Army harvesting victim's blood to boost anthrax...

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Army harvested victims' blood to boost anthrax

Ex-scientists detail Detrick experiments

By Shane

Sun Staff

December 23, 2001

In an attempt to make America's biological arsenal more lethal during

the Cold War, the Army collected anthrax from the bodies or blood of

workers at Fort Detrick who were accidentally infected with the

bacteria, veterans of the biowarfare program say.

The experiments, during the 1950s and '60s, were based on long

experience with animals showing that anthrax often becomes more

virulent after infecting an animal and growing in its body, according

to experts on the bacteria and scientific studies published at the

time.

Former Army scientists say the anthrax strain used to make weapons

was replaced at least once, and possibly three times, with more

potent anthrax that had grown in the workers' bodies. But some of the

key scientists who did the work more than four decades ago are dead,

and records are classified, contradictory or nonexistent, so it is

difficult to establish with certainty the details of what happened.

The use of human accident victims to boost the killing power of the

nation's germ arsenal is a macabre footnote to a top-secret program

designed to destroy enemy troops with such exotic weapons as

botulism, smallpox, plague and paralytic shellfish poison.

The offensive bioweapons program was launched during World War II and

ended by President M. Nixon in 1969.

Today, after a few grams of mailed anthrax have killed five people,

sickened 13 others and disrupted the postal system and government,

the old program's gruesome potential for destruction seems

unimaginable. But at the time, fearing correctly that the Soviet

Union had an even larger bioweapons program, Army scientists were

driven to come up with more and more lethal disease strains.

" Any deadly diseases, anywhere in the world, we'd go and collect a

sample, " said Bill Walter, 76, who worked in the weapons program from

1951 until it closed.

Walter was involved in anthrax production from selection of seed

stock to the dry, deadly spore powder ready to be loaded into a bomb;

his final job was as " principal investigator " in a lab that studied

anthrax and other powder weapons.

Walter believes the original weapons strain of anthrax, a variety

called Vollum after the British scientist who isolated it, was

upgraded with bacteria collected from three Detrick workers who were

accidentally infected. Two of them died.

His recollection is supported by another veteran of the anthrax

program, 84-year-old R.E. . A third bioweapons veteran,

C. III, confirms two of the cases but says he is not

sure about the third.

" Anthrax gets stronger as it goes through a human host, " said Walter,

now retired in Florida. " So we got pulmonary [lung] spores from Bill

Boyles and Willard. And finally we got it from Lefty Kreh's

finger. "

A. Boyles, a 46-year-old microbiologist, inhaled anthrax

spores on the job in 1951 and died a few days later. Seven years

after that, E. Willard, 53, an electrician who worked in

the " hot " areas where animals were dosed with deadly germs, died of

the same inhalational form of the disease.

The third anthrax victim, Bernard " Lefty " Kreh, was a plant operator

who spent night shifts in a biohazard suit, breathing air from a tube

on the wall, using a kitchen spatula to scrape the anthrax " mud " off

the inside of a centrifuge. One day in the late '50s or early '60s,

his finger swelled to the size of a sausage with a cutaneous, or

skin, anthrax infection.

Kreh went on to become a nationally known outdoors writer and expert

on fly fishing. He did not know that the bacteria that had put him in

Fort Detrick's hospital for a month had gone on to another life, too -

as a sub-strain of anthrax bearing his initials.

" We called it 'LK' - that's what we'd put on the log sheets for each

run, " Walter said. A " run " was an 1,800-gallon batch of anthrax

mixture, grown in one of the 40-foot- high fermenters inside Building

470, which stands empty at Detrick, its demolition planned.

" Lefty's strain was rather easy to detect, " Walter said. When a

colony of bacteria grew on growth medium, he recalled, " it came out

like a little comma, perfectly spherical. "

Surprised by his role

Orley R. Bourland Jr., 75, who worked as a plant manager, said

anthrax from Kreh's finger was isolated and designated " BVK-1, " for

Bernard Victor Kreh.

Walter said he assumes the initials in the log sheets were shortened

by someone who knew the source of the new sub-strain of anthrax never

went by his formal name. Yet in the secret, compartmented biological

program, Kreh himself does not recall ever being informed of the use

to which his government put his illness.

" You're kidding, " Kreh said. " I'll have to tell my wife. " He doesn't

remember which finger it was, he said, but he does remember that his

wife, , could see him only through a glass barrier designed to

keep any dangerous microbes contained during treatment.

At 77, Kreh, who lives in Cockeysville, lives the full life of a

fishing celebrity, writing magazine articles, taking VIPs on fly-

fishing expeditions and endorsing products. A former outdoors

columnist for The Sun, he credits his 19 years at Fort Detrick with

giving him time to develop his expertise. Because of the rotating

night-shift work, he said, " Two out of three weeks I could hunt and

fish all day long. "

The available evidence confirming the use of bacteria from the two

men who died, Boyles and Willard, is less complete. W. Irving

Jr., 80, of Frederick, a biochemist, remembers his supervisor, Dr.

