June J Nutr issue papers

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Below are some details from some of the June J Nutr issue papers which are

pdf-available.

Recent Advances in Nutritional Sciences:

Jeff S. Volek, J. Sharman, and Cassandra E. Forsythe

Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1339-1342.

Very low-carbohydrate diets (VLCDs) ... Prospective studies indicate that VLCDs

improve the lipoprotein profile independently of weight loss. Although not as

effective at lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), VLCDs consistently improve

postabsorptive and postprandial triacylglycerols (TAGs), HDL cholesterol

(HDL-C),

and the distribution of LDL-C subfractions to a greater extent than low-fat

diets.

VLCDs also improve proinflammatory markers when associated with weight loss.

Studies

usually report mean lipid responses, but individual data indicate a large degree

of

variability in the magnitude and in some cases the direction (e.g., LDL-C) of

lipoprotein responses to both low-fat and VLCDs. Such variability makes it hard

to

defend a single diet recommendation, especially considering the potential for

low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets to exacerbate TAG, HDL-C, and other

characteristics

of the metabolic syndrome. ...

Eun-Soo Han and Morgen Hickey

Microarray Evaluation of Dietary Restriction

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1343-1346. Online Supporting Material

Dietary restriction (DR) extends the life span and retards many age-related

cellular

and molecular changes in laboratory rodents. However, neither its underlying

mechanism nor the limits of its action are fully understood. In this review, we

assessed the effect of DR on gene expression in vertebrate and invertebrate

animals

using data generated by microarrays. Altered genes in DR mice reported in 15

articles published since 1999 were compared. A comparison of altered genes by DR

in

mice, rats, pigs, monkeys, yeast, and flies showed no common gene altered by DR

among different species. It seems that individual genes altered in the

expression by

DR were constrained within species. When we compared the functions of altered

genes

across all species, we found that certain functions such as metabolism, energy

metabolism, stress and immune response, cell growth, and transcription

regulation

were shared among species. Although individual genes seem to be affected by DR

differently among species, the overall physiologic influence of DR may be

similar.

History of Nutrition:

Leah M. Kalm and D. Semba

They Starved So That Others Be Better Fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the

Minnesota

Experiment

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1347-1352.

During World War II, 36 conscientious objectors participated in a study of human

starvation conducted by Ancel Keys and his colleagues at the University of

Minnesota. The Minnesota Starvation Experiment, as it was later known, was a

grueling study meant to gain insight into the physical and psychologic effects

of

semistarvation and the problem of refeeding civilians who had been starved

during

the war. During the experiment, the participants were subjected to

semistarvation in

which most lost >25% of their weight, and many experienced anemia, fatigue,

apathy,

extreme weakness, irritability, neurological deficits, and lower extremity

edema. In

2003–2004, 18 of the original 36 participants were still alive and were

interviewed.

Many came from the Historic Peace Churches (Mennonite, Brethren, and Quaker),

and

all expressed strong convictions about nonviolence and wanting to make a

meaningful

contribution during the war. Despite ethical issues about subjecting healthy

humans

to starvation, the men interviewed were unanimous in saying that they would do

it

all over again, even after knowing the suffering that they had experienced.

After

the experiment ended, many of the participants went on to rebuilding war-torn

Europe, working in the ministries, diplomatic careers, and other activities

related

to nonviolence.

Biochemical and Molecular Actions of Nutrients:

Chung-Yen Chen, E. Milbury, Lapsley, and B. Blumberg

Flavonoids from Almond Skins Are Bioavailable and Act Synergistically with

Vitamins

C and E to Enhance Hamster and Human LDL Resistance to Oxidation

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1366-1373.

