Re: Practicing innate healing

[Guest guest]

Over the years, I've seen a certain class of trauma victims left with chronic pain that does not seem to respond fully to traditional therapies. One unscientific predictor of who will ultimately overcome chronic pain and who will not (according to my informal observations) is mental state of the victim and attitude towards the pain itself. The one thing that I have seen time and time again is that those chronically injured clients of mine who take up yoga in a committed way tend to overcome their injuries and "recover" in terms of regaining control. I even routinely tell chronic pain clients that I am not licensed to nor do I purport to give medical or health care advise, however, yoga is the one thing that I have observed seems to help people like you. Now I don't know whether it is the yoga itself, the mental attitude and discipline of the type of person that would dedicate their time and energies to something like yoga, or a combination of the two. But there definitely appears to be something to it (in my unlicensed, unscientific, casual, and lay opinion). G. , Gatti, Gatti, et. al., Salem, Oregon.

From: [mailto: ] On Behalf Of dm.bones@...Sent: Saturday, December 17, 2005 7:02 AMoregon dcsSubject: Practicing innate healing

Friends,

It looks like the medicos have already started to farm yoga for the benefits it offers to patients. Why chiropractic has refused to embrace yoga is beyond me. In order for yoga to become a mainstream branch of health care, it needs an institutional setting to harvest it's empirical fruits. Chiropractic is the most natural fit for yoga, but so far no college has stepped up. In spite of WSCC's recent move to include massage therapy in it's institutional offerings, yoga is the much more potentially rich element.

For those who have been involved in both yoga and chiropractic, the understanding that yoga is the functional path for engaging our innate healing potentials is self-evident. Soon the health care industry will understand that recognizing and practicing the conscious control of our autonomic nervous system is one of the most powerful forces for health and healing available to humanity. What a shame that the profession long associated with innate healing is not leading the field in bringing human innate healing forward.

Sears

NW Portland

Chronically Ill Patients Turn to Yoga for Relief

Medical professionals have embraced meditative practices like yoga in managing illnesses. Studies have shown that yoga can, among other things, reduce fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis and lower anxiety in patients with cancer, heart disease or hypertension. In a recent preliminary study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, people with chronic insomnia who practiced yoga daily said that they were sleeping significantly better and for longer periods."

"We begin seated in a chair," said Mathis, who runs Unity Yoga in Mountainside, N.J., and who offers a weekly class for people with osteoporosis, "then do movements, raising arms over the head, stretching to the side." The class also does poses while standing against a wall. "The premise is that you're returning the spine to its natural alignment," she said.

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/15Fitness.html

[Guest guest]

Hey ,

I like your sentiments about yoga and have admired your website and your

encouragement of patients to actively address their pain complaints. Re:

your reference to WSCC's lack of appreciation of yoga...Fred Colley,

recently retired micro professor @ WSCC used to invite us to practice yoga

with him on campus. He had a Ashtanga practice for years. He and Mitch

Haas collaborated on some studies to evaluate yoga as an intervention in

several conditions. I'm not sure whether any are still in progress at the

school, but here is an abstract of one collaborative study Mitch was

involved in with OHSU. Be well and Happy Holidays!

Neurology. 2004 Jun 8;62(11):2058-64. Related Articles, Links

Click here to read

Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis.

Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Bourdette D, Carlsen J, Haas M, Hugos C,

Kraemer DF, Lawrence J, Mass M.

Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland

97239, USA. oken@...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of yoga and of aerobic exercise on

cognitive function, fatigue, mood, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis

(MS). METHODS: Subjects with clinically definite MS and Expanded Disability

Status Score less than or equal to 6.0 were randomly assigned to one of

three groups lasting 6 months: weekly Iyengar yoga class along with home

practice, weekly exercise class using a stationary bicycle along with home

exercise, or a waiting-list control group. Outcome assessments performed at

baseline and at the end of the 6-month period included a battery of

cognitive measures focused on attention, physiologic measures of alertness,

Profile of Mood States, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Multi-Dimensional