Ralph E. Lincoln, giving him an unusual request some months after the

electrician's death.

" Dr. Lincoln had me pull a sample of Willard's dried blood, "

said. " We were able to grow [the anthrax bacteria] right up. And it

was deadly, " a determination he made by testing it on animals.

said he cannot confirm the recollection of others that

Willard's sub-strain of anthrax was used for a new weapons strain.

That might well have happened, he said, if animal tests showed it to

be more virulent than the existing weapons strain, the only means of

checking potency at the time. But like any secret program, the Army's

biowarfare operation was run on a " need-to-know " basis, and weapons

development was not his bailiwick, said.

Contradictory evidence

The evidence on Boyles is contradictory. , who joined the

bioweapons program in 1951, the year the microbiologist died of

anthrax, said unequivocally that the Vollum weapons strain was

altered by passage through Boyles' body and became Vollum 1B.

" That's where Vollum 1B came from, " said , of Frederick, who

eventually headed Detrick's product development division. " It's 1-

Boyles. "

A review of scientific papers on anthrax published by Fort Detrick

scientists in the 1940s and '50s offers indirect support for

's contention. The Vollum strain found in the early Detrick

papers is first replaced by a Vollum sub-strain called " M36, "

produced by the British biological weapons program by passing the

Vollum strain through a series of monkeys to increase its virulence.

Then, in the late 1950s, references to the M36 variant of Vollum give

way to references to " the highly virulent Vollum 1B strain. " No 1A

strain seems to have existed. Nor is there an explanation of the 1B

sub-strain's origin - a break with the standard practice in

describing sub-strains derived from passage through animals.

On the other hand, a medical report prepared by the Army 18 years

after Boyles' death states that live anthrax bacteria " could not be

(and never was) cultivated from blood, sputum, nose and throat, or

skin at any time during the illness, not from tissue and fluids taken

at autopsy. "

The cause of death was confirmed by an autopsy finding of bacteria

resembling anthrax in the brain.

The absence of live bacteria may have a simple explanation. Doctors

say a person with inhalation anthrax who is given intravenous

antibiotics might soon show no live bacteria, even though the person

might still die of toxin produced earlier by the bacteria. But if the

medical report is accurate, it appears to rule out the possibility

that the weapons strain included bacteria collected during or after

Boyles' illness.

It is possible that after Boyles' death, blood taken early in his

illness was found to contain anthrax. Or, anthrax spores, which are

not killed by antibiotics, might have been found in his lungs after

death.

Scientists say it is possible, but not certain, that one pass through

a human host would boost the virulence of anthrax. Repeated passes

through a particular species usually increase the bacteria's

lethality toward that species, said L. Huxsoll, who oversaw

anthrax vaccine tests as commander of the Army's biodefense center in

the 1980s.

" If you pass it through a rabbit repeatedly, it will kill rabbits,

but it won't kill a cow, " Huxsoll said. In humans, " you could have a

switch toward more virulence on one passage, but it wouldn't

necessarily happen. "

Officials of the biological defense program at Fort Detrick, where

Vollum 1B is still used to test vaccines, do not know of any

connection to the accidental human infections, said Caree Vander

Linden, spokeswoman for the Army Medical Research Institute of

Infectious Diseases. One account passed down by a former staff member

was that Vollum 1B was produced by passage of the Vollum strain

through rabbits, she said.

If the " B " actually stands for Boyles, it's news to Boyles'

family. Boyles said Friday that her husband, M.

Boyles, 's son, had never heard of such a thing.

E. Willard, Willard's son, said the same. " Shock would

be my first feeling, " Willard said on hearing the evidence described

in this article. " Second would be that my mother or I should have

been made aware of it, if it happened. We should have been given more

information all along. "

But secrecy governed everything in the program, including the deaths,

because the American bioweapons makers had a keen awareness of the

threat from their counterparts in the Soviet Union, occasionally

supplemented by detailed information.

" We used to get intelligence reports telling me what my Russian

counterpart was doing, " Walter said. " Our rate and the Russian rate

was the same - about 7 kilograms of dry anthrax a week. "

Another parallel exists. If the United States took advantage of

tragic accidents to make its anthrax deadlier, those experiments were

mirrored at least once in the Soviet program. Far larger than the

U.S. effort, the Soviet biowarfare program was also secretly

continued after 1972, when the nations signed a treaty banning such

work.

According to Ken Alibek, a former deputy chief of the Soviet program

who defected to the United States in 1992, a scientist named Nikolai

Ustinov accidentally pricked himself while injecting a guinea pig

with Marburg virus in 1988. He died an agonizing death two weeks

later.

" No one needed to debate the next step, " Alibek wrote in his 1999

book Biohazard. " Orders went out immediately to replace the old

strain with the new, which was called, in a move the wry Ustinov

might have appreciated, 'Variant U.' "

Copyright © 2001, The Baltimore Sun