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I believe that skin color, eye color and hair color are all seperate

genes, yet certain combinations tend to be grouped together. For

example brown skin and tan skin tends to be grouped with brown eyes

and black or dark brown hair. No one thinks this is particularly

odd. We recognize that what we call race or ethnic group is not

just a matter of one gene. Perhaps a similiar thing can be said

about AS.

Ilah

> Hi,

>

> I pulled this from another forum - not sure I am completely in

> agreement with it though. If autism is not genetic how come it

> appears/seems to run in families. As for not all family members

> having it - that just stands to reason - maybe one twin got a

better

> set of genes than the other.

>

> I'm not sure if it should concern me the amount of research and

money

> going into this either? If the research is used for good reasons

all

> well and good - but could this kind of research lead to aborting

> those suspected to have autism? I do not believe it is the

> information itself that is at fault, but how that said information

is

> then used.

>

> Also I like to keep an open mind on such things and do not believe

> scientists know everything - although they attempt to - and

neither

> are they always correct.

>

>

>

>

> Autism Behaviour Types Are Not Genetically Linked

>

> (2005-09-04)

>

> Scientists at the MRC (Medical Research Council, UK) Social,

Genetic

> and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of

Psychiatry,

> King's College London, have discovered that two sets of behaviours

> that co-occur in autism spectrum conditions appear to be caused by

> different sets of genes.

>

> The report by Dr in collaboration with Professor

> Plomin and Dr Francesca Happé - published in Developmental

> Science - could help advance future diagnosis, treatment and

> understanding of autism spectrum conditions.

>

> In an autism diagnosis, two types of behaviours must be displayed;

> those that reflect social impairment such as a difficulty in

making

> friends and non-social obsessive and repetitive behaviours such as

> sticking to rigid routines. These two types of symptoms can both

have

> massive impact on children's development. The researchers were

> motivated to investigate these two components separately because

they

> represent two very different types of behaviours and it is not

clear

> why they co-occur in autism spectrum conditions.

>

> The study collected data from the UK-based Twins Early Development

> Study (TEDS) through parent and teacher reports on 3000 pairs of

> seven-year-old twins. Participants completed a questionnaire

designed

> to assess social and non-social behaviours that are characteristic

of

> autism spectrum conditions but also seen in the general

population.

> The questions assessed the extent to which the twins displayed a

> range of behaviours, such as how considerate of other people's

> feelings they are or whether they are fussy and over-particular.

>

> The researchers found that identical twins (where each twin shares

> the same set of genes) tended to show similar levels of social

> impairments to each other: i.e. both twins would show either many

or

> few social impairments. In contrast, fraternal twins (where only a

> proportion of their genes are shared) often had very different

levels

> of social impairments to each other. The same pattern of results

was

> found in the twins for non-social behaviours. This demonstrated

that

> both social and non-social behaviours are highly heritable, that

is,

> a large proportion of the variation of these types of behaviours

in

> the general population is due to genetic influences.

>

> The researchers then posed themselves a new question: whether

social

> and non-social behaviours are influenced by the same set of genes.

If

> the same genes operate on both, one would expect high correlations

> between social impairments in one twin and non-social behaviours

in

> the other twin in identical twin pairs. Lower correlations would

be

> expected in fraternal twins because they do not share all their

genes.

>

> The researchers did not find evidence to suggest that the same

genes

> are involved. They found that social and non-social impairments

did

> not correlate very highly and in many cases, for example, if one

> identical twin showed social impairments, their co-twin did not

show

> any non-social impairments. The results of this study indicated

that

> most of the genes influencing social impairments are different to

> those that influence non-social behaviours.

>

> Dr said: " This study suggests for the first time

that

> social and non-social behaviours, which are both shown in autism

> spectrum conditions, are caused by mainly different sets of genes.

It

> suggests that 'genes for autism' is a misnomer: there are several

> genetically distinct components involved. This finding has

important

> implications for DNA and brain studies: it may be better to study

the

> social and non-social components separately rather than requiring

> that a child has both components, which is what traditional

diagnosis

> requires. "

>

> The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a national organisation

funded

> by the UK tax-payer. Its business is medical research aimed at

> improving human health; everyone stands to benefit from the

outputs.

