Vaccinia Vaccine Technique (smallpox)

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More on the vaccination technique for Vaccinia Vaccine

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Apart from the vaccine, the program also had to solve the problem of

developing an efficient technique of introducing the smallpox vaccine into

humans. The traditional vaccination technique was to scatch a drop of the

vaccine into the superficial skin layers, employing a rotary lancet or a

needle, which sometimes resulted in serious wounds. The scratch method was

clearly inadequate for large-scale vaccinations that were to be

accomplished in compressed time frames. Starting in 1963, the US National

Communicable Disease Center tested a hydraulic-powered jet injector that

could do over 1,000 vaccinations in an hour. The jet injector proved too

expensive for house-to-house vaccination in densely populated countries.

The third major technological innovation was the bifurcated needle. The new

freeze-dried vaccine required a different method of presenting single doses

of the vaccine. Because the vaccine had to be reconstituted each time and

dispensed in tiny quantities, the traditional method of storing liquid

vaccine in capillaries was no longer tenable. In developing a new solution,

Rubin of Wyeth Laboratories worked with Gus Chakros of the then

Reading Textile Machine Company in needle design. It occurred to Rubin that

a prolonged needle with a loop would provide both the capillarity activity

and the scarification action required (Hopkins 1989). He suggested the use

of a sewing needle in which the loop end was ground into a prolonged fork,

creating two bifurcated prongs. A piece of wire suspended between the

prongs was designed to hold a constant amount of vaccine by capillarity. By

1968, the bifurcated needle had replaced traditional methods in most

countries, and by 1970 it was in use everywhere.

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Sheri Nakken, R.N., MA

Vaccination Information & Choice Network, Nevada City CA & UK

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