety and tolerability studies in healthy volunteers have shown them to be safe after single and multiple dose administration. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the memory enhancing properties of Memory Plus in children suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this trial a double blind randomised placebo controlled design was employed. The treatment was assigned to each patient as per random allocation (Memory Plus or placebo). A total of 36 patients were selected as per DSM-IV criteria of ADHD. Of these, 19 patients received Memory Plus (50 mg bd x 12 weeks) and 17 were given placebo. The active drug treatment was followed by a 4 week placebo administration, making the total duration of the trial 16 week in both groups. One patient in the Memory Plus group and 6 in the placebo group dropped out. The mean age was 8.3 years and 9.3 years in Memory Plus and placebo group respectively. The male to female ratio was 5 : 1 in Memory Plus group and 3 : 1 in placebo group. The children were evaluated on a battery of tests (personal information, mental control, sentence repetition, logical memory, word recall (meaningful), digit span test, world recall (non-meaningful), delayed response learning, picture recall and paired associate learning) before (0-day), during drug administration (+4, +8 and +12 weeks) and at the end of the study (+16 weeks). The data analysis has revealed a significant improvement on sentence repetiton, logical memory and paired associate learning following 12 weeks administration of Memory Plus. This improvement was maintained as 16 weeks evaluation conducted after 4 weeks withdrawal of Memory Plus. During the clinical trial Memory Plus has shown excellent tolerability and no drug related adverse effects were reported. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus.Phytother Res 2000 May; 14(3): 174-9 Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S.The effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. was assessed on rat brain frontal cortical, striatal and hippocampal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, following administration for 7, 14 or 21 days. The effects induced by this extract (bacoside A content 82% +/- 0.5%), administered in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, orally, were compared with the effects induced by (-) deprenyl (2 mg/kg, p. o.) administered for the same time periods. Bacopa monniera (BM) induced a dose-related increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities, in all the brain regions investigated, after 14 and 21 days of drug administration. On the contrary, deprenyl induced an increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the frontal cortex and striatum, but not in the hippocampus, after treatment for 14 or 21 days. The results suggest that BM, like deprenyl, exhibits a significant antioxidant effect after subchronic administration which, unlike the latter, extends to the hippocampus as well. The results suggest that the increase in oxidative free radical scavenging activity by BM may explain, at least in part, the cognition- facilitating action of BM, recorded in Ayurvedic texts, and demonstrated experimentally and clinically. Copyright 2000 Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Antioxidant Effects of Bacopa monniera Bacopa monniera (syn. Herpestis monniera), commonly known as Brahmi, has been used by Ayurvedic practitioners in India since ancient times for the management of mental conditions.1 In clinical studies, Bacopa monniera, has been shown to be a useful agent for renovating and revitalizing components of intellectual behavior in children.2 In adults, Bacopa monniera has been reported to be effective in reducing anxiety levels, thereby improving brain functions in terms of memory enhancement and elevated mental performance.3 In a recent preclinical study4, researchers revealed that Bacopa monniera possesses significant antioxidant activity that may be responsible for its memory enhancement and mental activity properties.Bhattacharya, S.K. et al.4, the researchers of the study, investigated the effects of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera and Deprenyl, the conventional medicine used in the treatment of cerebral conditions such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, and depression, on different regions of the rat brain (frontal, cortical, striatal, and hippocampal). Bacopa monniera exhibited a significant antioxidant effect and increased the levels of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), in all the regions of the rat brain. Since these enzymes form the first line of defense against oxidative damage to the cells, the authors inferred that the cognition-facilitating action of Bacopa monniera may be attributed at least in part to free radical scavenging activity. In contrast, Deprenyl induced an increase of all antioxidant enzymes in all regions of the brain except the hippocampus, the part of the brain where all memories are created. Sources: Nadkarni, A.K. (ed.) (1991) Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.: Bombay, India. pgs. 624-625.Sharma, R., Chaturvedi, C., and Tewari, P.V. (1987) Efficacy of Bacopa monnieri in revitalizing intellectual functions in children. J. Res. Edu. Ind. Med. Jan-June, 1-10.Singh, R.H. and Singh, L. (1980) Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the Medhya Rasayana Drug, Brahmi (Bacopa monniera Wettst.)-Part 1. J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, 1, 133-148. Bhattacharya, S.K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, A., and Ghosal, S. (2000) Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytotherapy Research, 14(3), 174-179. Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosis) Adaptogenic; helps to modulate stress reactions by normalizing physiological function. The extract stimulates brain activity and causes a more economical release of body energy which results in increased work output. It contains a mixture of eleutherosides A-E, including syriingin ( and syringaresinol diglucoside (E), which have been shown to diminish stress-caused reductions of strength and memory retrieval. It also benefits growth rates. The anti-stress effect seems to derive from its antioxidant and steroid metabolism activity on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal endocrine function. It improves adaptation to dimished blood flow to the brain. Siberian ginseng also produces an increase of amine nerve transmitter substances in the brain and adrenal gland.Siberian Ginseng, Elutherococcus senticosus, is an adaptogen. It helps the body to adapt to stressful situations of many types whether from internal or external causes. It increases endurance and concentration and enhances oxygen metabolism in tissues and organs. This herb strengthens disgestion, kidneys, and enhances overall resistance to disease. It is supportive to the adrenal gland and other bodily functions. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica, also Hydrocotyle asiatica) These herbs are not to be confused with the caffeine-containg Kola nut. Their triterpenoid glycosides - asiaticoside, madecassoside, and brahmoside - reduce adrenal corticosterone blood levels during stress. They have also been found to be useful for cognitive and nervous disorders and vascular problems of the brain. Overview officinalis Lemon Balm is a natural herb and member of the mint family (Labiatae). It has often been called the "calming herb" whose contemporary usage may help to relieve feelings of anxiety, stress, nervous agitation and gastrointestinal discomfort. This traditional herbal medicine is considered a mild sedative that is used to help improve sleep and has also been reported to increase attention and mental cognition. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of officinalis (lemon balm).Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, EK, Wesnes KA.Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. officinalis (lemon balm) is a traditional herbal medicine, which enjoys contemporary usage as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. It has been suggested, in light of in vitro cholinergic binding properties, that extracts may effectively ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease. To date, no study has investigated the effects on cognition and mood of administration of to healthy humans. The present randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced-crossover study investigated the acute effects on cognition and mood of a standardised extract of M. officinalis. Twenty healthy, young participants received single doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg of M. officinalis (Pharmaton) or a matching placebo at 7-day intervals. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and two serial subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. In vitro IC(50) concentrations for the displacement of [3H]-(N)-nicotine and [3H]-(N)-scopolamine from nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in human occipital cortex tissue were also calculated. Results, utilising the cognitive factors previously derived from the CDR battery, included a sustained improvement in Accuracy of Attention following 600 mg of and time- and dose-specific reductions in both Secondary Memory and Working Memory factors. Self-rated "calmness," as assessed by Bond-Lader mood scales, was elevated at the earliest time points by the lowest dose, whilst "alertness" was significantly reduced at all time points following the highest dose. Both nicotinic and muscarinic binding were found to be low in comparison to the levels found in previous studies.Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of officinalis (Lemon Balm).Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB.Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. david.kennedy@...OBJECTIVE: officinalis (lemon balm) is contemporaneously used as a mild sedative and/or calming agent. Although recent research has demonstrated modulation of mood in keeping with these roles, no studies to date have directly investigated the effects of this herbal medication on laboratory-induced psychological stress. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced crossover experiment, 18 healthy volunteers received two separate single doses of a standardized M. officinalis extract (300 mg, 600 mg) and a placebo, on separate days separated by a 7-day washout period. Modulation of mood was assessed during predose and 1-hour postdose completions of a 20-minute version of the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS) battery. Cognitive performance on the four concurrent tasks of the battery was also assessed. RESULTS: The results showed that the 600-mg dose of ameliorated the negative mood effects of the DISS, with significantly increased self-ratings of calmness and reduced self-ratings of alertness. In addition, a significant increase in the speed of mathematical processing, with no reduction in accuracy, was observed after ingestion of the 300-mg dose.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the potential for M. officinalis to mitigate the effects of stress deserves further investigation.Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds.Paladini AC, Marder M, Viola H, Wolfman C, Wasowski C, Medina JH.Instituto de Quimica y Fisicoquimica Biologicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.The list of activities of plant flavonoids did not include effects on the central nervous system (CNS) up to 1990, when our laboratory described the existence of natural anxiolytic flavonoids. The first of these was chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), followed by apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) and flavone itself. Semisynthetic derivatives of flavone obtained by introducing halogens, nitro groups or both in its molecule, give rise to high affinity ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor, active in-vivo; 6,3'-dinitroflavone, for example, is an anxiolytic drug 30 times more potent than diazepam. The data collected in this paper make clear that some natural flavonoids are CNS-active molecules and that the chemical modification of the flavone nucleus dramatically increases their anxiolytic potency.Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea (also found in chamomile)Wolfman C, Viola H, Paladini A, Dajas F, Medina JH.Instituto de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Argentina.The pharmacological effects of 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin), a naturally occurring monoflavonoid that displaces [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the central benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors, were examined in mice. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, diazepam (DZ, 0.3-0.6 mg/kg) or chrysin (1 mg/kg) induced increases in the number of entries into the open arms and in the time spent on the open arms, consistent with an anxiolytic action of both compounds. The effects of chrysin on the elevated plus-maze was abolished by pretreatment with the specific BDZ receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (3 mg/kg). In the holeboard, diazepam (1 mg/kg) and chrysin (3 mg/kg) increased the time spent head-dipping. In contrast, high doses of DZ (6 mg/kg) but not of chrysin produced a decrease in the number of head dips and in the time spent head-dipping. In the horizontal wire test, diazepam (6 mg/kg) had a myorelaxant action. In contrast, chrysin (0.6-30 mg/kg) produced no effects in this test. These data suggest that chrysin possesses anxiolytic actions without inducing sedation and muscle relaxation. We postulate that this natural monoflavonoid is a partial agonist of the central BDZ receptors.albizziae Six new triterpenoidal glycosides including two new sapogenols from Albizziae Cortex. V.Kinjo J, Araki K, Fukui K, Higuchi H, Ikeda T, Nohara T, Ida Y, Takemoto N, Miyakoshi M, Shoji J.Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.Six new triterpenoid glycosides called julibrosides A1-A4, B1 and C1 were isolated from Albizziae Cortex, the dried stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Their structures were determined based on spectral and chemical evidence. Julibrosides B1 and C1 had new sapogenols, designated julibrogenin B and C, respectively, while julibrosides A3 included N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a sugar component.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------herb research Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica, also Hydrocotyle asiatica) Latin: Centella asiatica Linn.(syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica [Linn.] Urban) Family: Umbelliferae Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Mandukaparni -Mandookaparni- Brahmi; Hindi - Brahmamanduki - Gotu kola; English - Indian Pennywort; Unani - Khulakudi; Bengali - Tholkuri; Malayalam - Muttil; Gujarati - Karbrahmi; Tamil - Vallarai; Japanese - Tsubokura; Tibetan - Sin-mnar Part Used: whole plantGotu kola is higher in the B-complex vitamin group than any other plant previously examined. This again may account for its effects on the brain.[7] It is especially high in thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), and pyridoxin (B6). B complex is necessary in providing energy for the body, by converting carbohydrates into glucose, a usable form of sugar for the body to burn. The B complex is responsible for the normal functioning of the nervous system as well.[8] A healthy nervous system allows for a better functioning and organized brain.(Other nutrients include numerous free amino acids, especially aspartate, glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, lysine, histidine, and aminobutyrate found in greater quantities in the roots, but also present in leaves.[9] The leaves also contain measurable amounts of provitamin A or carotene.)Dr. Heinerman, Medical Anthropologist, presented an address on Gotu Kola to the Second International Congress for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine, held at Airlanggu University in Surabaya, Indonesia, September 2-7, 1984. He stated that Gotu Kola is used as a nourishing food and a valuable medicine in many cultures. The Hosa and the Mfengu tribes in East Africa have used it for both purposes. In the Philippines, the leaves are either consumed raw in salads or as a tea for tonic and stimulant benefits to the body. The leaves have been employed medicinally in the French West Indies, and Brazil to cure uterine cancer, leprosy and elephantiasis. In the People's Republic of China, gotu kola is used for fevers, common cold influenza, sore throat and liver ailments such as cirrhosis and jaundice.[2]Folk and traditional medicine have deemed this plant to be a brain food, beneficial for memory and senility.However, separate clinical studies to substantiate folk claims for its alleged memory enhancing properties have been done in the United States and India.[4]In India, Gotu Kola, an Ayurvedic herb, is called Mandookaparni. There, an impressive study dealt with the effect of gotu kola on general mental ability of mentally retarded children. Whole plants were dried in the shade, powdered, and made into 1/2 gram tablets. Half of the thirty children studied were given one gotu kola tablet and half a placebo tablet daily. Apart from nutritional deficiencies, the children had no major illnesses. A Binet-Kamat test was administered and the children's Intelligence Quotients were recorded. Separate tests were also administered to record any changes in the children's co-operation, memory, concentration, attention, vocabulary and overall adjustment. After three months, the tests were repeated.The findings showed that youngsters taking gotu kola had increased their powers of concentration and attention.[5]]Another Indian study showed that gotu kola extracts administered over a period of 42 months to normal healthy adults in the 45-50 age group had several benefits: haemoglobin increased by a significant percent, and the mean levels of blood urea and serum acid phosphatase were decreased. Subsequent examinations have revealed that this herb has brought about a steady increase in blood sugar level (statistically significant).[6] A relationship between hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar levels, and mood swings, mental illness, fatigue, depression, confusion and schizophrenic tendencies is well documented. Dr. Heinerman feels that perhaps the 'memory enhancing' attributes of gotu kola may be attributed to the herb's ability to elevate blood sugar levels markedly.One investigation of gotu kola was conducted in Provo Utah at Brigham Young University by a research psychologist who wanted to demonstrate gotu kola's amazing ability to overcome the negative effects of fatigue and stress.Rodents were fed the three herbs by means of a surgical technique in which tubing was inserted under the skin, a couple of centimeters below the junction of the esophagus and stomach. Fatigue and stress situations were set up. One involved swimming in a bucket of cold water, and another was to jump a barrier in order to avoid a mild foot shock. Within 24 hours of administration of the three herbs, the animals could successfully clear the barrier after being dried off from the cold water treatment. Without the herbs, they required up to 72 hours to recuperate in order to jump the barrier. Dr. Mowrey concluded that gotu kola did have a beneficial effect on behaviour of stressed or fatigued animals whose metabolism are similar in many respects to that of man.