10/10/03 - Yazbak SIDS, Vaccines & VAERS: A Follow Up

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SIDS, VACCINES AND VAERS: A FOLLOW-UP

By RFD Columnist, F. Yazbak, MD, FAAP

TL Autism Research

Falmouth, Massachusetts

E-mail: TLAutStudy@...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in VAERS: A Review, published on September 22,

2003 at the redflagsdaily.com Online Conference on Vaccines, raised many

questions. One of them was whether the cases of Sudden Infant Death

Syndrome (SIDS) under the age of 1 month, which were reported to the

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), could have been related to

the Hepatitis B vaccination, which was administered alone to the infants

shortly after birth.

Private physicians, parents or the officials of the immunization programs

in the local state health departments must have felt strongly enough about

the cases to report them to VAERS, in spite of a Medical Examiner’s

diagnosis of SIDS, which by definition means that the death was both sudden

and unexplained.

Some of the reported deaths were clearly neither unexplained nor sudden,

and the majority of SIDS deaths were never reported to VAERS. The Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that there were some

5400 SIDS deaths in 1990 and 2,523 in 2000. Only 916 reports of SIDS were

filed with VAERS between 1990 and 2002, a mean of 80 cases per year.

A commentary by Sandy Mintz " The CDC should appropriately prove its claim

that SIDS is not linked to vaccines, " which was published shortly

thereafter at the online conference [P4F2] raised very valid points and

called for further focused studies by the CDC. A week later,

wrote: " Is This What The Institute Of Medicine Calls A Vaccine Safety

Review? " [P6], in which he vividly reported what he believed really

happened at the Institute of Medicine’s Vaccine Safety Review Session

" Potential Role of Vaccination in Sudden Unexplained Death in Infancy, "

held in October 2002. The CDC often uses the report of that particular

session to support its contention that a Vaccine-SIDS connection does not

exist. For the benefit of the readers who did not see the full report, the

press release / summary is reproduced in its entirety at the end of this

presentation. Its irrelevance should be evident after one becomes aware of

the findings of this investigation and ’s observations.

Concerning neonatal deaths following Hepatitis B vaccination, it is only

fair to mention a 1999 report by Drs. Niu, Salive and Ellenburg titled

" Neonatal Deaths After Hepatitis B Vaccine, The Vaccine Adverse Event

Reporting System, 1991-1998.

(Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:1279-1282).

Manette T. Niu, MD is associated with the Division of Biostatistics and

Epidemiology, Center for Biologic Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug

Administration (FDA).

The purpose of the study was to evaluate reports to VAERS of neonatal

deaths (aged 0-28 days) after hepatitis B vaccination from January 1, 1991,

through October 5, 1998. There were 1771 neonatal reports in all and 18

deaths, divided about equally by gender (8 boys, 9 girls and one case where

the sex of the infant was not reported). The median time from vaccination

to onset of symptoms was 2 days. Obviously, the median time from symptoms

to death was 0 days. The mean birth weight was just above 3 kg (6lb 6oz).

In 17 cases, autopsies were performed. The cause of death was SIDS in 12

(66.7%) of those cases and infection in 3 (16.7%). Of the remaining 3

(16.7%), 1 infant was thought to have died because of an intracerebral

hemorrhage; another had a congenital heart disease; and in one infant the

cause of death was listed as suffocation.

The authors concluded: " Few neonatal deaths following HepB vaccination have

been reported despite the use of at least 86 million doses of pediatric

vaccine given in the United States, since 1991. While the limitations of

passive surveillance systems do not permit definitive inference, these data

suggest that HepB immunization is not causing a clear increase in neonatal

deaths. "

Under " Editor’s Note " , D. DeAngelis, MD stated:

" This report should help allay the fears of the antivaccine groups; it

should, but will it? "

There is little else on the subject in the medical literature.

In Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in VAERS: A Review, it was pointed out that

12 of 21 (57%) reports of Neonatal SIDS to VAERS over 10 years came from

New Hampshire alone. Further investigation revealed that in New Hampshire,

the office of the Chief Medical Examiner refers any sudden infant death,

while the final diagnosis is pending, to both the NH SIDS Program as a

possible SIDS and the NH Immunization Program for their follow-up, as a

possible vaccine adverse event. Once the final diagnosis of the infant's

death has been made, a copy of the death certificate is sent to the NH

Immunization Program, which then reports to VAERS, if appropriate.