> The research it supports and the scientists it trains meet the

needs

> of the health services, the pharmaceutical and other health-

related

> industries and the academic world. MRC has funded work which has

led

> to some of the most significant discoveries and achievements in

> medicine in the UK. About half of the MRC's expenditure of more

than

> £500 million is invested in its 40 Institutes, Units and Centres.

> The

> remaining half goes in the form of grant support and training

awards

> to individuals and teams in universities and medical schools. Web

> site at: http://www.mrc.ac.uk.

>

> King's College London (http://www.kcl.ac.uk) is one of the two

oldest

> and largest colleges of the University of London with over 13,800

> undergraduate students and nearly 5,700 postgraduates in nine

schools

> of study. It is a member of the Group: a coalition of the

> UK's major research-based universities. The College has had 24 of

its

> subject-areas awarded the highest rating of 5* and 5 for research

> quality, demonstrating excellence at an international level, and

it

> has recently received an excellent result in its audit by the

Quality

> Assurance Agency. King's is in the top group of UK universities

for

> research earnings, with income from grants and contracts of £100

> million, and has an annual turnover of more than £348 million. In

> 2004 the College was once again awarded an AA- financial credit

> rating from Standard & Poor's.

>

> The Institute of Psychiatry (http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk) is a world-

> renowned centre for treatment, research and training in psychiatry

> and mental health. Part of King's College London, it is closely

> affiliated to the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's

> College Hospital NHS Trust. The organisation is involved in

> pioneering new and improved ways of understanding and treating

mental

> illness and brain disease. Its wide-ranging field of work includes

> depression, eating disorders, brain imaging, genetics and

psychosis.

> The Institute was one of only two organisations in the field of

> psychiatry which received a five star rating in the 2001 Research

> Assessment Exercise conducted by the Higher Education Funding

Council

> for England.

>

> Courtesy of Newswire

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I believe that skin color, eye color and hair color are all seperate

genes, yet certain combinations tend to be grouped together. For

example brown skin and tan skin tends to be grouped with brown eyes

and black or dark brown hair. No one thinks this is particularly

odd. We recognize that what we call race or ethnic group is not

just a matter of one gene. Perhaps a similiar thing can be said

about AS.

Ilah

> Hi,

>

> I pulled this from another forum - not sure I am completely in

> agreement with it though. If autism is not genetic how come it

> appears/seems to run in families. As for not all family members

> having it - that just stands to reason - maybe one twin got a

better

> set of genes than the other.

>

> I'm not sure if it should concern me the amount of research and

money

> going into this either? If the research is used for good reasons

all

> well and good - but could this kind of research lead to aborting

> those suspected to have autism? I do not believe it is the

> information itself that is at fault, but how that said information

is

> then used.

>

> Also I like to keep an open mind on such things and do not believe

> scientists know everything - although they attempt to - and

neither

> are they always correct.

>

>

>

>

> Autism Behaviour Types Are Not Genetically Linked

>

> (2005-09-04)

>

> Scientists at the MRC (Medical Research Council, UK) Social,

Genetic

> and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of

Psychiatry,

> King's College London, have discovered that two sets of behaviours

> that co-occur in autism spectrum conditions appear to be caused by

> different sets of genes.

>

> The report by Dr in collaboration with Professor

> Plomin and Dr Francesca Happé - published in Developmental

> Science - could help advance future diagnosis, treatment and

> understanding of autism spectrum conditions.

>

> In an autism diagnosis, two types of behaviours must be displayed;

> those that reflect social impairment such as a difficulty in

making

> friends and non-social obsessive and repetitive behaviours such as

> sticking to rigid routines. These two types of symptoms can both

have

> massive impact on children's development. The researchers were

> motivated to investigate these two components separately because

they

> represent two very different types of behaviours and it is not

clear

> why they co-occur in autism spectrum conditions.

>

> The study collected data from the UK-based Twins Early Development

> Study (TEDS) through parent and teacher reports on 3000 pairs of

> seven-year-old twins. Participants completed a questionnaire

designed

> to assess social and non-social behaviours that are characteristic

of

> autism spectrum conditions but also seen in the general

population.

> The questions assessed the extent to which the twins displayed a

> range of behaviours, such as how considerate of other people's

> feelings they are or whether they are fussy and over-particular.