[12]From this research carried out in 1975, several large American herbal companies developed an "energy and stamina" formula utilizing gotu kola. Some of these can be obtained at your local health food store.Bibliography:1. 2. Heinerman, An Herb for Our Time: The Scientific Rediscovery of Gotu Kola, unpublished paper, (Sept., 1984) 3. Varro E. Tyler, op.cit., p.113 4. Heinerman, An Herb for Our Time", op.cit. 5. M.V.R. Appa Rao, et. al, The Effect of Mandookaparni (Centella Asiatica) on the General Mental Ability (Medhya) of Mentally Retarded Children, Journal of Indian Medicine (August 25, 1973), p.9-12. 6. M.V.R. Appa Rao, et.al, The Study of Mandookaparni and Punarnava for their Pasayan effect on Normal Healthy Adults", Nagarjun, (JUly, 1969) p.41 7. Heinerman, An Herb for Our Time, op.cit. 8. Heinerman, Natural Nutrition, (Provo Utah: Woodland Books, 1984).p.85. 9. Heinerman, ed. Gotu Kola, The Herb Report, (March 1984), p.2 10. Ibid., p.2 11. Ibid., p.2 12. Heinerman, An Herb for Our Time, op.cit.Clinical Research: Ramaswamy, et al. , Aithal, et al. , Malhotra, et al. and others have all reported on the sedative effects of C. asiatica. The plant extract also has been shown to be effective in anxiety neurosis and peptic ulcer . One interesting six-month study conducted on normal adults showed the herb increased mean RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, blood sugar, serum cholesterol, total serum protein, and vital capacity. Another study showed a significant improvement in memory and behavior pattern when administered to retarded children for a period of twelve weeks. Two glycosides, brahmoside and brahminoside, have been shown to exert sedative and hypoglycemic effects in experimental rats. Ramaswamy, AS et al., Pharmacological studies on C. asiatica, J Res Ind Med, 4, 160, 1970.Aithal, HM, et al., Preliminary pharmacological studies on C. asiatica, Antiseptic, May, 1961Malhotra, et al., Chemical and pharmacological studies on H. asiatica, Ind J Pharm, 23, 106, 1961.Singh, RH, Shukla, SP, Mishra, BK , Psychotropic effect of mandukaparni, part II, J Res Ayur Siddha, 2(1), 1-10Chao, et al. reported in Sivarajan and Balachandran, Ayurvedic Drug and Their Plant Sources, Int. Science Publ., 290, 1994.Appa Rao, MVR, Rajgopalan, SS, et al., Effect of Mandukaparni and Punarnava for their rasayana effect on normal adults, J Res Ind Med, 2, 79, 1967.Appa Rao, MVR, Srinivasan, K and Rao, KT, Effect of Mandukaparni on general mental ability of mentally retarded children, J Res Ind Med, 8, 9, 1973.Agrawal, SS, J Res Ayur Siddha, 11: 11, 1981. Gotu Kola herb - Centella asiatica - is commonly used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Traditionally, gotu kola has been used as a nerve tonic for memory and clarity of thinking, for the therapy of anxiety and depression, and sometimes for indigestion. The name gotu kola in Sanskrit is Brahmi, which means wisdom or consciousness. Their triterpenoid glycosides - asiaticoside, madecassoside, and brahmoside - reduce adrenal corticosterone blood levels during stress. They have also been found to be useful for cognitive and nervous disorders and vascular problems of the brain. Gotu Kola benefitsGotu Kola improves circulation, causes alertness, and helps in relaxation. It may also have antioxidant properties. Oral treatment of a methanol extract of gotu kola for 14 days significantly increased the anti-oxidant enzymes, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and anti-oxidants like glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid decreased in lymphoma-bearing mice. Other studies in mice shows gotu kola to have antidepressant and anti-ulcer ability.Gotu kola chemical compositionGotu kola contains various alkaloids, triterpenes, sterols, tannins, and glycosides. Gotu Kola AvailabilityGotu Kola is sold by raw material suppliers in various extract potencies, including a standardized gotu kola extract of 10% triterpenes. Consumers can purchase gotu kola in capsules or liquid extracts. Gotu Kola Research UpdateEffect of total triterpenes from Centella asiatica (gotu kola) on the depression behavior and concentration of amino acid in forced swimming miceZhong Yao Cai. 2003 Dec;26(12):870-3. To evaluate the antidepressant activity of total triterpenes from gotu kola in forced swimming test. Mice were randomly divided into control group, model group and treatment group. The effect of total triterpenes from gotu kola on the immobility time in forced swimming mice and concentration of amino acid in mice brain tissue was observed. RESULTS: Imipramine and total triterpenes from gotu kola reduced the immobility time and ameliorated the imbalance of amino acid levels. CONCLUSION: The total triterpenes from gotu kola had antidepressant activity.Treatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (gotu kola): a clinical, prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-ranging trial.De Sanctis MT. St 's Hospital and Imperial College, London, UK.Angiology. 2001 Oct;52 Suppl 2:S55-9.The variation of capillary filtration rate (CFR), ankle circumference (AC), and ankle edema (AE) was evaluated in three groups of patients with venous hypertension (ambulatory venous pressure >42 mm Hg) and in a group of normal subjects before and after treatment for 4 weeks with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (gotu kola), a venoactive drug acting on the microcirculation and on capillary permeability. Group A (20 patients) was treated with gotu kola 60 mg thrice daily, group B (20 patients) was treated with 30 mg thrice daily; group C (12 patients) was treated with placebo; and group D (10 normal subjects) was treated with gotu kola 60 mg thrice daily in a randomized study. Capillary filtration rate was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography, ankle edema by a new system called AET (ankle edema tester). Subjective symptoms of venous hypertension were assessed by an analogue scale line considering four symptoms: swelling sensation, restless lower extremity, pain and cramps, and tiredness. CFR, AC, and AE were significantly higher in patients in comparison with normal subjects. After 4 weeks of gotu kola treatment, there was a significant decrease of CFR, AC, and AET time in patients. This was also greater in the higher dose group. No significant change was observed in the placebo group and in normal subjects treated with gotu kola. Symptoms were also significantly improved in the two groups treated with the active drug according to the dose. No significant changes were observed in the placebo group. In conclusion, the improvement of signs and symptoms by gotu kola observed in patients with venous hypertension was well correlated with the improvement of CFR and ankle edema. Dose ranging showed that 180 mg/day total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) is more effective in improving symptoms and CFR.A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects.Bradwejn J. University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;20(6):680-4.Investigations of the pharmacologic profile of medicinal plants have revealed that a number of plants with purported anxiolytic activity bind to cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors. This finding is intriguing in view of the proposed involvement of CCK in the pathophysiology of fear and anxiety. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) in healthy subjects. Gotu Kola has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. Recent studies in the rat have shown that long-term pretreatment with Gotu Kola decreases locomotor activity, enhances elevated-plus maze performance, and attenuates the acoustic startle response (ASR). In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of Gotu Kola on the ASR in humans. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a single 12-g orally administered dose of Gotu Kola (N = 20) or placebo (N = 20). The results revealed that compared with placebo, Gotu Kola significantly attenuated the peak ASR amplitude 30 and 60 minutes after treatment. Gotu Kola had no significant effect on self-rated mood, heart rate, or blood pressure. These preliminary findings suggest that Gotu Kola has anxiolytic activity in humans as revealed by the ASR. It remains to be seen whether this herb has therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of anxiety syndromes.Gotu kola -- centella asiatica herb has pentacyclic triterpene derivatives. Gotu kola may be used in chronic venous insufficiency and wound healing.Brain and Nervous System Conditions aids in restful sleep brain cell stimulant brain energizer and preserver brain nutritive calming properties excellent mental stimulant fatigue, both mental and physical for children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) because of its stimulating effect on the brain (increasing one's ability to focus while having a soothing and relaxing effect on an overactive nervous system) keeps one calm for yoga and meditative practices improves and enhances memory improves mental functions such as concentration insomnia mental disorders prevents nervous breakdowns rebuilds energy reserves recovery after mental breakdowns relieves mental fatigue senility stimulates the central nervous system supports the central nervous system Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003 May-Jun;30(5-6):336-42. Related Articles, Links Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats.Veerendra Kumar MH, Gupta YK.Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.1. Centella asiatica, an Indian medicinal plant, has been described as possessing central nervous system activity, such as improving intelligence. In addition, we have demonstrated that C. asiatica has cognitive-enhancing and anti-oxidant properties in normal rats. Oxidative stress or an impaired endogenous anti-oxidant mechanism is an important factor that has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive deficits seen in the elderly. 2. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) in rats has been likened to sporadic AD in humans and the cognitive impairment is associated with free radical generation in this model. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for 21 days) was evaluated in i.c.v. STZ-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. 3. Male Wistar rats were injected with STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v.) bilaterally on the days 1 and 3. Cognitive behaviour was assessed using passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze paradigms on the days 13, 14 and 21. Rats were killed on the day 21 for estimation of oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the whole brain upon completion of the behavioural task. 4. Rats treated with C. asiatica showed a dose-dependent increase in cognitive behaviour in both paradigms. A significant decrease in MDA and an increase in glutathione and catalase levels were observed only in rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg C. asiatica. 5. The present findings indicate that an aqueous extract of C. asiatica is effective in preventing the cognitive deficits, as well as the oxidative stress, caused by i.c.v. STZ in rats.PMID: 12859423 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ..................................................................J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Feb;79(2):253-60. Related Articles, Links Effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica on cognition and markers of oxidative stress in rats.Veerendra Kumar MH, Gupta YK.Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.Centella asiatica, a plant mentioned in Indian literature has been described to possess CNS effects such as stimulatory-nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and intelligence promoting property. In the present study aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. asiatica were investigated for their effect on cognitive functions in rats. Male Wistar rats of 200-250 g were used to study the effect on learning and memory by using shuttle box, step through, step down and elevated plus maze paradigms. Only the aqueous extract of whole plant (200 mg/kg for 14 days) showed an improvement in learning and memory in both shuttle box and step through paradigms. Therefore, further experiments were conducted with aqueous extract using 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg doses in different paradigms of learning and memory. All doses of aqueous extract increased the number of avoidances in shuttle box and prolonged the step through latency in step through apparatus in a dose dependent manner, while only two doses 200 and 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract showed significant increase in the step down latency in step down apparatus and transfer latency (TL) in elevated plus maze. Among doses of aqueous extract tested on oxidative stress parameters, only 200 and 300 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) with simultaneous significant increase in levels of glutathione. There was a significant increase in the levels of catalase at the 300 mg/kg but no significant change in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were observed. The present findings indicate that the aqueous extract of C. asiatica has cognitive enhancing effect and an antioxidant mechanism is involved.PMID: 11801389 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ..................................................................Standardized American product (of 1000's)Gotu Kola Herb, 435 mg180 CapsulesNature's WayGotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is used in India similar to how the Chinese use Ginseng, for longevity and vitality. Although its name is similar to cola nut, Gotu "Kola" does not contain caffeine. Gotu Kola is sometimes used by individuals wanting to avoid caffeine as a part of their diet.Gotu kola Supplement FactsServing Size 2 CapsulesServings Per Container 90Amount Per ServingGotu Kola (stem, leaf) - 870 mg*Recommendation: Take 1 or 2 gotu kola capsules one or two times daily.* Gotu kola daily value not established.Other Ingredients: Gelatin (capsule), Magnesium Stearate Retail: $15.99 Sale : $8.95 Click here to buy Gotu Kola, Mind Power Rx, or to see a complete list of products at Physician Formulas Subscribe to a FREE Supplement Research Update newsletter. Twice a month we email you a brief abstract of several new studies on various supplements and natural medicine topics -- including gotu kola herb -- and their practical interpretation by Ray Sahelian, M.D. MIND POWER Rx with Gotu Kola - Formulated by Ray Sahelian, M.D.Mind Power Rx is a sophisticated cognitive formula with gotu kola and a dozen brain herbs and nutrients. It combines a delicate balance of brain circulation agents and neurotransmitter precursors with powerful natural brain chemicals that support healthy: . Memory and Mood. Mental clarity. Concentration . Alertness & Focus Why buy all the individual herbs and nutrients separately -- at great expense -- when you can buy this excellent combination?The herbs in Mind Power Rx include: Ashwagandha, Bacopa, Fo-Ti, Ginkgo biloba, Ginseng, Gotu kola, Mucuna pruriens, Reishi, and Rhodiola. The nutrients and vitamins in Mind Power Rx include Acetyl-l-carnitine, Carnitine, Carnosine, Choline, DMAE, Inositol, Methylcobalamin, Pantothenic acid, Trimethylglycine, Tyrosine, and Vinpocetine. .............................................................. Overview officinalis Lemon Balm is a natural herb and member of the mint family (Labiatae). It has often been called the "calming herb" whose contemporary usage may help to relieve feelings of anxiety, stress, nervous agitation and gastrointestinal discomfort. This traditional herbal medicine is considered a mild sedative that is used to help improve sleep and has also been reported to increase attention and mental cognition. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of officinalis (lemon balm).Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, EK, Wesnes KA.Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. officinalis (lemon balm) is a traditional herbal medicine, which enjoys contemporary usage as a mild sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial agent. It has been suggested, in light of in vitro cholinergic binding properties, that extracts may effectively ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease. To date, no study has investigated the effects on cognition and mood of administration of to healthy humans. The present randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced-crossover study investigated the acute effects on cognition and mood of a standardised extract of M. officinalis. Twenty healthy, young participants received single doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg of M. officinalis (Pharmaton) or a matching placebo at 7-day intervals. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised test battery and two serial subtraction tasks immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. In vitro IC(50) concentrations for the displacement of [3H]-(N)-nicotine and [3H]-(N)-scopolamine from nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in human occipital cortex tissue were also calculated. Results, utilising the cognitive factors previously derived from the CDR battery, included a sustained improvement in Accuracy of Attention following 600 mg of and time- and dose-specific reductions in both Secondary Memory and Working Memory factors. Self-rated "calmness," as assessed by Bond-Lader mood scales, was elevated at the earliest time points by the lowest dose, whilst "alertness" was significantly reduced at all time points following the highest dose. Both nicotinic and muscarinic binding were found to be low in comparison to the levels found in previous studies.Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of officinalis (Lemon Balm).Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB.Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK. david.kennedy@...OBJECTIVE: officinalis (lemon balm) is contemporaneously used as a mild sedative and/or calming agent. Although recent research has demonstrated modulation of mood in keeping with these roles, no studies to date have directly investigated the effects of this herbal medication on laboratory-induced psychological stress. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced crossover experiment, 18 healthy volunteers received two separate single doses of a standardized M. officinalis extract (300 mg, 600 mg) and a placebo, on separate days separated by a 7-day washout period. Modulation of mood was assessed during predose and 1-hour postdose completions of a 20-minute version of the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS) battery. Cognitive performance on the four concurrent tasks of the battery was also assessed. RESULTS: The results showed that the 600-mg dose of ameliorated the negative mood effects of the DISS, with significantly increased self-ratings of calmness and reduced self-ratings of alertness. In addition, a significant increase in the speed of mathematical processing, with no reduction in accuracy, was observed after ingestion of the 300-mg dose.