Apparently there are approximately 10-15 referrals per year in all, of

which approximately 6 to 10 end up with a final diagnosis of SIDS. Two

requests for further information to the NH immunization Program were not

acknowledged.

The incidence of SIDS in neighboring Massachusetts and the percentage of

those infants under the age of 4 weeks is shown in Table I.

Year

SIDS Deaths

% Under

4 weeks of age

1988

94

5

1989

103

5

1990

90

4

1991

72

13

1992

67

9

1993

62

6

1994

72

9

1995

34

3

1996

42

10

1997

39

7

1998

29

3

1999

23

4

2000

26

4

2001

23

4

2002

22

5

Table I: Number of cases of SIDS in Massachusetts in the last 15 years and

percentage of infants under 4 weeks of age

The population of Massachusetts is approximately 6 times that of New

Hampshire.

It is not possible to make any inference or draw any statistically

significant conclusion from the fact that in 1991, the year neonatal

hepatitis B vaccination was recommended, the percentage of infants under

the age of 4 weeks with the diagnosis of SIDS, reached an all-time high of

13% in Massachusetts. Similarly, whether the fact that the average

percentage of SIDS under age 4 weeks in the 3 and 6 years starting 1991 was

about double that in the 3 years before 1991 (9.39 and 8.33% vs. 4.67) may

or may not be relevant.

The State of Washington has kept careful SIDS statistics for years as shown

in Table II.

Year

SIDS deaths

<30 days old

All SIDS deaths

Live Births

<30 days old - rate per 1000 births

All SIDS- rate per 1000 births*

1981

8

158

69987

0.1

2.3

1982

12

197

69681

0.2

2.9

1983

10

167

68794

0.2

2.5

1984

12

191

69059

0.2

2.9

1985

18

198

70357

0.3

2.9

1986

12

179

69572

0.2

2.7

1987

16

182

70409

0.2

2.7

1988

12

183

72660

0.2

2.6

1989

12

186

75595

0.2

2.5

1990

14

185

79468

0.2

2.4

1991

10

177

79962

0.1

2.3

1992

11

130

79897

0.1

1.7

1993

10

140

78771

0.1

1.8

1994

11

115

77368

0.1

1.5

1995

8

101

77240

0.1

1.4

1996

7

80

77874

0.1

1.1

1997

5

84

78141

0.1

1.1

1998

12

91

79640

0.2

1.2

1999

10

69

79577

0.1

0.9

2000

9

76

81004

0.1

0.9

2001

5

60

79542

0.1

0.8

Table II Deaths due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Washington State

residents. By Year 1981- 2001

Source: Washington State Department of Health, MCH Assessment

Data Source: Birth and Death Certificates, Center for Health Statistics,

Washington State DOH.

*Rates prior to 1999 adjusted by the ICD10-ICD9 comparability ratio for

SIDS of 1.0362

There were 1,826 cases of SIDS in Washington State between 1981 and 1990,

of which 126 (6.9%) were under the age of 30 days. In the 10 years after

1991, there were 88 (9.3%) cases under the age of 30 days out of 946. This

represents a statistically significant increase in the number of SIDS

deaths in infants less than 30 days of age. (X2=5.05, P<0.025)

Thus, while the total number of SIDS in the State of Washington has

decreased by 48%, the proportion of those infants under 1 month of age has

undergone a statistically significant increase of 35% since the

introduction of Neonatal Hepatitis B vaccination [(9.3%-6.9)/6.9].

International SIDS statistics are not easily available by age group. The

incidence of SIDS in 22 countries with complete data is reported in Table

III.

