Vaccine rates for 2000....

August 12, 2001

National, State, and Urban Area Vaccination Coverage Levels Among

Children Aged 19--35 Months --- United States, 2000

[MMWR 50(30):637-641, 2001. Centers for Disease Control]

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----------

Report

Since the early 1970s, childhood vaccination has prevented millions

of illnesses and tens of thousands of deaths [1]. For these health

benefits to continue, high levels of vaccination coverage must be

attained for each new birth cohort and must be monitored to ensure

protection from disease, to characterize undervaccinated populations,

and to evaluate efforts to increase coverage. The National

Immunization Survey (NIS) provides ongoing national estimates of

vaccination coverage among preschool-aged children for the 50 states

and 28 selected urban areas* [2,3]. For this report, NIS data

collected during 2000 were compared with 1999 data; findings indicate

that, during 2000†, significant increases were reported on the

national level of vaccination coverage with varicella and hepatitis

B, and small but statistically significant decreases were reported in

coverage with diphtheria, and tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine.

Coverage with poliovirus vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b

vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were not significantly

different from 1999. As in previous years [4], coverage varied among

states. To maximize coverage among preschool-aged children,

vaccination providers should continue to apply such strategies as

reminders and recalls.

To collect vaccination data for children aged 19--35 months, NIS uses

a random-digit--dialing sample of telephone numbers for each survey

area. During 2000, 34,087 household interviews were completed.

Contacted providers submitted data for 22,958 children; the data then

were weighted to represent all children surveyed and to account for

nonresponding households, lower vaccination coverage among children

in households without telephones, and changes in natality patterns.

During 2000, national vaccination coverage with three doses of any

diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTaP3) declined

from 95.9% in 1999 to 94.1%; coverage with four doses of any

diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTaP4) declined

from 83.3% in 1999 to 81.7%. Coverage was not significantly different

from 1999 to 2000 for three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3)

(from 89.6% to 89.5%), three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b

vaccine (Hib3) (from 93.5% to 93.4%), and one dose of measles-mumps-

rubella vaccine (1MMR) (from 91.5% to 90.5%) (Table 1). During 2000,

coverage with one dose of varicella vaccine increased from 57.5% in

1999 to 67.8%, and coverage with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine

(HepB3) increased from 88.1% in 1999 to 90.3%. National coverage with

combined vaccination series 4:3:1:3 (DTaP4, OPV3, one dose of measles-

containing vaccine, and Hib3) and 4:3:1:3:3 (4:3:1:3 series and

HepB3) decreased from 1999 to 2000 (78.4% to 76.2% and 73.2% to

72.8%, respectively). State-specific and urban-area coverage varied§

(Table 2 and Table 2b).

Reported by: Data Management Div, National Immunization Program, CDC.

Editorial Note

National coverage with routinely recommended childhood vaccines

increased substantially after the Childhood Immunization Initiative

was implemented in 1993 [5]. Although coverage with recommended

vaccines for each new birth cohort remains high, vigilance is needed

to maintain these levels. The slight declines in coverage with

certain vaccines from 1999 to 2000 do not pose a major public health

risk; however, should vaccine-preventable diseases be introduced into

low coverage geographic areas, the accumulation of susceptible

persons might serve as a reservoir to disseminate diseases.

Reduced vaccination coverage may be the result of missed

opportunities to vaccinate and incomplete or scattered vaccination

records [6,7]. Some states and counties have compiled population-

based, computerized registries that contain vaccination information

on nearly all preschool-aged children. These registries enable

providers to identify children who are due for vaccinations and to

automatically review a child's vaccination history to determine the

vaccines needed on a particular visit.

The findings in this report are subject to at least three

limitations. First, NIS is a telephone survey; although statistical

adjustments compensate for nonresponse and nontelephone households,

and other potential sources of bias, some bias might remain. Second,

NIS relies on provider-verified vaccination histories. The

completeness of provider records and data provided to NIS is unknown.

Third, because of sampling uncertainly in NIS, particularly on the

subnational level, results should be interpreted with caution.

Standards for pediatric vaccination practices that first were

recommended in 1992 by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee [8]

and were endorsed by medical professional organizations are being

revised to reflect a largely privatized vaccination delivery system

with improved public financing for vulnerable children through the

Vaccines for Children program and an emphasis on adolescent

vaccination. State and local vaccination programs and public and

private vaccination providers should continue to use reminders and

recalls, vaccinate at every opportunity, and administer multiple

vaccinations when indicated to ensure the highest possible coverage

among preschool-aged children.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------

References

CDC. Ten great public health achievements---United States, 1900--

1999. MMWR 1999;48:241--3.

Zell ER, Ezzati-Rice TM, Battaglia MP, RA. National

immunization survey: the methodology of a vaccination surveillance

system. Pub Health Rep 2000;115:65--77.