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the potential for M. officinalis to mitigate the effects of stress deserves further investigation.Publication Types: Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds.Paladini AC, Marder M, Viola H, Wolfman C, Wasowski C, Medina JH.Instituto de Quimica y Fisicoquimica Biologicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.The list of activities of plant flavonoids did not include effects on the central nervous system (CNS) up to 1990, when our laboratory described the existence of natural anxiolytic flavonoids. The first of these was chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), followed by apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) and flavone itself. Semisynthetic derivatives of flavone obtained by introducing halogens, nitro groups or both in its molecule, give rise to high affinity ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor, active in-vivo; 6,3'-dinitroflavone, for example, is an anxiolytic drug 30 times more potent than diazepam. The data collected in this paper make clear that some natural flavonoids are CNS-active molecules and that the chemical modification of the flavone nucleus dramatically increases their anxiolytic potency.Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea (also found in chamomile)Wolfman C, Viola H, Paladini A, Dajas F, Medina JH.Instituto de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Argentina.The pharmacological effects of 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin), a naturally occurring monoflavonoid that displaces [3H]flunitrazepam binding to the central benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors, were examined in mice. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, diazepam (DZ, 0.3-0.6 mg/kg) or chrysin (1 mg/kg) induced increases in the number of entries into the open arms and in the time spent on the open arms, consistent with an anxiolytic action of both compounds. The effects of chrysin on the elevated plus-maze was abolished by pretreatment with the specific BDZ receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 (3 mg/kg). In the holeboard, diazepam (1 mg/kg) and chrysin (3 mg/kg) increased the time spent head-dipping. In contrast, high doses of DZ (6 mg/kg) but not of chrysin produced a decrease in the number of head dips and in the time spent head-dipping. In the horizontal wire test, diazepam (6 mg/kg) had a myorelaxant action. In contrast, chrysin (0.6-30 mg/kg) produced no effects in this test. These data suggest that chrysin possesses anxiolytic actions without inducing sedation and muscle relaxation. We postulate that this natural monoflavonoid is a partial agonist of the central BDZ receptors.albizziae Six new triterpenoidal glycosides including two new sapogenols from Albizziae Cortex. V.Kinjo J, Araki K, Fukui K, Higuchi H, Ikeda T, Nohara T, Ida Y, Takemoto N, Miyakoshi M, Shoji J.Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.Six new triterpenoid glycosides called julibrosides A1-A4, B1 and C1 were isolated from Albizziae Cortex, the dried stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Their structures were determined based on spectral and chemical evidence. Julibrosides B1 and C1 had new sapogenols, designated julibrogenin B and C, respectively, while julibrosides A3 included N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a sugar component.Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also called winter cherry, comes from the roots of a shrub cultivated in India and North America (+Grows wild prolifically in Israel!). Ayurvedic practitioners have been using it for thousands of years as a powerful "rasayana" (a tonic for vitality and longevity). The herb has traditionally been used for calming the mind, memory, relieving weakness, nervous exhaustion and arthritis, and for building sexual energy. (TCM maintains that sexual strength and brain development are from the same source. Makes sense: Steroid molecules can make sex hormones or Adrenal medullka stimulated Nerotransmitters!)(REFERENCES follow by #, -to see origional study: search for author followed by articles name- simply cut and paste the whole line into the google search slot. BTW, these are Classic studies-well known and regarded.)Ashwagandha contains flavonoids and many active ingredients of the withanolide class. Numerous studies over the past two decades indicate that it has mind-boosting, anti-stress, antioxidant, and rejuvenating properties.1 Withanolides are believed to account for the multiple medicinal applications of Ashwagandha.2 These molecules are steroidal and bear a resemblance, both in their action and appearance, to the active constituents of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) known as ginsenosides. Ashwagandha's withanolides have been extensively studied in a variety of animal studies examining their effects on immune function, and even cancer. Demonstrated healing abilitiesEnhances cognition and boosts memoryAshwagandha is used in India to treat mental deficits in geriatric patients, including amnesia. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany wanted to find out which neurotransmitters were influenced by Ashwagandha. After injecting some of the compounds found in Ashwagandha into rats, they examined slices of the animals' brains and found an increase in acetylcholine receptor activity.Acetylcholine is the most abundant and essential neurotransmitter in the brain that is responsible for numerous functions, including many related to cognition and memory. It is released into the synapse, or space between two nerve cells, where it stimulates the transfer of nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. According to the researchers, the increase in acetylcholine receptor capacity might partly explain the cognition-enhancing and memory-improving effects of extracts from Ashwagandha observed in animals20 and humans.21Supports normal brain functionTwo studies done in Japan also indicate that Ashwagandha stimulates the growth of axons and dendrites in humans neuroblastoma cells22,23, and in rat neurons.22 This is SUPER significant because the extension of dendrites and axons-which bring information to and from the brain-may compensate for and repair damaged neuronal circuits in the dementia brain.24 Ashwagandha's antioxidant properties have also been shown to help protect the brain from damage in several other studies25,26, including one in which it was used as a prophylactic against damage caused by stroke.27Provides potent antioxidant brain protection3,15,21 Stimulates the activation of immune system cells, such as lymphocytes and phagocytes4,5,6,7 Counteracts the effects of stress and generally promotes wellness, making it an important tonic or adaptogen.8,9 Reduces anxietyA recent study at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Calcutta University, examined the effect that Ashwagandha has on chronic stress in rodents. For 21 days, the animals' feet were given a mild electrical shock, which resulted in hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, increase in plasma corticosterone levels, gastric ulcerations, male sexual dysfunction, cognitive deficits, immunosuppression and mental depression. Animals that were given Ashwagandha an hour before the foot shock experienced a significantly reduced level of stress, confirming the researchers' theory that the herb produces a significant anti-stress adaptogenic effect.10 A study done at the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center indicated that extracts of Ashwagandha produce GABA-like activity, which may account for the herb's anti-anxiety effects.11 GABA (Gamma Amino-butyric acid) is an inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter in the brain. Its function is to decrease neuron activity and inhibit nerve cells from over firing. Too much neuronal activity can lead to restlessness and insomnia, but GABA inhibits the number of nerve cells that fire in the brain, and helps to induce sleep, uplift mood, and reduce anxiety. Improves mood Ashwagandha has traditionally been used to stabilize mood in patients with behavioral disturbances, and another study showed that it does indeed produce an anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effect in rodents comparable to the anti-depressant drug imipramine and anti-anxiety drug lorazepam (Ativan)(in the diazepam-valium chem family).12 Provides a potent antioxidant effectResearchers from Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India13, and from the Drug Research and Development Center, Calcutta14, discovered that some of the chemicals in Ashwagandha are powerful antioxidants. They tested these compounds for their effects on rat brains and found an increase in the levels of three natural antioxidants; superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. According to the researchers, "These findings are consistent with the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as an Ayurvedic rasayana. The antioxidant effect of active principles of W. somnifera may explain, at least in part, the reported anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects produced by them in experimental animals, and in clinical situations."14 Another study examined Ashwagandha's effect on copper-induced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in aging spinal cords of laboratory mice. The herb produced a strong antioxidant effect and stopped the lipid peroxidation,15 which, in humans, is a cause of atherosclerosis leading to heart disease. Supports cardiovascular healthA study of six human subjects with high