COUNTRY

POPULATION

IN MILLIONS

SIDS/ UNEXPECTED

INFANT DEATHS

PER ANNUM

HOW OFTEN AUTOPSY PERFORMED

INCIDENCE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS

Argentina

33

378

Sometimes

0.56

Australia

19

120

100%

0.54

Austria

8

50

70-100%

0.6

Belgium

10

90

20-80%

0.6

Canada

30

154

100%

0.45

Denmark

5.3

20

75%

0.3

England / Wales

57

284

100%

0.45

Finland

5.5

15

100%

0.25

France

54

360

50%

0.49

Germany

82

603

55%

0.78

Hungary

10

30

100%

0.3

Hong Kong

7

7

100%

0.1

Ireland Republic

3.5

42

100%

0.9

Italy

58

545

Sometimes

1.0

Japan

122

360

20%

0.30

Netherlands

15

27

70%

0.14

New Zealand

3.9

60

Almost 100%

1.04

Norway

4.5

40

90%

0.6

Scotland

5

52

100%

0.6

Slovenia

2.2

10

0.47

Sweden

9

45

100%

0.45

USA

249.6

2991

Usually

0.77

Table III. SIDS in the USA and in other reporting nations (Updated 24th

August 2000)

Although the incidence of SIDS in the United States is half of what it used

to be, it is disturbing to find out that it is the third highest of the 22

nations with complete data and more than double that of Japan and several

European countries.

It is difficult to understand why the incidence of SIDS in 2000 was higher

in New Zealand and Germany than it was in the United States. Infants (<1

year old) in New Zealand receive DTAP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Acellular

Pertussis vaccine), HIB (Haemophilus Influenzae B vaccine), OPV (Oral Polio

vaccine) and Hepatitis B vaccine when they are 6 weeks old and again at 3

and 5 months of age. Infants in Germany receive Hepatitis B vaccine, HIB,

IPV (Inactivated Polio vaccine), Pertussis and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines at

2, 3, 4, and 11-14 months of age and Measles and Rubella vaccines at 11-14

months. WHO records do not mention whether any of the above vaccines

contained or still contain Thimerosal.

Vaccination schedules of most nations are available by accessing the WHO

Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System.

The CDC has always argued that a Vaccine-SIDS connection does not exist

because in the decade of the nineties, the incidence of SIDS in the United

States decreased while infants were receiving more vaccines in the first

year of life.

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) special report " Potential Role of

Vaccination in Sudden Unexplained Death in Infancy " [see Press Release

below] stressed that SIDS was the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality

in the United States in 2000, that between 1990 and 2000, the incidence of

SIDS decreased dramatically and that in the same period the infant

mortality decreased from 9.2 per 1000 live births to 6.9 per thousand, the

" lowest infant mortality rate ever recorded in the United States " .

The report seems to intimate that the decrease in post neonatal and infant

mortality is somehow related to the decrease in the number of SIDS cases

and the success of the " Back to Sleep " campaign.

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and the Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR)

had actually been dropping consistently since the 1950’s as shown in table

IV.

Infant Mortality refers to death during the first year of life; Neonatal

Mortality refers to death during the first 28 days of life and

Post-Neonatal Mortality refers to death between 28 and 364 days of age.

Rates are per 1,000 live births.

Year

Infant

Mortality Rate

Neonatal

Mortality Rate

Postneonatal

Mortality Rate

1950

29.2

20.5

8.7

1960

26.0

18.7

7.3

1970

20.0

15.1

4.9

1980

12.6

8.5

4.1

1990

9.2

5.8

3.4

2000

6.9

4.6

2.3

Table IV. First Year of Life Mortality Rates per 1,000 live births

Source CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital

Statistics System.

Internationally, the United States was ranked 8th in infant mortality in

1970 and 16th in 1980 among 20 industrialized nations.

According to a 1997 study by Gerard , Ph.D., Professor of Health

Policy and Management at s Hopkins School of Public Health, the United

States’ infant mortality ranking had slipped to 23rd (out of 29

industrialized countries), because the Infant Mortality Rate in the other

countries had dropped even faster.

The United States consistently spends more resources on health care than

any other industrialized nation. In 1996 the U.S. spent 14.2 percent of its

gross domestic product (GDP) on health. Germany was next with 10.5 percent.

The U.S. also spent the most per capita on health care in 1996 ($3,708).

Switzerland was second with the equivalent of $2,412. Of the G7 countries

(U.S., France, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Canada and Italy), only the

U.S. remains without universal publicly mandated health insurance coverage.