PJ, Battaglia MP, Huggins V, et al. Overview of the sampling

design and statistical methods used in the National Immunization

Survey. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:17--24.

CDC. National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels

among children aged 19--35 months---United States, 1999. MMWR

2000;49:585--9.

CDC. Reported vaccine-preventable diseases---United States, 1993, and

the Childhood Immunization Initiative. MMWR 1994;43:57--60.

Cordero JF, Orenstein WA. The future of immunization registries. Am J

Prev Med 1997;13:S122--S124.

Santoli JM, Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE. Barriers to immunization and

missed opportunities. Pediatric ls 1998;27:366--74.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Standards for pediatric

immunization practices. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and

Human Services, Public Health Service, 1992.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

----------

* Jefferson County, Alabama; Maricopa County, Arizona; Los Angeles,

San Diego County, and Santa Clara, California; District of Columbia

(DC); Dade and Duval counties, Florida; Fulton/DeKalb County,

Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; n County, Indiana; Orleans Parish,

Louisiana; Baltimore, land; Boston, Massachusetts; Detroit,

Michigan; Newark, New Jersey; New York, New York; Cuyahoga and

lin counties, Ohio; Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; son

and Shelby counties, Tennessee; Bexar, Dallas, and El Paso counties,

and Houston, Texas; King County, Washington; and Milwaukee County,

Wisconsin.

† For this reporting period (January--December 2000), NIS included

children born during February 1997--May 1999.

§ Range of state-specific coverage during 2000---4:3:1:3 combination:

68.2%--86.9%; 4:3:1:3:3 combination: 63.5%--82.8%. DTaP3: 90%; DTaP4:

72.8%--91.6%. OPV3, 1MMR, and HepB3: 85% except in a few states.

Hib3: 90% except in three states. Variation in coverage was greatest

among children who had received one dose of varicella vaccine: 38.0%--

84.5% (estimate).

¶ All MMWR references are available on the Internet at

<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr>. Use the search function to find specific

articles.

August 12, 2001

They call a new baby a " birth cohort " ???

So, when a child dies from the DPT, they say, " a birth cohort " died??

At 01:45 PM 8/12/01 +0000, you wrote:

>National, State, and Urban Area Vaccination Coverage Levels Among

>Children Aged 19--35 Months --- United States, 2000

>[MMWR 50(30):637-641, 2001. Centers for Disease Control]

>

>----------------------------------------------------------------------

>----------

>

> Report

>Since the early 1970s, childhood vaccination has prevented millions

>of illnesses and tens of thousands of deaths [1]. For these health

>benefits to continue, high levels of vaccination coverage must be

>attained for each new birth cohort and must be monitored to ensure

>protection from disease, to characterize undervaccinated populations,

>and to evaluate efforts to increase coverage. The National

>Immunization Survey (NIS) provides ongoing national estimates of

>vaccination coverage among preschool-aged children for the 50 states

>and 28 selected urban areas* [2,3]. For this report, NIS data

>collected during 2000 were compared with 1999 data; findings indicate

>that, during 2000†, significant increases were reported on the

>national level of vaccination coverage with varicella and hepatitis

>B, and small but statistically significant decreases were reported in

>coverage with diphtheria, and tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine.

>Coverage with poliovirus vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b

>vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were not significantly

>different from 1999. As in previous years [4], coverage varied among

>states. To maximize coverage among preschool-aged children,

>vaccination providers should continue to apply such strategies as

>reminders and recalls.

>To collect vaccination data for children aged 19--35 months, NIS uses

>a random-digit--dialing sample of telephone numbers for each survey

>area. During 2000, 34,087 household interviews were completed.

>Contacted providers submitted data for 22,958 children; the data then

>were weighted to represent all children surveyed and to account for

>nonresponding households, lower vaccination coverage among children

>in households without telephones, and changes in natality patterns.

>

>During 2000, national vaccination coverage with three doses of any

>diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTaP3) declined

>from 95.9% in 1999 to 94.1%; coverage with four doses of any

>diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTaP4) declined

>from 83.3% in 1999 to 81.7%. Coverage was not significantly different

>from 1999 to 2000 for three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3)

>(from 89.6% to 89.5%), three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b

>vaccine (Hib3) (from 93.5% to 93.4%), and one dose of measles-mumps-

>rubella vaccine (1MMR) (from 91.5% to 90.5%) (Table 1). During 2000,

>coverage with one dose of varicella vaccine increased from 57.5% in

>1999 to 67.8%, and coverage with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine

>(HepB3) increased from 88.1% in 1999 to 90.3%. National coverage with

>combined vaccination series 4:3:1:3 (DTaP4, OPV3, one dose of measles-

>containing vaccine, and Hib3) and 4:3:1:3:3 (4:3:1:3 series and

>HepB3) decreased from 1999 to 2000 (78.4% to 76.2% and 73.2% to

>72.8%, respectively). State-specific and urban-area coverage varied§

>(Table 2 and Table 2b).