Fatigue Inventory (MFI), and Short Form (SF)-36 health-related quality of

life. RESULTS: Sixty-nine subjects were recruited and randomized. Twelve

subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention. There were no adverse

events related to the intervention. There were no effects from either of the

active interventions on either of the primary outcome measures of attention

or alertness. Both active interventions produced improvement in secondary

measures of fatigue compared to the control group: Energy and Fatigue

(Vitality) on the SF-36 and general fatigue on the MFI. There were no clear

changes in mood related to yoga or exercise. CONCLUSION: Subjects with MS

participating in either a 6-month yoga class or exercise class showed

significant improvement in measures of fatigue compared to a waiting-list

control group. There was no relative improvement of cognitive function in

either of the intervention groups.

Note new address!

W. Snell, D.C.

3942 SE Hawthorne Blvd.

Portland, OR 97214

Ph. 503-235-5484

Fax 503-235-3956

>From: " dm.bones@... " <dm.bones@...>

>oregon dcs < >

>Subject: Practicing innate healing

>Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 07:01:41 -0800

>

>Friends,

>

>It looks like the medicos have already started to farm yoga for the

>benefits it offers to patients. Why chiropractic has refused to embrace

>yoga is beyond me. In order for yoga to become a mainstream branch of

>health care, it needs an institutional setting to harvest it's empirical

>fruits. Chiropractic is the most natural fit for yoga, but so far no

>college has stepped up. In spite of WSCC's recent move to include massage

>therapy in it's institutional offerings, yoga is the much more potentially

>rich element.

>For those who have been involved in both yoga and chiropractic, the

>understanding that yoga is the functional path for engaging our innate

>healing potentials is self-evident. Soon the health care industry will

>understand that recognizing and practicing the conscious control of our

>autonomic nervous system is one of the most powerful forces for health and

>healing available to humanity. What a shame that the profession long

>associated with innate healing is not leading the field in bringing human

>innate healing forward.

>

> Sears

>NW Portland

>

> Chronically Ill Patients Turn to Yoga for Relief

>

>Medical professionals have embraced meditative practices like yoga in

>managing illnesses. Studies have shown that yoga can, among other things,

>reduce fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis and lower anxiety in

>patients with cancer, heart disease or hypertension. In a recent

>preliminary study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, people with

>chronic insomnia who practiced yoga daily said that they were sleeping

>significantly better and for longer periods. "

>

> " We begin seated in a chair, " said Mathis, who runs Unity Yoga in

>Mountainside, N.J., and who offers a weekly class for people with

>osteoporosis, " then do movements, raising arms over the head, stretching to

>the side. " The class also does poses while standing against a wall. " The

>premise is that you're returning the spine to its natural alignment, " she

>said.

>

>http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/15Fitness.html

[Guest guest]

Hi ,

Thanks for your kind post. I remember what a dedicated yogi Fred

Colley was and probably still is. I was very pleased to see that the

school had gone forward with some study of yoga. I teach at the same

studio location where Lawrence's MS class was held. The study

that you share was a good start, but undifferentiated for style of yoga

studied.

I would like to see WSCC focus on NMS and autonomic NS parameters of

yoga using open-chain resting postures which are accessible to nearly

everyone. On the NMS side, we should be looking for something that

reduces body pain and increases ROM at critical landmarks; on the

autonomic NS side, it would need to reduce respiratory rates while

increasing tidal volume (amount of air moving in and out on one

breath), reduce heart and blood pressure rates, and improve immune

function. Such an outcome would be extremely helpful to patients.

Taught and marketed as core chiropractic yoga, it would help position

the profession at the head of the wellness and self-care movement.

This is going to happen and it should be chiropractic that takes the

lead. I posted earlier about Life CC's effort

<http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3987/is_200501/

ai_n9474875> in this regard, but this is clearly not evidence-based nor

sophisticated in terms of yogic experience. Their protocols seems more

market driven than evidenced-based, but they have the idea.

Sears

NW Portland

On Dec 17, 2005, at 10:32 AM, Snell wrote:

> Hey ,

> I like your sentiments about yoga and have admired your website and

> your

> encouragement of patients to actively address their pain complaints. 