cholesterol showed that treatment with Ashwagandha for 30 days decreased their blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (bad cholesterol). Increases NO production 17This is important for a number of reasons. Nitric oxide production plays a role in maintaining cardiovascular health. Here's how: Inside your body nitric oxide is produced by endothelial cells that line your blood vessels, and acts as a messenger molecule by telling the blood vessels when to relax and expand. When adequate nitric oxide is produced, it causes an "endothelial relaxing factor," which is needed by the arterial system to expand and contract with each heartbeat. This helps regulate blood flow and pressure, so that oxygen-carrying blood is delivered to your tissues and organs.18,19 Ashwagandha has traditionally been used as a sex enhancer, which makes sense because nitric oxide dilates blood vessels-a key factor in maintaining penile erection. (similiar to how Viagra works!)Reduces cancer cell growthA recent Japanese in vitro study found that a number of the compounds in Ashwagandha reduced the growth of human colon, breast and lung cancer cells, leading the researchers to suggest that the herb may prevent or decrease the growth of tumors in humans.28 A number of animal studies, both in vivo and in vitro, also showed that Ashwagandha reduces cancer cell growth, and increased the longevity of the animals.29,30,31,32 How safe is it?Ashwagandha is a safe and gentle herb when used as directed. It should not be used by pregnant women or by individuals taking barbiturates, because the herb increases their effects. Although Ashwagandha has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine, the Western world is just beginning to learn about its amazing benefits. Its antioxidant and adaptogenic effects are second to none, and as consumers learn about its benefits, it is sure to take its place among the most revered health tonics known to modern man. References:1.Bone K. Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queensland, Australia: Phytotherapy Press, 1996, 137-41. 2.Grandhi, A. Comparative pharmacological investigation of ashwagandha and ginseng. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (Ireland), 1994: vol. 3, pp 131-135 Abstract 3.Panda S, Kar A. Evidence for free radical scavenging activity of Ashwagandha root powder in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Oct;41(4):424-6. Abstract 4.Wagner H, N?rr H, Winterhoff H. Plant adaptogens. Phytomed 1994;1:63-76. 5.Anabalgan K, Sadique J. Antiinflammatory activity of Withania somnifera. Indian J Exp Biol 1981;19:245-9. 6. L, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on CTL activity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Mar;21(1):115-8. Abstract 7. L, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Jul;71(1-2):193-200. Abstract 8.Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, Diwanay S, Patwardhan B. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996 Feb;50(2):69-76. Abstract 9.Mehta, A.K., Binkley, P., Gandhi, S.S., Ticku, M.K. Pharmacological effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABA receptor complex. Indian J Med Res , Aug. 1991;94:312-5 Abstract 10.Singh B, Chandan BK, Gupta DK. Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. (Part II). Phytother Res. 2003 May;17(5):531-6. Abstract 11.Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun;75(3):547-55. Abstract 12.Mehta AK, Binkley P, Gandhi SS, Ticku MK. Pharmacological effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. Indian J Med Res. 1991 Aug;94:312-5. Abstract 13.Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 2000 Dec;7(6):463-9. Abstract 14.of Sitoindosides VII and VIII, New Acylsterylglucosides from Withania Somnifera. Phytotherapy Res 1987;1:32-39. 15.Gupta SK, Dua A, Vohra BP. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) attenuates antioxidant defense in aged spinal cord and inhibits copper induced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modifications. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2003;19(3):211-22. Abstract 16.Andallu B, Radhika B. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Jun;38(6):607-9. Abstract 17.Dhuley JN. Nootropic-like effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res. 2001 Sep;15(6):524-8. Abstract 18.Iuvone T, Esposito G, Capasso F, Izzo AA. Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera in macrophages. Life Sci. 2003 Feb 21;72(14):1617-25. Abstract 19.Huang, P.L. and E.H. Lo (1998) Prog. Brain. Res. 118:13. 20.Bhattacharya A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK. Anti-oxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides in chronic footshock stress-induced perturbations of oxidative free radical scavenging enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rat frontal cortex and striatum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Jan;74(1):1-6. Abstract 21.Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S, Bigl V. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1997 Feb;30(2):181-90. Abstract 22.Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Zhao J, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Komatsu K. Axon- or dendrite-predominant outgrowth induced by constituents from Ashwagandha. Neuroreport. 2002 Oct 7;13(14):1715-20. Abstract 23.Tohda C, Kuboyama T, Komatsu K. Dendrite extension by methanol extract of Ashwagandha (roots of Withania somnifera) in SK-N-SH cells. Neuroreport. 2000 Jun 26;11(9):1981-5. Abstract 24.Parihar MS, Hemnani T.Phenolic antioxidants attenuate hippocampal neuronal cell damage against kainic acid induced excitotoxicity. J Biosci. 2003 Feb;28(1):121-8. Abstract 25.Jain S, Shukla SD, Sharma K, Bhatnagar M. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampal sub-regions of female albino rat. Phytother Res. 2001 Sep;15(6):544-8. Abstract xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxElsakka M, Grigorescu E, Stanescu U, Stanescu U, Dorneanu V.Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi.The withanolides are a category of active principles of great pharmacodynamic importance with regard to our own research. Alkaloids, 18 fatty acids, beta-sitesterol, polyphenols and phytosterols.Scientific Names:Withania Somnifera A growing body of clinical evidence reveals that emotional disturbances like anxiety, depression and chronic stress may lead to distinct physiological changes in the body which are believed to lower immune system response. The results of recent laboratory studies suggest that, in addition to its mood-stabilizing characteristics, Winter Cherry also exhibits immuno-stimulatory effects.2,3 Bio-active Constituents of Winter CherryResearchers have isolated multiple bio-active constituents of Winter Cherry that include approximately 12 alkaloids, 35 withanolides and several sitoindosides.4,5While researchers continue to study the exact mechanisms of action of Winter Cherry, it is believed that the withanolide Withaferin-A plays a key role in Winter Cherry's ability to enhance memory and cognition by way of the cholinergic Acetylcholine neurotransmitter pathways in the brain.6 Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is important medicinal plant of Ayurveda. Animal studies have shown that Withania somnifera may alternate concentrations of neurotransmitters at brain levels. A methanolic extract of Withania somnifera root inhibited the specific binding of [3H] GABA and [35S] TBPS, and enhanced the binding of [3H] flunitrazepam to their putative receptor sites. The extract inhibited [3H] GABA binding by 20 +/- 6 per cent whereas a concentration of 1 mg of the extract produced 100 per cent inhibition. The extract (5-100 micrograms) produced 20 +/- 4 to 91 +/- 16 per cent enhancement of [3H] flunitrazepam binding. In functional studies using 36Cl-influx assay in mammalian spinal cord neurons, W. somnifera root extract increased 36Cl-influx in the absence of GABA. This effect on 36Cl-influx was blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin; and enhanced by diazepam(valium). The results suggest that the Withania somnifera extract contain an ingredient, which has a GABA-mimetic activity (13).In another study, Sitoindosides VII-X, and Withaferin-A (Withanolide), isolated from aqueous methanol extract from the roots of Withania somnifera induced increase in cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor capacity. This may be a possible mechanism behind the cognition-enhancing and memory-improving effects of extracts from Withania somnifera observed in animals and humans (14). 13. Mehta K Binkley P Gandhi S S Ticku MK Pharmacological effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. In: Indian J Med Res (1991 Aug) 94:312-5.14. Schliebs R.; Liebmann A.; Bhattacharya S.K.; Kumar A.; Ghosal S.; Bigl V.R. Schliebs, Flechsig Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and gabaergic markers in rat brain. Institute Brain Res., Department of Neurochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig Germany. Neurochemistry International (United Kingdom), 1997, 30/2 (181-190).Chem. Wkly., 23 Apr 1996 (960423), 41(34), p. 142. ISSN: 0045-6500; CODEN: CHWEBQ.AB An India shrub Withania, popularly known as Ashwagandha and used as a memory-promoting agent in Ayurveda, has shown promise in animal experiments. Studies by the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, show that an extract of Withania somnifera improved learning and memory in rats in which Alzheimer's disease was induced by damaging the brain with a chemical ibotenic acid. The BHU studies showed that Withania somnifera extract, given in doses of 50 mg per kg body weight, significantly improved rats' learning ability and acetylcholine levels after two weeks of treatment.Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Mar;35(3):236-9. Related Articles, Links Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera.Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Ghosal S.Department of Pharmacology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.Antioxidant activity of active principles of Withania somnifera, consisting of equimolar concentrations of sitoindosides VII-X and withaferin A, was investigated for their effects on rat brain frontal cortical and striatal concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Results were compared with effects induced by deprenyl, an agent with well documented antioxidant activity. Active glycowithanolides of W. somnifera (WSG) (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), administered once daily for 21 days, induced a dose-related increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activity in frontal cortex and striatum, which was statistically significant on days 14 and 21, except with the lower dose of WSG on GPX activity, where the effect was evident only on day 21. The data were comparable to those induced by deprenyl (2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) with respect to SOD, CAT and GPX activities, which were evident by day 14. These findings are consistent with the therapeutic use of W. somnifera as an Ayurvedic rasayana and medhyarasayana. Antioxidant effect of active principles of W. somnifera may explain, at least in part, the reported antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects produced by them in experimental animals, and in clinical situations.Brahmi (Bacopa monniera)Latin: Bacopa monnieri Family: Scrophulariaceae Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Brahmi; Hindi - Brambhi; English - Thyme-leaved Grariola; Bengali - Brahmi-sak; Tamil - Nirbrahmi; Japanese - OtomeazenePart Used: whole plant, roots, leaves, stalksAyurvedic Energetics: Rasa: bitterVeerya: coolingVipaka: pungentGunas: light, unctuousDoshas: VK- ; P+Pharmacological Action: nervine tonic, diuretic, sedative Clinical Research:Brahmi is reported to have sedative as well as cardiotonic effects due to the presence of hersaponin, one of four saponins isolated fom the plant. , In 50 mg/kg doses, alcoholic extracts produced mild tranquilizing effects on albino rats and dogs. The alcoholic extract of the entire plant displayed anticancer activity against carcinosarcoma 256 in rats. Oral administration of the alcoholic extract in aqueous suspension for three or more days was found to improve the learning curve in rats in various learning situations. It is used to prepare a number of important Ayurvedic preparations (Brahmighritam, Brahmirasayanam) which are given to those suffering from anxiety and emotional stress. Indications: emotional stress, mental exhaustion, forgetfulness, anxiety, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness, water retention, rheumatic joint pain.Formulations and Dosage:infusion-two cups/dayalcoholic extract-30 drops by mouth twice a daypowder-two grams twice a day with warm water.Kapoor, LD, CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Med Plants, 61, 1990.Wof I vol 2B, 2, 1988.Bhakuni, DS; Dhar, ML; et al., Ind J Exp Biol, 7, 250, 1969.Wof I vol 2B, 3, 1988.Dr. Gerson, personal experienceThis Ayurvedic herb has a long history of use as a cognitive enhancer. Research shows that it the protects brain from free radical damage even better than the cognitive-enhancing drug deprenyl (Battacharya), while stimulating improved learning and cognitive function (Kidd).StudiesClinical evaluation of memory enhancing properties of Memory Plus in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 2000 Apr; 42(2) SupplementNegi KS, Singh YD, Kushwaha KP, Rastogi CK, Rathi AK, Srivastava JS, Asthana OP, Gupta RC, Lucknow G.Bacopa monniera(active constituent identified as Bacosides A & from the plant Bacopa monniera, commonly known as Brahmi. Bacosides have undergone extensive pharmacological and toxicity evaluation at Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. They facilitate acquisition, consolidation and retention of newly acquired behavioural responses in animal models. The safety and tolerability studies in healthy volunteers have shown them to be safe after single and multiple dose administration. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the memory enhancing properties of Memory Plus in children suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this trial a double blind randomised placebo controlled design was employed. The treatment was assigned to each patient as per random allocation (Memory Plus or placebo). A total of 36 patients were selected as per DSM-IV criteria of ADHD. Of these, 19 patients received Memory Plus (50 mg bd x 12 weeks) and 17 were given placebo. The active drug treatment was followed by a 4 week placebo administration, making the total duration of the trial 16 week in both groups. One patient in the Memory Plus group and 6 in the placebo group dropped out. The mean age was 8.3 years and 9.3 years in Memory Plus and placebo group respectively. The male to female ratio was 5 : 1 in Memory Plus group and 3 : 1 in placebo group. The children were evaluated on a battery of tests (personal information, mental control, sentence repetition, logical memory, word recall (meaningful), digit span test, world recall (non-meaningful), delayed response learning, picture recall and paired associate learning) before (0-day), during drug administration (+4, +8 and +12 weeks) and at the end of the study (+16 weeks). The data analysis has revealed a significant improvement on sentence repetiton, logical memory and paired associate learning following 12 weeks administration of Memory Plus. This improvement was maintained as 16 weeks evaluation conducted after 4 weeks withdrawal of Memory Plus. During the clinical trial Memory Plus has shown excellent tolerability and no drug related adverse effects were reported. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus.Phytother Res 2000 May; 14(3): 174-9 Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S.The effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. was assessed on rat brain frontal cortical, striatal and hippocampal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, following administration for 7, 14 or 21 days. The effects induced by this extract (bacoside A content 82% +/- 0.5%), administered in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, orally, were compared with the effects induced by (-) deprenyl (2 mg/kg, p. o.) administered for the same time periods. Bacopa monniera (BM) induced a dose-related increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities, in all the brain regions investigated, after 14 and 21 days of drug administration. On the contrary, deprenyl induced an increase in SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the frontal cortex and striatum, but not in the hippocampus, after treatment for 14 or 21 days. The results suggest that BM, like deprenyl, exhibits a significant antioxidant effect after subchronic administration which, unlike the latter, extends to the hippocampus as well. The results suggest that the increase in oxidative free radical scavenging activity by BM may explain, at least in part, the cognition- facilitating action of BM, recorded in Ayurvedic texts, and demonstrated experimentally and clinically. Copyright 2000 Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Antioxidant Effects of Bacopa monniera Bacopa monniera (syn. Herpestis monniera), commonly known as Brahmi, has been used by Ayurvedic practitioners in India since ancient times for the management of mental conditions.1 In clinical studies, Bacopa monniera, has been shown to be a useful agent for renovating and revitalizing components of intellectual behavior in children.2 In adults, Bacopa monniera has been reported to be effective in reducing anxiety levels, thereby improving brain functions in terms of memory enhancement and elevated mental performance.3 In a recent preclinical study4, researchers revealed that Bacopa monniera possesses significant antioxidant activity that may be responsible for its memory enhancement and mental activity properties.Bhattacharya, S.K. et al.4, the researchers of the study, investigated the effects of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera and Deprenyl, the conventional medicine used in the treatment of cerebral conditions such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, and depression, on different regions of the rat brain (frontal, cortical, striatal, and hippocampal). Bacopa monniera exhibited a significant antioxidant effect and increased the levels of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), in all the regions of the rat brain. Since these enzymes form the first line of defense against oxidative damage to the cells, the authors inferred that the cognition-facilitating action of Bacopa monniera may be attributed at least in part to free radical scavenging activity. In contrast, Deprenyl induced an increase of all antioxidant enzymes in all regions of the brain except the hippocampus, the part of the brain where all memories are created. Sources: Nadkarni, A.K. (ed.) (1991) Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.: Bombay, India. pgs. 624-625.Sharma, R., Chaturvedi, C., and Tewari, P.V. (1987) Efficacy of Bacopa monnieri in revitalizing intellectual functions in children. J. Res. Edu. Ind. Med. Jan-June, 1-10.Singh, R.H. and Singh, L. (1980) Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the Medhya Rasayana Drug, Brahmi (Bacopa monniera Wettst.)