What is cirrhosis? WHat causes it?

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What Is Cirrhosis? What Causes Cirrhosis?

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295.php

Article Date: 26 Nov 2009 - 5:00 PST

Cirrhosis is an abnormal liver condition in which there is irreversible scarring

of the liver. The main causes are sustained excessive alcohol consumption, viral

hepatitis B and C, and fatty liver disease - however, there are many possible

causes.

People with cirrhosis may develop jaundice (yellowing of the skin, eyes and

tongue), itching and extreme tiredness.

For cirrhosis to develop long-term, continuous damage to the liver needs to

occur. When healthy liver tissue is destroyed and replaced by scar tissue the

condition becomes serious, as it can start blocking the flow of blood through

the liver.

Cirrhosis is a progressive disease, developing slowly over many years, until

eventually it can stop liver function (liver failure).

The liver carries out several essential functions, including the detoxification

of harmful substances in the body. It also purifies the blood and manufactures

vital nutrients.

If cirrhosis is mild the liver can make repairs and continue functioning

properly. If the cirrhosis is advanced and more and more scar tissue forms in

the liver, the damage is irreparable. The liver tissue is replaced by fibrous

scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules (lumps that appear as a consequence

of a process in which damaged tissue is regenerated).

According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary:

Cirrhosis is " A chronic liver disease of highly various etiology

characterized by inflammation, degeneration, and regeneration in differing

proportions; pathologic hallmark is formation of microscopic or macroscopic

nodules separated by bands of fibrous tissue; impairment of hepatocellular

function and obstruction to portal circulation often lead to jaundice, ascites,

and hepatic failure. "

What are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?

A symptom is something the patient feels and reports, while a sign is something

other people, including a doctor or a nurse may detect. For example, pain may be

a symptom while a rash may be a sign.

Symptoms are not common during the early stages of cirrhosis. However, as scar

tissue accumulates the liver's ability to function properly is undermined. The

following signs and symptoms may occur:

* Blood capillaries become visible on the skin on the upper abdomen

* Fatigue

* Insomnia

* Itchy skin

* Loss of appetite

* Loss of bodyweight

* Nausea

* Pain or tenderness in the area where the liver is located

* Red or blotchy palms

* Weakness

The following signs and symptoms may appear as the disease progresses:

* Abdomen fills up with fluid, giving the patient a large tummy (ascites)

* Accelerated heartbeat

* Altered personality (as blood toxins build up and affect the brain)

* Bleeding gums

* Body and upper arms lose mass

* Body finds it harder to process alcohol

* Body finds it harder to process drugs

* Confusion

* Dizziness

* Fluid buildup on ankles, feet and legs (edema)

* Hair loss

* Higher susceptibility to bruising

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and tongue)

* Loss of libido (sex drive)

* Memory problems

* More frequent fevers (susceptibility to infections)

* Muscle cramps

* Nosebleeds

* Pain on the right shoulder

* Panting (breathlessness)

* Stools become black and tarry, or very pale

* Urine becomes darker

* Vomiting blood

* Walking problems (staggering)

What are the causes of cirrhosis?

The most common causes of cirrhosis are long-term alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and

C infection, and fatty liver disease.

Overconsumption of alcohol

According to the NHS (National Health Service), UK, excessive alcohol

consumption is when a man drinks more than 21 units and a woman drinks more than

14 units per week.

Toxins, including alcohol, are broken down by the liver. However, if the amount

of alcohol is too high the liver will be overworked and liver cells can

eventually become damaged.

Heavy, regular, long-term drinkers are much more likely to develop cirrhosis,

compared to other healthy people. It is a myth that only alcoholics are at risk

- regular and heavy social drinking is also linked to a higher probability of

developing cirrhosis.

Typically, heavy drinking needs to be sustained for at least ten years for

cirrhosis to develop. The period varies according to each individual.

Regular heavy female drinkers are more likely to develop symptoms compared to

men who consume the same amount.

Heavy drinkers will eventually develop fatty liver. The liver breaks down

alcohol into carbon dioxide and water, causing fatty liver. As soon as excessive

drinking stops the symptoms of fatty liver go away. However, 20% to 30% of those

who continue drinking heavily will develop alcoholic hepatitis, the next stage.

Approximately 10% of heavy drinkers will subsequently develop cirrhosis - the

third stage of alcoholic liver disease.

Health authorities in the UK urge males not to exceed three to four units of

alcohol consumption per day, and women should not have more than two to three

units daily - to reduce the risk of developing alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Hepatitis and cirrhosis

Hepatitis C, a bloodborne infection, can damage the liver and eventually lead to

cirrhosis. Hepatitis C is a common cause of cirrhosis in Western Europe, North

America, and many other parts of the world. Cirrhosis can also be caused by

hepatitis B and D.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

NASH is more likely to occur with people who are obese, diabetes patients, those

with high blood lipid (fat) levels, as well as individuals with hypertension

(high blood pressure). NASH, in its early stages, begins with the accumulation

of too much fat in the liver. The fat causes inflammation and scarring,

resulting in possible cirrhosis later on.

Autoimmune hepatitis

The person's own immune system attacks healthy organs in the body as though they

were foreign substances. Sometimes the liver is attacked. Eventually the patient

can develop cirrhosis.

Some genetic conditions

* Hemochromatosis - iron accumulates in the liver and other parts of the

body.

* 's disease - copper accumulates in the liver and other parts of the

body.

Blockage of bile ducts

Some conditions and diseases, such as cancer of the bile ducts, or cancer of the

pancreas can block the bile ducts, increasing the risk of cirrhosis.