>

> The researchers found that identical twins (where each twin shares

> the same set of genes) tended to show similar levels of social

> impairments to each other: i.e. both twins would show either many

or

> few social impairments. In contrast, fraternal twins (where only a

> proportion of their genes are shared) often had very different

levels

> of social impairments to each other. The same pattern of results

was

> found in the twins for non-social behaviours. This demonstrated

that

> both social and non-social behaviours are highly heritable, that

is,

> a large proportion of the variation of these types of behaviours

in

> the general population is due to genetic influences.

>

> The researchers then posed themselves a new question: whether

social

> and non-social behaviours are influenced by the same set of genes.

If

> the same genes operate on both, one would expect high correlations

> between social impairments in one twin and non-social behaviours

in

> the other twin in identical twin pairs. Lower correlations would

be

> expected in fraternal twins because they do not share all their

genes.

>

> The researchers did not find evidence to suggest that the same

genes

> are involved. They found that social and non-social impairments

did

> not correlate very highly and in many cases, for example, if one

> identical twin showed social impairments, their co-twin did not

show

> any non-social impairments. The results of this study indicated

that

> most of the genes influencing social impairments are different to

> those that influence non-social behaviours.

>

> Dr said: " This study suggests for the first time

that

> social and non-social behaviours, which are both shown in autism

> spectrum conditions, are caused by mainly different sets of genes.

It

> suggests that 'genes for autism' is a misnomer: there are several

> genetically distinct components involved. This finding has

important

> implications for DNA and brain studies: it may be better to study

the

> social and non-social components separately rather than requiring

> that a child has both components, which is what traditional

diagnosis

> requires. "

>

> The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a national organisation

funded

> by the UK tax-payer. Its business is medical research aimed at

> improving human health; everyone stands to benefit from the

outputs.

> The research it supports and the scientists it trains meet the

needs

> of the health services, the pharmaceutical and other health-

related

> industries and the academic world. MRC has funded work which has

led

> to some of the most significant discoveries and achievements in

> medicine in the UK. About half of the MRC's expenditure of more

than

> £500 million is invested in its 40 Institutes, Units and Centres.

> The

> remaining half goes in the form of grant support and training

awards

> to individuals and teams in universities and medical schools. Web

> site at: http://www.mrc.ac.uk.

>

> King's College London (http://www.kcl.ac.uk) is one of the two

oldest

> and largest colleges of the University of London with over 13,800

> undergraduate students and nearly 5,700 postgraduates in nine

schools

> of study. It is a member of the Group: a coalition of the

> UK's major research-based universities. The College has had 24 of

its

> subject-areas awarded the highest rating of 5* and 5 for research

> quality, demonstrating excellence at an international level, and

it

> has recently received an excellent result in its audit by the

Quality

> Assurance Agency. King's is in the top group of UK universities

for

> research earnings, with income from grants and contracts of £100

> million, and has an annual turnover of more than £348 million. In

> 2004 the College was once again awarded an AA- financial credit

> rating from Standard & Poor's.

>

> The Institute of Psychiatry (http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk) is a world-

> renowned centre for treatment, research and training in psychiatry

> and mental health. Part of King's College London, it is closely

> affiliated to the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and King's

> College Hospital NHS Trust. The organisation is involved in

> pioneering new and improved ways of understanding and treating

mental

> illness and brain disease. Its wide-ranging field of work includes

> depression, eating disorders, brain imaging, genetics and

psychosis.

> The Institute was one of only two organisations in the field of

> psychiatry which received a five star rating in the 2001 Research

> Assessment Exercise conducted by the Higher Education Funding

Council

> for England.

>

> Courtesy of Newswire

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Again I'm inclined to point out that there are always exceptions to

the rules - I have dark hair and blue eyes - although I was born with

blonde hair it rapidly turned dark. My son has dark hair - was born

with dark hair and has blue eyes - all my family have blue eyes. My

mother, father and brother are all fairly tall and yet I am just over

5ft 3 " tall.

> I believe that skin color, eye color and hair color are all

seperate

> genes, yet certain combinations tend to be grouped together. For

> example brown skin and tan skin tends to be grouped with brown eyes

> and black or dark brown hair. No one thinks this is particularly

> odd. We recognize that what we call race or ethnic group is not

> just a matter of one gene. Perhaps a similiar thing can be said

> about AS.

>

> Ilah

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Again I'm inclined to point out that there are always exceptions to

the rules - I have dark hair and blue eyes - although I was born with

blonde hair it rapidly turned dark. My son has dark hair - was born

with dark hair and has blue eyes - all my family have blue eyes. My

mother, father and brother are all fairly tall and yet I am just over

5ft 3 " tall.