The Infant Mortality Rate and the spent health care dollars per capita

among the G7 countries in 2001 are shown in Table V.

Source: The CIA Factbook 2001.

Country

IMR/1000

Healthcare $ per capita

Canada

5.0

2,278

France

4.5

2,261

Germany

4.7

2,402

Italy

5.8

1,699

Japan

3.9

1,864

UK

5.5

1,550

USA

6.8

4,662

Table V Infant Mortality Rate and Healthcare Cost-G7 Countries

The March of Dimes regularly reports health statistics on infants and

children in developing countries.

The following table (Table VI) is part of a larger table listing the

changes in the mortality rates of infants and children less than 5 years,

in developing countries, over the last four decades. The countries listed

had an Infant Mortality Rate of less than 10 per1000 live births in 1999.

The United Kingdom and the United States were listed for comparison.

Country

Infant Mortality

Under 5 Mortality

1960

1999

1960

1999

Brunei

63

8

87

9

Cuba

39

6

54

8

Cyprus

30

7

36

8

Korea Rep.

90

5

127

5

Malaysia

73

8

105

9

Singapore

31

4

40

4

United Arab Emirates

149

8

223

9

United Kingdom

23

6

27

6

United States

26

7

30

8

Table VI Mortality Rates in 7 Developing Countries, the UK & the USA

Source: UNICEF State of the World's Children, 2001 and 1999 editions.

If the above figures are correct and if comparisons are indeed valid, then

it is seems that the infant mortality and the mortality of children under

age 5 years of age have been decreasing at a faster rate in some developing

countries than they have in the United States.

The three leading causes of infant death in 2000 in the United States were

congenital malformations, low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome

(SIDS), which together accounted for almost one-half of all infant deaths.

Post-neonatal mortality contributes substantially to infant mortality.

Post-neonatal mortality has decreased substantially in the last few years.

Most of the decline resulted from reduced mortality from infections and SIDS.

Discussion

The above findings suggest that the conclusions of the IOM Committee study

of the " Potential Role of Vaccination in Sudden Unexplained Death in

Infancy " were not justified.

The following quotes from the attached Press Release are particularly

questionable:

" These and other findings about childhood vaccines, SIDS, and other types

of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) do not warrant a review of the

childhood vaccination schedule "

" Although the timing of infant vaccinations coincides with the period when

SIDS is most likely to occur, parents should rest assured that the number

and variety of childhood vaccines do not cause SIDS "

" We do not have the data that would definitively answer all questions about

links between vaccines and SIDS and other forms of sudden, unexpected death

in infancy. However, we believe that the data we do have, along with the

increasing rarity of these kinds of infant deaths, make a review of the

vaccine schedule unnecessary "

" While the number and variety of vaccines infants receive is not linked to

SIDS, there is not enough evidence to determine whether exposure to

multiple different vaccines is causally linked to SUDI in general. Evidence

also is not sufficient or adequate to determine if HepB, the only vaccine

given to newborns, is linked to neonatal deaths "

" The number of infant deaths declined between 1990 and 2000, dropping from

9.2 deaths per 1,000 live births to 6.9 per 1,000, the lowest infant

mortality rate ever recorded in the United States. Because SUDI are

difficult to define, there are no data on the national rate of SUDI in the

United States. SIDS is the leading diagnosis for postneonatal death–death

occurring after the first 27 days–and there were 2,523 deaths attributed to

SIDS in the United States in 2000. The rate of SIDS has been declining over

the past several years "

It is no consolation for parents who lose a healthy infant very shortly

after a vaccination to know that SIDS is now less common and that an

Institute of Medicine Committee did not find evidence of a link between

their infant’s sudden and unexplained demise and vaccination. Just as

upsetting for them will certainly be the fact that even a review of the

present vaccination schedule is considered " unnecessary " .

It appears that proportionately more neonatal sudden deaths have been

occurring since 1991, the year the Hepatitis B vaccination of the newborn

was introduced.

It is unclear why the CDC and the IOM Special Committee still insist that

vaccines do not play any role in SIDS causation when certain State Health

Departments review all SIDS deaths routinely and report a few to VAERS when

indicated.