Consumption of tree nuts such as almonds has been associated with a reduced risk

of

coronary heart disease. Flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin of almonds,

may

contribute to their putative health benefit ... Almond skin flavonoids (ASF)

.... TABLE 1 Correlation coefficients among flavonoids in the plasma and liver of

hamsters administered 40 µmol GAE ASF1

------------------------------------

Kaempferol Isorhamnetin Epicatechin

------------------------------------

r P-value r P-value r P-value

-------------------------------------

Plasma

Quercetin 0.78 0.0001 0.66 0.0001 — —

Kaempferol — — 0.73 0.0001 — —

Catechin — — — — 0.19 0.2

Liver

Quercetin 0.62 0.0001 0.08 0.2 — —

Kaempferol — — 0.34 0.005 — —

Catechin — — — — 0.31 0.01

Plasma and liver

Isorhamnetin — — 0.54 0.0001 — —

---------------------------------------------

1 Based on one observation in 22 hamsters.

Human Nutrition and Metabolism:

J. Carrero, López-Huertas, M. Salmerón, Baró, and

Ros

Daily Supplementation with (n-3) PUFAs, Oleic Acid, Folic Acid, and Vitamins B-6

and

E Increases Pain-Free Walking Distance and Improves Risk Factors in Men with

Peripheral Vascular Disease

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1393-1399. Online Supporting Material

.... cardiovascular disease (CVD) ... intermittent claudication (PVD-IC). Male

PVD-IC patients (n = 60) were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The supplement

(S)

group consumed 500 mL/d of a fortified dairy product containing eicosapentaenoic

acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins A,

B-6,

D, and E. The control © group consumed 500 mL/d of semiskimmed milk with added

vitamins A and D. The patients received lifestyle and dietary recommendations,

and

they were instructed to consume the products in addition to their regular diet.

Blood extractions and clinical explorations were performed after 0, 3, 6, 9, and

12

mo. Plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6

and

E increased after treatment with supplements (P < 0.05). Plasma total

cholesterol

and ApoB concentrations decreased in the S group, and total homocysteine

decreased

in those patients with high initial concentrations. Walking distance before the

onset of claudication increased in the S group (P < 0.001), and ankle-brachial

pressure index values increased (P < 0.05). The inclusion in the everyday diet

of

certain nutrients known to promote cardiovascular health improved clinical

outcomes

while reducing a variety of risk factors in men with PVD-IC

Britt Burton-Freeman

Sex and Cognitive Dietary Restraint Influence Cholecystokinin Release and

Satiety in

Response to Preloads Varying in Fatty Acid Composition and Content

J. Nutr. 2005 135: 1407-1414.

.... Funded by the California Walnut Commission, Sacramento, CA.

Abbreviations used: CCK, cholecystokinin,; LFC, low-fat control; SAFF, safflower

oil

as source of fat in preload; VAS, visual analog scales; WNT, ground walnuts as

source of fat in preload; WOL, walnut oil as source of fat in preload.

.... in normal weight men and women (n = 12 and 13, respectively), using a

random,

crossover design. Preloads were semisolid shakes differing in fat source [walnut

or

safflower (SAFF)], delivery [ground walnuts (WNT) or walnut oil (WOL)] or

content

[39% fat energy (SAFF, WNT, WOL) or 4% low-fat control (LFC)]. Blood was

collected

and subjective satiety assessed at 0 (fasting), 15, 30, and 45 min after preload

consumption. Lunch (test meal) was provided thereafter. Energy intake at lunch

was

not affected by preload; however, subjects selected more carbohydrate,

fiber-rich

foods at the test meal lunch after walnut preloads than after LFC or SAFF

preloads.

Compared with the LFC preload, appetite satisfaction was significantly greater

after

SAFF and WNT, but not after WOL. Women were hungrier after SAFF than after WOL,

whereas men were less hungry after SAFF and LFC than after WOL or WNT. Plasma

cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations reflected preload fat content and

availability,

particularly among men; CCK was higher after WOL and SAFF preloads than after

LFC or

WNT preloads. Plasma insulin was higher after LFC and SAFF preloads,

corresponding

to hunger suppression in men. Dietary restraint was associated with a blunted

CCK

response to preloads, whereas insulin was not affected by restraint. The results

indicate that test meal energy intake after preloads containing 40% walnut or

safflower fat or 4% fat did not differ; however, walnut consumption may promote

food

patterns consistent with consuming diets higher in fiber.