> I believe that skin color, eye color and hair color are all

seperate

> genes, yet certain combinations tend to be grouped together. For

> example brown skin and tan skin tends to be grouped with brown eyes

> and black or dark brown hair. No one thinks this is particularly

> odd. We recognize that what we call race or ethnic group is not

> just a matter of one gene. Perhaps a similiar thing can be said

> about AS.

>

> Ilah

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,

I did, but I just didn't comment on it.

I took quite a feel anthropology classes in college with professors who

theorized that the brain was in a perpetual state of evolution, and

common sense tells you that the human brain is still evolving anyway.

Look at all the progess the human race has made in the last 200 years

compared to LACK of progress the prior 1800 years.

Generally speaking, inventiveness and developmental abilities seemed to

have forever been on a slow incline throughout recorded history, but

there has been a notable spike within the past 200 years.

The question is, what are we (Aspies)?

Are we an offshoot that may be progessing faster intellectuall speaking

that the rest of our fellow humans?

Hard to say.

At any rate, there is now at lejast some scientific evidence to suggest

that continuous evolution of the brain is almost a certainty.

And if the rest of society can get their minds around that, then

perhaps it will rise out of the moral and ethical morass it has

recently fallen into in favor of a new period of enlightenent both of

body and being.

Tom

Did anyone read the post I put up about brain evolution?

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Actually what I was thinking of were groups like Blacks, Asians,

Native Americans. People with brown eyes can have all colors of

skin and hair. People with dark hair can have all colors of eyes

and skin. However, people with brown or tan skin tend to almost

always have brown eyes and black or dark brown hair. (Where I live

lots of black ladies bleach or dye their hair, but I am referring to

natural color.) Why do we see all sorts of color combination for

those of Eurpean decent while the rest of the world is all shades of

brown and black and tan?

Ilah

> > I believe that skin color, eye color and hair color are all

> seperate

> > genes, yet certain combinations tend to be grouped together.

For

> > example brown skin and tan skin tends to be grouped with brown

eyes

> > and black or dark brown hair. No one thinks this is

particularly

> > odd. We recognize that what we call race or ethnic group is not

> > just a matter of one gene. Perhaps a similiar thing can be said

> > about AS.

> >

> > Ilah

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: > Blue eyes are actually a recessive genetic trait. That means both the mother and father have to have the gene for it to express, though they do not necessarily have to be blue eyed themselves.

I know that.

> As for the differences it has to do with the amount of light in the environment. It is believed that light colored eyes like blue and green allow more light into the eye than brown and black eyes. Because the is relatively less light in the northern areas, there are more light colored eyes, while there is more in tropical regions, darker eyes are more common.

That's very obvious, yes. African body types also tend to be long and thin so as not to retain heat wheras Asian body types are more compact and seem to have initially been designed for a more arctic climate (and the rest of us somewhere inbetween).

> I'm not so sure about hair color though. That is probably a combination of climate and natural selection. By natural selection I mean perhaps red and blond hair were a mutation but one that had some advantage, such as making that person more desirable as a mate, so it was passed on.

Very likely. (Unless they were introduced by genetic manipulation or visitors from other solar sytems.) ;-)

> Is it true blue eyes are actually weaker, to some extent mutation?

EVERYONE has blue eyes. But most people have a layer of pigment on top of the blue which makes them green, hazel or brown, depending on thickness and distribution of the pigment layer. The eye pigment usually comes with more pigment in skin & hair too (unless one has the red-head gene that makes your skin very pale and freckled). The pigment gives some protection against the sun. Blue eyes seem to be more light sensitive.

Here I have uploaded a picture of various iris colors: http://photos./group//lst?.dir=/Iris+colors & .src=gr & .order= & .view=t & .done=http%3a//briefcase./

If you enlargen it, you can see:

1a - a rare occurrance where only half of the bottom blue is covered by brown pigment

1b - a grey-blue iris without extra pigment

2a - a thin pigment layer on grey-blue = gray-green

2b - yellow pigment spots on blue = olive

3a - a medium pigment layer = hazel

3b - a thick pigment layer = brown

The expression 'blue-eyed (= naive & gullible AKA ''born yesterday') alludes to being born blue-eyed before one's iris is covered with pigment. Though I don't know if this is true of humans too or only occurs in animals, e.g. cats?