>

>Reported by: Data Management Div, National Immunization Program, CDC.

>

> Editorial Note

>National coverage with routinely recommended childhood vaccines

>increased substantially after the Childhood Immunization Initiative

>was implemented in 1993 [5]. Although coverage with recommended

>vaccines for each new birth cohort remains high, vigilance is needed

>to maintain these levels. The slight declines in coverage with

>certain vaccines from 1999 to 2000 do not pose a major public health

>risk; however, should vaccine-preventable diseases be introduced into

>low coverage geographic areas, the accumulation of susceptible

>persons might serve as a reservoir to disseminate diseases.

>Reduced vaccination coverage may be the result of missed

>opportunities to vaccinate and incomplete or scattered vaccination

>records [6,7]. Some states and counties have compiled population-

>based, computerized registries that contain vaccination information

>on nearly all preschool-aged children. These registries enable

>providers to identify children who are due for vaccinations and to

>automatically review a child's vaccination history to determine the

>vaccines needed on a particular visit.

>

>The findings in this report are subject to at least three

>limitations. First, NIS is a telephone survey; although statistical

>adjustments compensate for nonresponse and nontelephone households,

>and other potential sources of bias, some bias might remain. Second,

>NIS relies on provider-verified vaccination histories. The

>completeness of provider records and data provided to NIS is unknown.

>Third, because of sampling uncertainly in NIS, particularly on the

>subnational level, results should be interpreted with caution.

>

>Standards for pediatric vaccination practices that first were

>recommended in 1992 by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee [8]

>and were endorsed by medical professional organizations are being

>revised to reflect a largely privatized vaccination delivery system

>with improved public financing for vulnerable children through the

>Vaccines for Children program and an emphasis on adolescent

>vaccination. State and local vaccination programs and public and

>private vaccination providers should continue to use reminders and

>recalls, vaccinate at every opportunity, and administer multiple

>vaccinations when indicated to ensure the highest possible coverage

>among preschool-aged children.

>

>----------------------------------------------------------------------

>----------

>

> References

>CDC. Ten great public health achievements---United States, 1900--

>1999. MMWR 1999;48:241--3.

>Zell ER, Ezzati-Rice TM, Battaglia MP, RA. National

>immunization survey: the methodology of a vaccination surveillance

>system. Pub Health Rep 2000;115:65--77.

> PJ, Battaglia MP, Huggins V, et al. Overview of the sampling

>design and statistical methods used in the National Immunization

>Survey. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:17--24.

>CDC. National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels

>among children aged 19--35 months---United States, 1999. MMWR

>2000;49:585--9.

>CDC. Reported vaccine-preventable diseases---United States, 1993, and

>the Childhood Immunization Initiative. MMWR 1994;43:57--60.

>Cordero JF, Orenstein WA. The future of immunization registries. Am J

>Prev Med 1997;13:S122--S124.

>Santoli JM, Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE. Barriers to immunization and

>missed opportunities. Pediatric ls 1998;27:366--74.

>US Department of Health and Human Services. Standards for pediatric

>immunization practices. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and

>Human Services, Public Health Service, 1992.

>

>----------------------------------------------------------------------

>----------

>

>* Jefferson County, Alabama; Maricopa County, Arizona; Los Angeles,

>San Diego County, and Santa Clara, California; District of Columbia

>(DC); Dade and Duval counties, Florida; Fulton/DeKalb County,

>Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; n County, Indiana; Orleans Parish,

>Louisiana; Baltimore, land; Boston, Massachusetts; Detroit,

>Michigan; Newark, New Jersey; New York, New York; Cuyahoga and

>lin counties, Ohio; Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; son

>and Shelby counties, Tennessee; Bexar, Dallas, and El Paso counties,

>and Houston, Texas; King County, Washington; and Milwaukee County,

>Wisconsin.

>† For this reporting period (January--December 2000), NIS included

>children born during February 1997--May 1999.

>§ Range of state-specific coverage during 2000---4:3:1:3 combination:

>68.2%--86.9%; 4:3:1:3:3 combination: 63.5%--82.8%. DTaP3: 90%; DTaP4:

>72.8%--91.6%. OPV3, 1MMR, and HepB3: 85% except in a few states.

>Hib3: 90% except in three states. Variation in coverage was greatest

>among children who had received one dose of varicella vaccine: 38.0%--

>84.5% (estimate).

>¶ All MMWR references are available on the Internet at

><http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr>. Use the search function to find specific

>articles.

>

August 12, 2001

What is the Childhood Immunization Initiative? And who pushed that?