.... Subject characteristics. The 13 women and 12 men recruited for the study

were

(means±SD) 30±3 and 33±3 y old, respectively; the BMI was 23±2 kg/m2 for both.

All

subjects maintained their body weight within 1.0 kg throughout the study.

.... TABLE 1 Preload composition, including energy and macronutrient content

----------------------------------------

Food Preload

CRL SAFF WNT WOL

-----------------------------------------

------------------------------g

---------------------------------------

Strawberries, frozen sweetened1 210 96 96 96

Dry milk, nonfat2 30 30 24 30

Soybean lecithin 1 1 1 1

Safflower oil3 — 12.5 — —

Walnut oil4 — — — 12.5

Ground walnuts4 — — 20 —

Water 100 174 174 174

Energy density, kJ/g 0.93 0.98 0.98 1.00

Fat, % energy 4 39 39 39

Saturated, g 0.4 1.2 1.5 1.5

Monounsaturated, g 0.2 9.6 3.0 3.0

Polyunsaturated, g 0.8 2.5 8.5 8.6

Protein, % energy 15 14 15 14

Carbohydrate, % energy 81 47 46 47

Fiber, g 4.0 1.8 2.8 1.8

Sodium, mg 176 173 142 173

-------------------------------------------

1 Safeway brand; Safeway, Oakland, CA.

2 Lucerne; Safeway, Oakland, CA.

3 Saffola (high-oleic; grown without pesticides); Ventura Foods, City of

Industry,

CA.

4 Walnut and walnut oil provided by the California Walnut Commission,

Sacramento,

CA.

.... TABLE 2 Subjective satiety in women and men after consuming LFC, SAFF, WNT,

and

WOL preloads1

------------------------------------------

----Hunger Fullness Desire to eat Prospective consumption Appetite

satisfaction

-------------------------------------------------------------

Women, n = 13

LFC –11.1±2.6b 18.2±2.4 –9.7±2.6a 4.0±2.1 11.6±2.9

SAFF –4.5±2.7a 15.4±2.4 –6.7±2.6a 7.1±2.1 13.9±2.9

WNT –9.6±2.6ab 16.7±2.5 –5.5±2.7a 9.9±2.2 16.8±3.0

WOL –12.6±2.6b 19.8±2.4 –8.1±2.6a 8.1±2.2 10.6±2.9

Men, n = 12

LFC –21.2±2.7b 19.3±2.5 –13.8±2.7a 8.1±2.2 17.5±3.0

SAFF –24.9±2.7b 20.8±2.5 –23.6±2.7b 13.5±2.2 29.3±3.0

WNT –11.5±2.8a 13.2±2.5 –16.8±2.7ab 9.3±2.2 19.3±3.0

WOL –11.5±2.7a 15.9±2.5 –14.0±2.7a 4.9±2.2 13.9±3.0

All subjects, n = 25

LFC –16.2±1.8 18.7±1.7 –11.7±1.9 6.0±1.5 14.5±2.1ab

SAFF –14.7±1.8 18.1±1.7 –15.2±1.9 10.3±1.5 21.6±2.0c

WNT –10.5±1.9 15.0±1.8 –11.1±1.9 9.6±1.6 18.0±2.2bc

WOL –12.1±1.8 17.9±1.7 –11.0±1.8 6.5±1.5 12.2±2.1a

----------------------------------------------------------

1 Values are normalized to common baseline and represent the mean±SEM of

measurements taken at 15, 30, and 45 min after the start of preload ingestion.

Means

without a common superscript differ, P < 0.05. Within-gender tests were

performed

only when preload x gender was significant (P < 0.05).

Al Pater, PhD; email: old542000@...

__________________________________

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