Budd-Chiari syndrome

There is thrombosis (blood clots) in the hepatic vein, the blood vessel that

carries blood from the liver, leading to liver enlargement and the development

of collateral vessels.

Some other diseases and conditions

* Cystic fibrosis

* Primary sclerosing cholangitis - hardening and scarring of the bile ducts

* Galactosemia - inability to process sugars in milk

* Schistosomiasis - a parasite commonly found in some developing countries

* Biliary atresia - badly formed bile ducts in babies

* Glycogen storage disease - problems in the storage and energy release

vital for cell function

Diagnosis of cirrhosis

Cirrhosis in its early stages is often diagnosed when the patient is being

tested for some other condition or disease because symptoms are not present.

Anybody who has the following symptoms should see their doctor immediately:

* Fever with shivering

* Panting (shortness of breath)

* Vomiting blood

* Dark stools, or tarry stools (as if covered with tar)

* Episodes of drowsiness or confusion

A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) will examine the patient and

feel around the liver area to determine whether it is enlarged. The patient will

be asked about his/her medical history and lifestyle (drinking, etc).

The following tests may also be ordered:

A blood test - to measure how well the liver is functioning and determine

whether there is any damage. If levels of ALT (alanine transaminase) are high

the patient may have hepatitis.

Imaging tests - this may involve an ultrasound, CT (computerized tomography), or

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan of the liver. Apart from seeing whether

the liver is enlarged, the doctor will also be able to detect any scarring.

A biopsy - a small sample of liver cells are extracted and examined under a

microscope. The doctor inserts a fine needle in between the ribs and into the

liver. The patient will receive a local anesthetic. The biopsy not only confirms

or rules out cirrhosis, but may also reveal its cause (if it is cirrhosis).

Endoscopy - an endoscope, a long, thin tube with a light and video camera at the

end goes down the patient's windpipe (esophagus) and into their stomach. The

doctor sees the inside of the stomach on a screen, and looks out for swollen

blood vessels (varices); a hallmark sign of cirrhosis.

Child-Pugh Score

Also known as the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, assesses the prognosis (outlook) of

chronic liver disease, mainly cirrhosis. Originally, it was used to predict

mortality during surgery, but is now used to determine prognosis, as well as the

required treatment strength, and whether or not the patient needs a liver

transplant. It is a combination of numbered points and the letters A, B, C (see

below):

Class Points One year survival Two year survival

A 5-6 100% 85%

B 7-9 81% 57%

C 10-15 45% 35%

What are the treatment options for cirrhosis?

If the cirrhosis is diagnosed early enough, damage may be minimized by treating

its underlying cause.

Alcohol dependency (alcoholism) treatment - it is important for the patient to

stop drinking if their cirrhosis was caused by long-term, regular heavy alcohol

consumption. In many cases the doctor will recommend a treatment program for

alcoholism.

Medications - the patient may be prescribed drugs to control liver cell damage

caused by hepatitis B or C.

Treating cirrhosis complications

Ascites or edema - ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) or edema

(fluid retention in the legs) can be treated with a low-sodium (salt) diet and

water pills. In severe cases the fluid may have to be drained. Sometimes surgery

is required.

Pressure in the portal vein and collateral smaller veins - hypertension (high

blood pressure) drugs are usually prescribed to control the increasing pressure

in the blood vessels around the liver; the aim is to prevent severe bleeding. In

some cases a stent may be surgically placed in the portal vein to hold it open.

Signs of bleeding can be detected via an endoscopy.

Treatment of swollen varices - if the patient vomits blood or passes bloody

stools they probably have esophageal varices (in the food pipe). Urgent medical

attention is required. The following procedures may help:

* Banding - a small band is placed around the base of the varices to control

bleeding. An endoscope gores down the patient's throat and esophagus during the

procedure.

* Injection sclerotherapy - after an endoscopy a substance is injected into

the varices which triggers a blood clot and scar tissue to form; this helps stem

the bleeding.

* A Sengstaken tube with a balloon - the balloon is at the end of the tube.

If endoscopy does not stop the bleeding a tube goes down the patient's throat

and into their stomach. The balloon is inflated; this places pressure on the

varices and stops the bleeding.

* TIPSS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt) - if the

above-mentioned therapies do not stem the bleeding, a stent (metal tube) is

passed across the liver to join the portal and hepatic veins, creating a new

route for the blood to flow through. This reduces pressure - pressure which was

causing the varices.

Infections - the patient will be given antibiotics, and some other treatments.

Screening for liver cancer - patients with cirrhosis have a much higher risk of

developing liver cancer. The doctor may recommend regular blood tests and

imaging scans.

Hepatic encephalopathy (high blood toxin levels) - drugs can help treat

excessive blood toxin levels. The signs and symptoms need to be explained to the

patient so that they know what to look out for.

Liver transplant - if the cirrhosis is advanced and there is liver failure

(liver does not function) the patient may need a liver transplant.

Prevention of cirrhosis

Alcohol - do not exceed the recommended daily/weekly alcohol limit.

* Men: maximum of 21 units per week, or three/four units per day

* Women: maximum of 14 units per week, or two/three units per day

Individuals who have cirrhosis should abstain from alcohol completely. Alcohol

accelerates the progression of the disease.

Hepatitis B and C

* Use a condom when having sex

* Do not share needles when injecting drugs

* People at risk of becoming infected with hepatitis B, such as health care

workers, social care workers, and police personnel can be vaccinated (there is

currently no vaccine for hepatitis C)