> Re:

> your reference to WSCC's lack of appreciation of yoga...Fred Colley,

> recently retired micro professor @ WSCC used to invite us to practice

> yoga

> with him on campus.  He had a Ashtanga practice for years.  He and

> Mitch

> Haas collaborated on some studies to evaluate yoga as an intervention

> in

> several conditions.  I'm not sure whether any are still in progress

> at the

> school, but here is an abstract of one collaborative study Mitch was

> involved in with OHSU.  Be well and Happy Holidays!

>

> Neurology. 2004 Jun 8;62(11):2058-64.       Related Articles, Links

>     Click here to read

>     Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple

> sclerosis.

>

>     Oken BS, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Bourdette D, Carlsen J, Haas M,

> Hugos C,

> Kraemer DF, Lawrence J, Mass M.

>

>     Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University,

> Portland

> 97239, USA. oken@...

>

>     OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of yoga and of aerobic

> exercise on

> cognitive function, fatigue, mood, and quality of life in multiple

> sclerosis

> (MS). METHODS: Subjects with clinically definite MS and Expanded

> Disability

> Status Score less than or equal to 6.0 were randomly assigned to one

> of

> three groups lasting 6 months: weekly Iyengar yoga class along with

> home

> practice, weekly exercise class using a stationary bicycle along with

> home

> exercise, or a waiting-list control group. Outcome assessments

> performed at

> baseline and at the end of the 6-month period included a battery of

> cognitive measures focused on attention, physiologic measures of

> alertness,

> Profile of Mood States, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,

> Multi-Dimensional

> Fatigue Inventory (MFI), and Short Form (SF)-36 health-related

> quality of

> life. RESULTS: Sixty-nine subjects were recruited and randomized.

> Twelve

> subjects did not finish the 6-month intervention. There were no

> adverse

> events related to the intervention. There were no effects from either

> of the

> active interventions on either of the primary outcome measures of

> attention

> or alertness. Both active interventions produced improvement in

> secondary

> measures of fatigue compared to the control group: Energy and Fatigue

> (Vitality) on the SF-36 and general fatigue on the MFI. There were no

> clear

> changes in mood related to yoga or exercise. CONCLUSION: Subjects

> with MS

> participating in either a 6-month yoga class or exercise class showed

> significant improvement in measures of fatigue compared to a

> waiting-list

> control group. There was no relative improvement of cognitive

> function in

> either of the intervention groups.

>

> Note new address!

> W. Snell, D.C.

> 3942 SE Hawthorne Blvd.

> Portland, OR 97214

> Ph. 503-235-5484

> Fax 503-235-3956

>

>

>

>

> >From: " dm.bones@... " <dm.bones@...>

> >oregon dcs < >

> >Subject: Practicing innate healing

> >Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 07:01:41 -0800

> >

> >Friends,

> >

> >It looks like the medicos have already started to farm yoga for the

> >benefits it offers to patients.  Why chiropractic has refused to

> embrace

> >yoga is beyond me.  In order for yoga to become a mainstream branch

> of

> >health care, it needs an institutional setting to harvest it's

> empirical

> >fruits.  Chiropractic is the most natural fit for yoga, but so far no

> >college has stepped up.  In spite of WSCC's recent move to include

> massage

> >therapy in it's institutional offerings, yoga is the much more

> potentially

> >rich element.

> >For those who have been involved in both yoga and chiropractic, the

> >understanding that yoga is the functional path for engaging our

> innate

> >healing potentials is self-evident.  Soon the health care industry

> will

> >understand that recognizing and practicing the conscious control of

> our

> >autonomic nervous system is one of the most powerful forces for

> health and

> >healing available to humanity.  What a shame that the profession long

> >associated with innate healing is not leading the field in bringing

> human

> >innate healing forward.