Inger

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: > Blue eyes are actually a recessive genetic trait. That means both the mother and father have to have the gene for it to express, though they do not necessarily have to be blue eyed themselves.

I know that.

> As for the differences it has to do with the amount of light in the environment. It is believed that light colored eyes like blue and green allow more light into the eye than brown and black eyes. Because the is relatively less light in the northern areas, there are more light colored eyes, while there is more in tropical regions, darker eyes are more common.

That's very obvious, yes. African body types also tend to be long and thin so as not to retain heat wheras Asian body types are more compact and seem to have initially been designed for a more arctic climate (and the rest of us somewhere inbetween).

> I'm not so sure about hair color though. That is probably a combination of climate and natural selection. By natural selection I mean perhaps red and blond hair were a mutation but one that had some advantage, such as making that person more desirable as a mate, so it was passed on.

Very likely. (Unless they were introduced by genetic manipulation or visitors from other solar sytems.) ;-)

> Is it true blue eyes are actually weaker, to some extent mutation?

EVERYONE has blue eyes. But most people have a layer of pigment on top of the blue which makes them green, hazel or brown, depending on thickness and distribution of the pigment layer. The eye pigment usually comes with more pigment in skin & hair too (unless one has the red-head gene that makes your skin very pale and freckled). The pigment gives some protection against the sun. Blue eyes seem to be more light sensitive.

Here I have uploaded a picture of various iris colors: http://photos./group//lst?.dir=/Iris+colors & .src=gr & .order= & .view=t & .done=http%3a//briefcase./

If you enlargen it, you can see:

1a - a rare occurrance where only half of the bottom blue is covered by brown pigment

1b - a grey-blue iris without extra pigment

2a - a thin pigment layer on grey-blue = gray-green

2b - yellow pigment spots on blue = olive

3a - a medium pigment layer = hazel

3b - a thick pigment layer = brown

The expression 'blue-eyed (= naive & gullible AKA ''born yesterday') alludes to being born blue-eyed before one's iris is covered with pigment. Though I don't know if this is true of humans too or only occurs in animals, e.g. cats?

Inger

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Humans also are born with blue-ish eyes. Though in darkskinned babies this changes a lot faster than in whiter babies.

My eldest daughter changed eye-colour during a year, it went from blue to grey to light brown. My youngest has dark brown eyes since she was a few weeks, but was born with darkblue eyes.

I have light-green/yellow eyes.

Children with a lot of pigment are born with this 'reservoir' of pigment at the bottom of their backs, above their bottom, this is called a 'mongol spot' in the Netherlands. It looks like a very large bruise. While they grow this 'spot' (which can be of a diameter of about 10 cm) slowly disappears while the body is using this reservoir. When they are about 12 it disappeared.

Lida

Inger wrote:

The expression 'blue-eyed (= naive & gullible AKA ''born yesterday') alludes to being born blue-eyed before one's iris is covered with pigment. Though I don't know if this is true of humans too or only occurs in animals, e.g. cats?

Inger

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In a message dated 9/15/2005 6:20:03 AM Eastern Standard Time, ururu@... writes:

Humans also are born with blue-ish eyes. Though in darkskinned babies this changes a lot faster than in whiter babies.

My eldest daughter changed eye-colour during a year, it went from blue to grey to light brown. My youngest has dark brown eyes since she was a few weeks, but was born with darkblue eyes.

I have light-green/yellow eyes.

I just remembered something that could apply here.

Some time ago I was watching a program that mentioned something called the "cuteness factor". This was a set of traits in mammalian babies that was more or less universal. These traits include large eyes, small forehead, large cheeks. It is believed that these traits enhance the parent's attraction to the infant thus increasing the chances it will survive.

You can see these traits in human children as well. It is also possible that bright blue eyes were also an initial survival trait just as fair skin could also be.

Interestingly, some of the most popular cartoon characters have shared these traits. Bugs Bunny is a perfect example.

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Inger,

This is true that men and women fancy different facial feature types. However, what is most valued is symmetry. Studies have shown that the more balanced both sides of a person's face is, the more attractive them will be considered. Of course there is still variablility there based on personal preference of the viewer and also how closely each person is to the "ideal" for their sex.

About blue eyes. I was thinking my explaination was ok but lacking so I'll try again.

