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Stress Found to Weaken Resistance to Illness

By Shankar Vedantam

Scientists are gaining new insights into the role of temperament in making

some people vulnerable to physical disease through studies exploring how stress

influences the immune system, weakening disease-fighting cells and creating

fertile environments for pathogens.

This month, a carefully done study showed that shy men have much less

resistance to the AIDS virus than extroverted men and benefit far less from

treatment with antiretroviral drugs. It is the first study to demonstrate

through laboratory tests a connection between being introverted and the course

of AIDS in individuals, researchers said.

Such studies are sketching in the details behind the growing awareness that the

workings of the body and mind cannot be neatly compartmentalized into the

departments and disciplines taught in medical school. As a result, paying

attention to the emotional state of patients with infectious and chronic

diseases is increasingly more than a matter of good bedside manner; it is

becoming an essential part of treatment.

Although the connection between emotion and disease has long been suspected --

physicians as early as the 2nd century A.D. observed a link between " melancholy "

and physical illness -- researchers are finally pinpointing networks of

biological systems that connect temperament with the progression of illness.

Cascades of complex chemical signals flow through pathways from the brain to the

body and back, often triggering " fight or flight " responses in the short term

but decreasing resistance to illness in the long run. Some signals speed up

heart rate; others burn muscle and bone. Some changes make cells more vulnerable

to viruses.

The consequences can be dramatic. In the new study, HIV-infected men who were

introverted, reserved and kept to themselves had nearly eight times as many

viral particles in their blood compared with outgoing men. After treatment with

antiretroviral drugs for as many as 18 months, the viral load among extroverted

men fell 162 fold. Among shy men, the drop was only 20 fold, said lead author

Steve Cole at the AIDS Institute of the University of California at Los Angeles.

" There is a link between psychological profile and poorer response to HIV, and

maybe even a number of other viral diseases, " agreed Fauci, director of

the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the federal

government's lead research center in the fight against AIDS.

Other research has shown similar connections between mental disorders such as

depression and AIDS, osteoporosis, even cancer. A study of 5,000 people with

depression showed they had twice the risk of developing cancer compared with

people without the mental disorder, said Spiegel, a professor of

psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine. And Philip Gold, chief of

the clinical neuroendocrinology branch at the National Institute of Mental

Health, found that pre-menopausal women who were depressed had a higher rate of

bone loss and a two- to three-fold higher risk of osteoporosis compared with

other women.

The UCLA study, published in the journal Biological Psychiatry, has offered

important clues into the physiological pathways through which stress influences

the body, which could soon suggest targets for treatment to combat its effects.

" People who have the shy, sensitive temperament seem to be more prone to having

sympathetic nervous system responses, " Cole said in an interview, referring to

the part of the nervous system that causes accelerated heart rate and other

unconscious changes. " They are more stressed by lots of things, including

contact with unfamiliar people. "

In shy people, the nervous systems may be more likely to produce a stress

reaction during social interactions -- so they maintain their internal stress

balance by limiting contact with other people.

Previous work had shown that AIDS progresses more rapidly in gay men who were

in the closet, compared with those who were " out. " Initially, Cole said,

scientists speculated that the hiding and secrecy raised the stress level and

made them vulnerable. But increasingly, he said, scientists think of being in

the closet as a marker -- rather than a cause -- of poor outcomes. Because shy

people are more sensitive to humiliation, rejection and the opinions of others,

shyness could be the reason some gay men with HIV stay in the closet as well as

have worse outcomes with AIDS.

Fauci agreed the research was promising but cautioned that the connections

between the neurological and immune system are extremely complex, and no single

mechanism is likely to provide the entire answer.

Cole said a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine that is involved in stress

reactions could be the link between social inhibition and worse prognosis in

AIDS.

" It's squirted out of one neuron and is received by another neuron, " Cole said.

" This happens with such intensity that norepinephrine spills into the blood.

That changes how your heart works. If we infect a cell with this, the virus

grows 10-fold faster. "

The next step would be to examine whether blocking norepinephrine affects the

AIDS outcome, Cole said. Common heart medications called beta-blockers can keep

the body from responding to the neurotransmitter.

" The nervous system communicates with the immune system, " agreed

, chief immunologist at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who has

studied another neurotransmitter, Substance P, that appears to play a similar

role linking depression with HIV infection. " That's what is so exciting. "

Scientists are far from understanding all the links in the bewildering number

of chemicals that establish feedback loops between the body and the brain, but

teams of researchers at the intersection of neurology, immunology and

endocrinology are working to chart all the pathways and signals.

Gold noted that stress is a normal response to threatening situations that has

been learned through evolution -- stress forces the body to choose short-term

performance over long-term health.

" It is not good to be lackadaisical if you are a rat being chased by a cat, " he

said. " There is a lot of circuitry in the brain that is organized to promote

anxiety. "

After the emergency is over, most people's internal chemical balance downshifts

into a more sedate state. But in some people, Gold said, things don't scale

down: " You are ready for stress, you are ready to bleed, you increase your

glucose. That is not a good state to stay in for months or years. The bone

breaks down; you get heart disease. "

Gold said an important conclusion is that people with emotional disorders

should be regularly monitored for osteoporosis and heart disease. And treating

mental disorders, he said, could be a definite step toward slowing -- even

preventing -- physical disease.

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