> >

> > Sears

> >NW Portland

> >

> >  Chronically Ill Patients Turn to Yoga for Relief

> >

> >Medical professionals have embraced meditative practices like yoga in

> >managing illnesses. Studies have shown that yoga can, among other

> things,

> >reduce fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis and lower anxiety in

> >patients with cancer, heart disease or hypertension. In a recent

> >preliminary study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, people

> with

> >chronic insomnia who practiced yoga daily said that they were

> sleeping

> >significantly better and for longer periods. "

> >

> > " We begin seated in a chair, " said Mathis, who runs Unity

> Yoga in

> >Mountainside, N.J., and who offers a weekly class for people with

> >osteoporosis, " then do movements, raising arms over the head,

> stretching to

> >the side. " The class also does poses while standing against a wall.

> " The

> >premise is that you're returning the spine to its natural

> alignment, " she

> >said.

> >

>

> >http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/

> 15Fitness.html

>

>

>

>

> OregonDCs rules:

> 1. Keep correspondence professional; the purpose of the listserve is

> to foster communication and collegiality. No personal attacks on

> listserve members will be tolerated.

> 2. Always sign your e-mails with your first and last name.

> 3. The listserve is not secure; your e-mail could end up anywhere.

> However, it is against the rules of the listserve to copy, print,

> forward, or otherwise distribute correspondence written by another

> member without his or her consent, unless all personal identifiers

> have been removed.

>

>

>

>

[Guest guest]

On Dec 17, 2005, at 10:07 AM, wrote:

> The one thing that I have seen time and time again is that those

> chronically injured clients of mine who take up yoga in a committed

> way tend to overcome their injuries and " recover " in terms of

> regaining control.

Hi ,

Thanks for your insights here. You're right on the point about gaining

control. There is a photo used in stress management of a jet which has

taken off from a aircraft carrier at sea. The jet has circled the ship

and is flying parallel to it with one wing tip down toward the water

and the other tip pointed skyward. The photo shows the faces of four

crew members in the cockpit. Three of those faces are showing

considerable stress. The fourth face, the pilot's, is calm and appears

stress-free. Even though all four are in the same physical

circumstance, only the one who is exercising control avoids stress.

Simply stated, the amount of stress hormone cascade we are experiencing

moment to moment is a direct reflection of how comfortable our

breathing is at that moment. This ability for self-control demands

recognition and practice in order to be utilized. But, once achieved,

the physician (and the attorney) may heal themselves.

This is innate; and chiropractic.

Sears

NW Portland

[Guest guest]

,

Thanks for this. I'd like to add my second to the assertion that yoga is a

wonderful adjunct to the care we provide. For those who shun the idea of

yoga due to its supposed " religious " connotations, many of the same benefits

can be derived at least in part by the judicious teaching of appropriate

" stretches " and breathing techniques (slow abdominal breathing rather than

" chest breathing " ). Don't we after all teach those elements already?

Wonderful discussion.

Terry L. Petty, D.C.

(now a proud and happy Portlander)

>From: " Snell " <drpsnell@...>

>

>Subject: RE: Practicing innate healing

>Date: Sat, 17 Dec 2005 10:32:22 -0800

>

>Hey ,

>I like your sentiments about yoga and have admired your website and your

>encouragement of patients to actively address their pain complaints. Re:

>your reference to WSCC's lack of appreciation of yoga...Fred Colley,

>recently retired micro professor @ WSCC used to invite us to practice yoga

>with him on campus. He had a Ashtanga practice for years. He and Mitch

>Haas collaborated on some studies to evaluate yoga as an intervention in

>several conditions. I'm not sure whether any are still in progress at the

>school, but here is an abstract of one collaborative study Mitch was

>involved in with OHSU. Be well and Happy Holidays!

>

_________________________________________________________________

Is your PC infected? Get a FREE online computer virus scan from McAfee®

Security. http://clinic.mcafee.com/clinic/ibuy/campaign.asp?cid=3963

[Guest guest]

On Dec 18, 2005, at 10:42 AM, Terry Petty wrote:

> ... breathing techniques (slow abdominal breathing rather than

> " chest breathing " ). Don't we after all teach those elements already?

>

Hi Terry,

I would suggest that telling the " chiropractic yoga " story is not now

being taught at chiropractic colleges. Some practitioners may be

correcting paradoxical breathing patterns, and using conscious

breathing techniques to facilitate relaxation effects, particularly

with manual therapy, and maybe speaking from personal experience....