Conclusions

Conflicts of interest must be removed and independent evaluation of data

must occur if true science is to be found.

A comprehensive and unbiased review of the possible role of vaccines in the

causation of SIDS should be launched.

The CDC should require that each and every State Health Department review

every case of SIDS and report to VAERS those suspected to be vaccine-related.

VAERS is a valuable resource and it should be utilized.

* * *

* * *

Date: March 12, 2003

Contacts: Stencel, Media Relations Officer

Cory Arberg, Media Relations Assistant

Office of News and Public Information

(202) 334-2138; e-mail

For Immediate Release

SIDS Not Linked to Number and Variety of Childhood Vaccines

WASHINGTON–The evidence does not support a causal link between sudden

infant death syndrome (SIDS) and either the diphtheria, tetanus, and

whole-cell pertussis (DTwP) vaccine or exposure to multiple childhood

vaccines, says a new report from the Institute of Medicine of the National

Academies. Only an older version of a vaccine against diphtheria and

pertussis that is no longer administered to infants is causally related to

fatal anaphylaxis, a rare and severe inflammatory reaction. These and other

findings about childhood vaccines, SIDS, and other types of sudden

unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) do not warrant a review of the childhood

vaccination schedule, the report concluded.

" Although the timing of infant vaccinations coincides with the period when

SIDS is most likely to occur, parents should rest assured that the number

and variety of childhood vaccines do not cause SIDS, " said Marie McCormick,

chair of the committee that wrote the report and professor and chair,

department of maternal and child health, Harvard School of Public Health,

Boston. " We do not have the data that would definitively answer all

questions about links between vaccines and SIDS and other forms of sudden,

unexpected death in infancy. However, we believe that the data we do have,

along with the increasing rarity of these kinds of infant deaths, make a

review of the vaccine schedule unnecessary. "

American children routinely receive five vaccines against seven infectious

agents before age 1: the DTaP vaccine–which contains a different form of

the pertussis component than DTwP, which it replaced in the United States

in 1997 -- and vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B

(HepB), polio, and pneumococcal bacteria. Although HepB is given to

newborns, the others typically are administered at 2 months of age, with

additional doses of certain vaccines given at 4 and 6 months.

SUDI encompasses sudden, unexpected deaths in which there may or may not be

a clear cause of death. SIDS is the diagnosis most often given for infant

deaths that occur without warning and for which no cause is identified.

Medical researchers have not reached consensus on the risk factors for SIDS

or how it occurs, although current guidelines to place babies on their

backs or sides to sleep are based on theories that the prone position may

contribute to SIDS. Another possible explanation, the " triple-risk "

hypothesis, postulates that SIDS may occur through the interaction of an

underlying biological vulnerability, a critical development period, and

exposure to an outside trigger. It has been speculated that vaccination may

act as such a trigger. Further research could show that there are many

causes of SIDS.

Evidence from studies based on human exposure is strong enough to favor

rejection of any causal connection between SIDS and multiple doses of

different vaccines. In addition, the report reaffirmed previous findings

that SIDS is not linked to the older DTwP. Because the currently used DTaP

vaccine has fewer side effects than DTwP, the committee found no reason to

suspect any link between DTaP and SIDS. However, without sufficient or

adequate evidence available, the committee could not definitively reject a

link between DTaP and SIDS. Evidence was also insufficient or inadequate to

determine whether relationships exist between other individual vaccines and

SIDS.

Although some research suggests that an abnormal immune response to common

respiratory bacteria or viruses may be a factor in SIDS, there are no

studies demonstrating the ability of vaccines to provoke abnormal

inflammatory responses of the kinds seen in some SIDS cases. The committee

concluded that the ability of vaccines to act as triggers of SIDS is only

theoretical. A similar conjecture that fever or other common side effects

of vaccination could spur an acute metabolic reaction in babies with an

innate metabolic condition is also theoretical.

Although very rare, anaphylaxis from any cause–such as a food, drug, or

environmental allergen–can lead to sudden, unexpected death. On the basis

of a well-documented case of fatal anaphylactic shock in twin babies that

occurred after each received a second dose of diphtheria toxoid and

whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DwP), the committee concluded that the

evidence favors acceptance of a link between this vaccine and infant death

due to anaphylaxis. The case occurred in 1946, however, and the committee

did not find any other well-documented reports of infant deaths related to

anaphylaxis following vaccination, despite the widespread use of childhood

vaccines during the 57 years since that case. Moreover, DwP is no longer

used in the United States.