Blue eyes = b, all other colors = B

So, brown eyes with no blue recessive (BB) crosses with another (BB) = all BB and no blue eyes.

BB crossed with Bb = BB, Bb, BB, Bb: again no blue eyes but the recessive trait is passed on.

Bb crossed with Bb = BB, Bb, Bb, bb: or a 1 in 4 change of blue eyes and a 1 in 2 change of the trait being passed on but not expressed.

Bb crossed with bb = Bb, Bb, bb, bb: which has a 50% chance of blue eyes expressing and a 50% chance of it not but the recessive trait being passed on.

bb crossed with bb = all bb which means the recessive trait will be expressed in all cases and will also be passed on.

Again, just because the trait is passed on does not mean it will express in the next generation. Being recessive, the only way for blue eyes to appear is bb, which is relatively rare.

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I believe this is called neoteny or something like that. Leif would probably know more about it.

Many claim that it plays a role in how attractive a female face is percieved as. Males on the other hand are usually considered most attractive the more opposite of such traits they have. Thus there seems to be a scale going from baby via adult female to adult male on the other extreme end.

Inger

wrote:

> I remembered something that could apply here.

Some time ago I was watching a program that mentioned something called the "cuteness factor". This was a set of traits in mammalian babies that was more or less universal. These traits include large eyes, small forehead, large cheeks. It is believed that these traits enhance the parent's attraction to the infant thus increasing the chances it will survive.

You can see these traits in human children as well. It is also possible that bright blue eyes were also an initial survival trait just as fair skin could also be.

Interestingly, some of the most popular cartoon characters have shared these traits. Bugs Bunny is a perfect example.

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Thanks, Lida. Since I don't have any kids of my own I wasn't sure.

Inger

Re: Re: Genetics and autism

Humans also are born with blue-ish eyes. Though in darkskinned babies this changes a lot faster than in whiter babies.

My eldest daughter changed eye-colour during a year, it went from blue to grey to light brown. My youngest has dark brown eyes since she was a few weeks, but was born with darkblue eyes.

I have light-green/yellow eyes.

Children with a lot of pigment are born with this 'reservoir' of pigment at the bottom of their backs, above their bottom, this is called a 'mongol spot' in the Netherlands. It looks like a very large bruise. While they grow this 'spot' (which can be of a diameter of about 10 cm) slowly disappears while the body is using this reservoir. When they are about 12 it disappeared.

Lida

Inger wrote:

The expression 'blue-eyed (= naive & gullible AKA ''born yesterday') alludes to being born blue-eyed before one's iris is covered with pigment. Though I don't know if this is true of humans too or only occurs in animals, e.g. cats?

Inger

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I have seen those studies. I, however, find asymmetry rather charming. I rarely see the attractiveness in that which is generally deemed to be.

What I find most attractive (in both sexes) is natural hair color, moderate overweight and a slightly shorter-than-average distance between nose and upper lip. (I've always been obsessed with lips.)

Inger

Re: Re: Genetics and autism

Inger,

This is true that men and women fancy different facial feature types. However, what is most valued is symmetry. Studies have shown that the more balanced both sides of a person's face is, the more attractive them will be considered. Of course there is still variablility there based on personal preference of the viewer and also how closely each person is to the "ideal" for their sex.

About blue eyes. I was thinking my explaination was ok but lacking so I'll try again.

Blue eyes = b, all other colors = B

So, brown eyes with no blue recessive (BB) crosses with another (BB) = all BB and no blue eyes.

BB crossed with Bb = BB, Bb, BB, Bb: again no blue eyes but the recessive trait is passed on.

Bb crossed with Bb = BB, Bb, Bb, bb: or a 1 in 4 change of blue eyes and a 1 in 2 change of the trait being passed on but not expressed.

Bb crossed with bb = Bb, Bb, bb, bb: which has a 50% chance of blue eyes expressing and a 50% chance of it not but the recessive trait being passed on.

bb crossed with bb = all bb which means the recessive trait will be expressed in all cases and will also be passed on.

Again, just because the trait is passed on does not mean it will express in the next generation. Being recessive, the only way for blue eyes to appear is bb, which is relatively rare.

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  • 4 months later...

I think in our case there certainly is a connection: My oldest son,

25, has autism and so does his cousin in LV, NV. The father of my

oldest son has narcolepsy, a neurological disorder. msherrett.

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