But, wouldn't engaging the story bring now isolated personal experience

before the group for mutual consideration,

refining it's real effects and broadening knowledge beyond any

individual's contribution? Seems so. I've been keeping track of

positive responses; maybe the thread can become more defined? I agree:

a nice consultation.

Sears

NW Portland

[Guest guest]

All,

I first started practicing yoga in 1971. I eventually got certified as in instructor from a yoga institute in California in about 1978. Besides incorporating it into my daily life, (I've used it as a form of self-manipulation) and teaching for years, I also give specific yoga stretches (poses) to patients. If you get a chance to take a class in either classical yoga, or yoga with a therapy ball, I highly advise it. It's great for your personal spinal health and can benefit your patients. I think Bruce Chaser DC has a yoga studio at his clinic. 503 235-5484. You can choose poses for specific injuries and custom design stretches for your patients. The specific stretches can empower patients in 'self-manipulation' of problem areas. I know this may be a controversial topic to suggest that patients can adjust their own spines. It takes very personalized training. There's the whole 'passive' vs 'active' care model to wrestle with. However, I think in most cases you can show a patient how to care for their chronic injuries in order to reduce the number of 'wellness' care appointments needed once they are released. Showing these specific stretches can give hope to patients in chronic pain. When a person has a sense of control over their pain, they are less likely to suffer pain syndrome depressions, more likely to be able to return to some form of meaningful work and be less dependant on medications. I highly recommend yoga. I had the good fortune to attend yoga classes with Fred Colley as well. He retired from WSCC this year and will be missed.

Minga Guerrero DC

In a message dated 12/17/2005 7:02:35 AM Pacific Standard Time, dm.bones@... writes:

Friends,It looks like the medicos have already started to farm yoga for the benefits it offers to patients. Why chiropractic has refused to embrace yoga is beyond me. In order for yoga to become a mainstream branch of health care, it needs an institutional setting to harvest it's empirical fruits. Chiropractic is the most natural fit for yoga, but so far no college has stepped up. In spite of WSCC's recent move to include massage therapy in it's institutional offerings, yoga is the much more potentially rich element.For those who have been involved in both yoga and chiropractic, the understanding that yoga is the functional path for engaging our innate healing potentials is self-evident. Soon the health care industry will understand that recognizing and practicing the conscious control of our autonomic nervous system is one of the most powerful forces for health and healing available to humanity. What a shame that the profession long associated with innate healing is not leading the field in bringing human innate healing forward. SearsNW Portland Chronically Ill Patients Turn to Yoga for ReliefMedical professionals have embraced meditative practices like yoga in managing illnesses. Studies have shown that yoga can, among other things, reduce fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis and lower anxiety in patients with cancer, heart disease or hypertension. In a recent preliminary study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, people with chronic insomnia who practiced yoga daily said that they were sleeping significantly better and for longer periods.""We begin seated in a chair," said Mathis, who runs Unity Yoga in Mountainside, N.J., and who offers a weekly class for people with osteoporosis, "then do movements, raising arms over the head, stretching to the side." The class also does poses while standing against a wall. "The premise is that you're returning the spine to its natural alignment," she said.http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/15Fitness.html

[Guest guest]

On Dec 19, 2005, at 12:39 PM, AboWoman@... wrote:

> The specific stretches can empower patients in 'self-manipulation' of

> problem areas.

Hi Minga,

Thanks for your post and sharing your personal experience. I agree

with the self-manipulation you describe, as I suspect anyone who's

practiced a while would. This is all a common path (with yoga), with

signposts along the way toward feeling better, being healthier, happier

and smarter. It's effects are easily felt at the outset, with training

in conscious breathing; progresses to increased inner control over body

and mind, with the ability arising to scan the body in posture for

nervous system firing into specific muscles which we want to relax;

allows us to understand how to carry on in a field of gravity with a

relaxed spine; and results in our awakening and maturing to an inner

reality unique to each of us as individuals, but self-evidently

universal. I'm not on the mountain yet, but from these foothills, I

can see it.