-Part 1. J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, 1, 133-148. Bhattacharya, S.K., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, A., and Ghosal, S. (2000) Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytotherapy Research, 14(3), 174-179. Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosis) Adaptogenic; helps to modulate stress reactions by normalizing physiological function. The extract stimulates brain activity and causes a more economical release of body energy which results in increased work output. It contains a mixture of eleutherosides A-E, including syriingin ( and syringaresinol diglucoside (E), which have been shown to diminish stress-caused reductions of strength and memory retrieval. It also benefits growth rates. The anti-stress effect seems to derive from its antioxidant and steroid metabolism activity on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal endocrine function. It improves adaptation to dimished blood flow to the brain. Siberian ginseng also produces an increase of amine nerve transmitter substances in the brain and adrenal gland.Siberian Ginseng, Elutherococcus senticosus, is an adaptogen. It helps the body to adapt to stressful situations of many types whether from internal or external causes. It increases endurance and concentration and enhances oxygen metabolism in tissues and organs. This herb strengthens disgestion, kidneys, and enhances overall resistance to disease. It is supportive to the adrenal gland and other bodily functions. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXFinally As promised...TCM ADD/ADHD research:Chinese Herbs and the Treatment of ADHD: In the system of traditional Chinese medicine, herbal formulas are used in synergistic combination to nourish and balance the systems of the body. The philosophy of 'restoring balance' lends itself in particular to ADD/ADHD, in which the affected individual suffers from multiple biochemical, neurological, and behavioral symptoms for which there is no clear-cut etiology. Chinese herbal preparations are traditionally compounded for the individual patient, based on their particular symptom picture. A chinese herbal formula, called Tiaoshen Liquor, was used to treat children with hyperactivity. Results were very favorable, as summarized below. The authors offered a probable mechanism, based on previous animal studies, suggesting that the improvements noted could be due to improved cholinergic neurotransmitter function, as well as increased tolerance to brain oxygenation problems. RELATED STUDIES:Hypothesis : Clinical and Experimental Studies on Tiaoshen Liquor for Infantile Hyperkinetic Syndrome Wang LH, Li CS, Li GZ Pediatric Dept. of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong College of TCM, JinanChung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995 Jun;15(6):337-40 One hundred children with hyperkinetic syndrome were treated by using Tiaoshen Liquor (TL) consisting of Chinese herbal drugs. After the treatment, the behavior[al problems] grading lowered greatly, their attention was improved, and their academic records raised. The total effective rate reached 94%. The results of the animal experiments showed that TL could reduce the spontaneous activities of the healthy mice, thus lowering remarkably the spontaneous activities in the mice with hyperkinetic behavior caused by taking scopolamine; reinforce the learning memory in the healthy mice; and improve in different degrees the learning memory of the mice with dysmnesia caused by administering scopolamine, sodium nitrite and alcohol respectively. This indicates that the therapeutic mechanism of TL for this syndrome was probably related to the improvement of information transfer function of the cholinergic neuron synapses of central nervous system and to the enhancement of hypoxia tolerence of the cerebral tissues. Additional evidence of neurotransmitter stimulation with herbs was demonstrated in this study of Chinese herbal treatment of ADHD. RELATED STUDIES:Hypothesis : Clinical Observation and Treatment of Hyperkinesia in Children by Traditional Chinese Medicine Sun Y, Wang Y, Qu X, Wang J, Fang J, Zhang L Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, XianyangJ Tradit Chin Med 1994 Jun;14(2):105-Sixty-six children with hyperkinesia were treated with the Yizhi (wit-increasing) syrup, after which their scores on behavior[al problems] dropped, their school records improved, and the rate of appearance of soft neurotic signs lowered, all three changes being significant, giving a total effectiveness rate of 84.8%. After the treatment, examination of the 24-hour urine showed significant increases in its content of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 3-4 dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and creatinine (Cr). In the following study a Chinese herbal formula was compared to a western medicine approach (Ritalin) in a side-by-side clinical trial. The herbal formula performed as well as Ritalin in this trial, with fewer side-effects. RELATED STUDIES:Hypothesis : Preliminary Study of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Minimal Brain Dysfunction: Analysis of 100 Cases Zhang H, Huang JAffiliated Hospital of Guangzhou College of TCMChung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1990 May;10(5):278-9, 260This paper reports the clinical treatment of 100 patients with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), their age ranged from 7-14.2 years, and the average age was 10.5. Patients were divided into TCM [Traditional Chinese Medicine] and WM [Western Medicine] group randomly. The TCM group (80 cases) were treated withm the therapy of subduing hyperactivity of the Liver and invigorating the function of the spleen by using: Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula, Ligustrum lucidum, Lophatherum gracile and thread of ivory. The WM group (20 cases) were treated with Ritalin 5-15 mg twice daily. One course of treatment lasted one month, and effects were evaluated after 1-3 courses of treatment. The results were as follows: In the TCM group, 23 cases were cured (clinical symptom and sign disappeared, 10 IQ units were raised in their intelligence, abnormal electroencephalogram was recovered and there was no recurrence during the first six months after recovery). 46 cases were improved (clinical symptom and sign markedly improved, 4 IQ units raised in intelligence and electroencephalogram improved), and 11 cases ineffective. The effective rate was 86.25%. In the WM group, 6 cases were cured, 12 cases improved and 2 cases ineffective, the clinical effective rate being 90.0%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in this study, but, the side-effects of the TCM group were less than the WM group, and the TCM group had more beneficial effects to improve intelligence, enuresis. The study showed that the Verbal Scale in [the] Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children is one of the indications of diagnosis of MBD and evaluating the curative effects on this disorder.It is nevertheless encouraging that several different formulas based on Traditional Chinese herbal system have all demonstrated effectiveness in ADHD. Kidd PM; A Review of Nutrients and Botanicals in the Integrative Management of Cognitive Dysfunction. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Jun;4(3):144-61. Review. Schechter MD, Timmons GD; Objectively Measured Hyperactivity - II: Caffeine and Amphetamine Effects. J Clin Pharmacol 1985 May-Jun;25(4):276-80 Sun Y, Wang Y, Qu X, Wang J, Fang J, Zhang L; Clinical Observation and Treatment of Hyperkinesia in Children by Traditional Chinese Medicine. J Tradit Chin Med 1994 Jun;14(2):105-9 Tilgner, S; Herbal Medicine from the Heart of the Earth; 1999; Wise Acres Press; pp 216-17. Wang LH, Li CS, Li GZ; Clinical and Experimental Studies on Tiaoshen Liquor for Infantile Hyperkinetic Syndrome. Chung Kuo ***********************************************************************************This email message and any attachments thereto are intended only for use by the addressee(s) named above, and may contain legally privileged and/or confidential information. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, or the employee or agent responsible to deliver it to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please immediately notify the postmaster@... and destroy the original message.***********************************************************************************

[Guest guest]

have just come back from the health shop and bought an ayurveda product "Ashwagandha & Gotu Kola". If you scroll down this text below there are studies about Brahmi and the above which have been published in journals. They sound very good for anxiety reducing and replacements for conventional GABA ( for those that cannot tolerate them).

I shall let you know how we get on with them....

>>whats happening ?

Mandi x

[Guest guest]

Hi Mandi, i went to Germany in the meantime and there my doc put me on a bunch of stuff for eptein barr probs. I'll restart the ash...etc and get back to you. I did like the feeling it gave me while I was on it... have a superlative time in the US. J.......ulieMum231ASD@... wrote: In a message dated 27/03/2007 11:51:57 GMT Standard Time,

moppett1btinternet writes: have just come back from the health shop and bought an ayurveda product "Ashwagandha & Gotu Kola". If you scroll down this text below there are studies about Brahmi and the above which have been published in journals. They sound very good for anxiety reducing and replacements for conventional GABA ( for those that cannot tolerate them). I shall let you know how we get on with them.... >>whats happening ? Mandi x