While the number and variety of vaccines infants receive is not linked to

SIDS, there is not enough evidence to determine whether exposure to

multiple different vaccines is causally linked to SUDI in general. Evidence

also is not sufficient or adequate to determine if HepB, the only vaccine

given to newborns, is linked to neonatal deaths, the report says.

A standard definition of SUDI should be developed, and criteria related to

SIDS and SUDI should be consistently applied for research and reporting

purposes. Comprehensive postmortem work-ups should be performed on all

infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly, the report says.

The number of infant deaths declined between 1990 and 2000, dropping from

9.2 deaths per 1,000 live births to 6.9 per 1,000, the lowest infant

mortality rate ever recorded in the United States. Because SUDI are

difficult to define, there are no data on the national rate of SUDI in the

United States. SIDS is the leading diagnosis for postneonatal death–death

occurring after the first 27 days–and there were 2,523 deaths attributed to

SIDS in the United States in 2000. The rate of SIDS has been declining over

the past several years.

This study is the sixth in a series of eight on vaccine safety sponsored by

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute

of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The Institute of Medicine is a private,

nonprofit institution that provides health policy advice under a

congressional charter granted to the National Academy of Sciences. A

committee roster follows.

Copies of Immunization Safety Review: Vaccinations and Sudden Unexpected

Death in Infancy will be available later this year from the National

Academies Press; tel. (202) 334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet

at http://www.nap.edu. Reporters may obtain a pre-publication copy from the

Office of News and Public Information (contacts listed above).

# # #

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Immunization Safety Review Committee

Marie C. McCormick, M.D., Sc.D. (chair)

Professor and Chair

Department of Maternal and Child Health

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston

Bayer, Ph.D. *

Professor

Division of Sociomedical Sciences

ph L. Mailman School of Public Health

Columbia University

New York City

Alfred Berg, M.D., M.P.H.

Professor and Chair

Department of Family Medicine

School of Medicine

University of Washington

Seattle

Rosemary Casey, M.D.

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Jefferson Medical College, and

Director

Lankenau Faculty Pediatrics

Wynnewood, Pa.

Cohen, Ph.D.

Senior Research Associate

Harvard Center for Risk Analysis

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston

Betsy Foxman, Ph.D.

Professor

Department of Epidemiology

School of Public Health

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor

Constantine Gatsonis, Ph.D.

Professor of Medical Science and Applied Mathematics, and

Director, Center for Statistical Sciences

Brown University

Providence, R.I.

Goodman, M.D., M.H.S., Ph.D. *

Associate Professor

Department of Oncology

Division of Biostatistics

School of Medicine

s Hopkins University

Baltimore

Ellen Horak, M.S.N.

Education and Nurse Consultant

Public Health Certification Program

Public Management Center

University of Kansas

Topeka

Kaback, M.D.

Professor of Pediatrics and Reproductive Medicine

University of California

San Diego

Gerald Medoff, M.D.

Professor

Department of Internal Medicine

School of Medicine

Washington University

St. Louis

Parkin, Ph.D.

Associate Research Professor

Department of Occupational and Environmental Health

School of Public Health and Health Services

Washington University

Washington, D.C.

A. Shaywitz, M.D.

Co-Director

Center for the Study of Learning and Attention, and

Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology

School of Medicine

Yale University

New Haven, Conn.

, M.D.

Professor and Chair

Department of Immunology

University of Washington

Seattle

INSTITUTE STAFF

Kathleen Stratton, Ph.D.

Study Director

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME AND THE VACCINE ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING

SYSTEM: A REVIEW

A Physician investigates sudden and unexpected deaths of apparently healthy

infants and the possible link of some of these deaths to vaccines

By F. Yazbak, MD

--------------------------------------------------------

Sheri Nakken, R.N., MA, Hahnemannian Homeopath

Vaccination Information & Choice Network, Nevada City CA & Wales UK

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