Doesn't this seem consistent with our efforts to be good

teacher/physicians with our patients? And, if so, wouldn't it be

beneficial to subject this experience to academics, both with focused

research and classroom instruction?

Sears

NW Portland

[Guest guest]

Minga and all,

Let me add my voice to the chorus singing the praises of yoga. I learned of

yoga's wondrous value from two WSCC student doc's back in the late 70's. Dr.

Jana Saunders and Steve Katz both took time to teach me Hatha yoga as a patient

in 1978. It helped change my life along with chiropractic. I intered Life CC

in 1980. In my mind Yoga and chiropractic have always been intertwined in a

most exciting way.

I have taught yoga and continue to practice it religiously. It is one of the

fountains of youth-along with our beloved chiropractic.

Will Schneider

Portland

---------- Original Message ----------------------------------

From: AboWoman@...

Date: Mon, 19 Dec 2005 15:39:14 EST

>All,

>I first started practicing yoga in 1971. I eventually got certified as in

>instructor from a yoga institute in California in about 1978. Besides

>incorporating it into my daily life, (I've used it as a form of

self-manipulation) and

>teaching for years, I also give specific yoga stretches (poses) to patients. If

>you get a chance to take a class in either classical yoga, or yoga with a

>therapy ball, I highly advise it. It's great for your personal spinal health

and

>can benefit your patients. I think Bruce Chaser DC has a yoga studio at his

>clinic. 503 235-5484. You can choose poses for specific injuries and custom

>design stretches for your patients. The specific stretches can empower patients

in

>'self-manipulation' of problem areas. I know this may be a controversial topic

>to suggest that patients can adjust their own spines. It takes very

>personalized training. There's the whole 'passive' vs 'active' care model to

wrestle

>with. However, I think in most cases you can show a patient how to care for

>their chronic injuries in order to reduce the number of 'wellness' care

>appointments needed once they are released. Showing these specific stretches

can give

>hope to patients in chronic pain. When a person has a sense of control over

>their pain, they are less likely to suffer pain syndrome depressions, more

likely

>to be able to return to some form of meaningful work and be less dependant on

>medications. I highly recommend yoga. I had the good fortune to attend yoga

>classes with Fred Colley as well. He retired from WSCC this year and will be

>missed.

>Minga Guerrero DC

>

>In a message dated 12/17/2005 7:02:35 AM Pacific Standard Time,

>dm.bones@... writes:

>Friends,

>

>It looks like the medicos have already started to farm yoga for the

>benefits it offers to patients. Why chiropractic has refused to

>embrace yoga is beyond me. In order for yoga to become a mainstream

>branch of health care, it needs an institutional setting to harvest

>it's empirical fruits. Chiropractic is the most natural fit for yoga,

>but so far no college has stepped up. In spite of WSCC's recent move

>to include massage therapy in it's institutional offerings, yoga is the

>much more potentially rich element.

>For those who have been involved in both yoga and chiropractic, the

>understanding that yoga is the functional path for engaging our innate

>healing potentials is self-evident. Soon the health care industry will

>understand that recognizing and practicing the conscious control of our

>autonomic nervous system is one of the most powerful forces for health

>and healing available to humanity. What a shame that the profession

>long associated with innate healing is not leading the field in

>bringing human innate healing forward.

>

> Sears

>NW Portland

>

> Chronically Ill Patients Turn to Yoga for Relief

>

>Medical professionals have embraced meditative practices like yoga in

>managing illnesses. Studies have shown that yoga can, among other

>things, reduce fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis and lower

>anxiety in patients with cancer, heart disease or hypertension. In a

>recent preliminary study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,

>people with chronic insomnia who practiced yoga daily said that they

>were sleeping significantly better and for longer periods. "

>

> " We begin seated in a chair, " said Mathis, who runs Unity Yoga

>in Mountainside, N.J., and who offers a weekly class for people with

>osteoporosis, " then do movements, raising arms over the head,

>stretching to the side. " The class also does poses while standing

>against a wall. " The premise is that you're returning the spine to its

>natural alignment, " she said.

>

>http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/fashion/thursdaystyles/15Fitness.html

>

>