OT-- Dr. Ted from Thailand

[Guest guest]

Nieema-- This is what I have in my files about Dr. Ted from another list. They were discussing the detoxification of Fluoride with Borax. Sodium Thiosulfate is another favorite topic of his. If you google Ted+earthclinic you will see a number of posts.

The Williss List is really into supplementation of various kinds, so may not be all that informative for autism spectrum disorder. These kids are usually sooo sensitive that homeopathy and energy medicine have the best chance of doing good without doing bad... tls

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[RawDairy] ot: : [Williss] Sodium Thiosulfate

The other day a link was posted re: sts..http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2003/November/Day-26/p29320.htmit was quiet long, however below i cut out some bits of interest /./------------------------------------Sodium thiosulfate has been safely used for over 100 years as atherapeutic agent; medical uses of sodium thiosulfate have been welldocumented since 1895. In humans it is employed as an antidote for acutecyanide poisoning; as a chemoprotectant against carboplatin andcisplatin induced ototoxicity; to prevent cyanide poisoning fromtreatment with sodium nitroprusside, nitrile compounds and laetrile; toreduce calcinosis; and is used topically to treat acne and pityriasisversicolor (tinea versicolor, a type of ringworm). Recent studies haveshown that sodium thiosulfate may be effective in reducing somechemically induced cancers. In veterinary medicine it is used to treator prevent cyanide poisoning; as a ``general detoxifier'' to treatbloat; and when applied dermally to treat ringworm and mange. Sodiumthiosulfate is also being used experimentally to increase foodutilization in livestock.Sodium thiosulfate is present at 8% in lotion formulations to treatacne. Other lotions, containing 25% sodium thiosulfate, are used fortreating ringworm and may be applied twice daily to affected andsusceptible skin for at least a week to many months until completecontrol is achieved. Sodium thiosulfate (12%) is also mixed with asterile solution of 0.5% potassium ferricyanide to treat silver nitrateburns.Sodium thiosulfate is used to treat drinking water where there isconcern with high levels of chlorine, chloroform or other reactivespecies, especially in drinking water produced by desalination plants.It is also used as a dechlorinator in aquariums and aquaculture, and ina number of manufacturing processes that require the removal of chlorineor other reactive species.Sodium thiosulfate is classified in the Code of Federal Regulations,U.S. Food and Drug Administration, title 21, part 184, as a Direct FoodSubstance Affirmed As Generally Recognized As Safe (Sec. 184.1807) andtitle 21, part 582 as a Substance Generally Recognized As Safe, (Sec.582.6807). According to Sec. 184.1807, sodium thiosulfate is used as a formulationaid and a reducing agent. It is used in alcoholic beverages and tablesalt at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice, currently0.00005% in alcoholic beverages and 0.1% in table salt. Section 582.6807authorizes the use of sodium thiosulfate as a sequestrant in salt with atolerance of 0.1%.Sodium thiosulfate has been used as a topical treatment for a variety ofailments for numerous years. Sodium thiosulfate is available in variouslotion formulations such as KomedTM, an acne medication containing 8%sodium thiosulfate together with 2% salicylic acid, 25% isopropylalcohol and other ingredients. TinverTM and VersiclearTM, are lotionsused for tinea versicolor (ringworm). Both lotions contain 25% sodiumthiosulfate, 1% salicylic acid and 10% isopropyl alcohol. It isrecommended that the lotions be applied twice daily to affected andsusceptible skin for at least a week to many months until completecontrol of tinea versicolor is achieved. Sodium thiosulfate (12%) isalso mixed with a sterile solution of 0.5% potassium ferricyanide totreat silver nitrate burns. No adverse effects are expected when sodiumthiosulfate is used topically. There is little information available on inhalation toxicity of sodiumthiosulfate, but as with all dust or crystalline compounds, breathingproduct dust or mist may irritate the respiratory tract. Productlabeling calls for mixers to wear a dust mask, thus precludinginhalation of dust when sodium thiosulfate is present as part of theproduct formulation. Eden Bioscence Corporation believes that the use ofsodium thiosulfate as proposed is not expected to pose an inhalationhazard since it is already incorporated into the formulation at low tomoderate concentrations (1 to 25%), or will be added in tablet form.Once the sodium thiosulfate either in tablet form or in the formulatedend product is mixed with water, it breaks down into sodium chloride,water, sulfur and sulfate, which eliminates further possibility ofinhalation exposure to the parent compound.Patients also have been administered 50 mL of a 50% sodium thiosulfatesolution without adverse effects. Sodium thiosulfate administered IV at150-200 mg/kg over a period of 15 minutes, is part of the therapy totreat suspected cyanide toxicity from administration of sodiumnitroprusside.Information from intraperitoneal (IP) studies provide further supportthat sodium thiosulfate has relatively low acute toxicity. Sodiumthiosulfate protects the auditory system from the major ototoxic effectsof cisplatin and reduces other overt signs of systemic toxicity.Hamsters receiving IP injections of sodium thiosulfate at 1,600 mg/ kgevery other day until five injections were completed showed no illeffects from sodium thiosulfate. When sodium thiosulfate was injected inhamsters in combination with cisplatin (a chemotherapeutic agent thathas been shown to cause ototoxicity), sodium thiosulfate providedamelioration over a broad hearing range, as well as providing protectionfrom cisplatin induced gastrointestinal necrosis and nephrotoxicity.Similarly, in a study where guinea pigs treated with cisplatin,cisplatin and sodium thiosulfate, saline or sodium thiosulfate only(1,600 mg/kg/day for 8 days), there were no signs of toxicity in any ofthe guinea pigs treated with sodium thiosulfate only. There were noeffects on body weight (bwt) or auditory brainstem response and animalstreated with cisplatin and sodium thiosulfate, had improved hearing andlost less weight than animals treated with cisplatin only.Sodium thiosulfate has been shown to be an effective antidote in miceexposed to acrylonitrile. Mice were given IP injections of sodiumthiosulfate at 400 mg/kg from 10 to 30 minutes prior to acrylonitrileadministration at the LD50 dose level of 60 mg/kg. All mice appearednormal after prophylactic treatment with sodium thiosulfate and showedno ill effects from subsequent acrylonitrile exposure. Animals treatedwith sodium thiosulfate only, showed no evidence of toxicity.Aquated cisplatin has a higher uptake by tumors than that of cisplatin,but aquated cisplatin is also more nephrotoxic. Subcutaneous injectionof sodium thiosulfate (1,000 mg/kg) five minutes before IPadministration of aquated cisplatin to B6D2F1 mice resulted in reducedaquated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.Genotoxicity. Sodium thiosulfate is not genotoxic and is regularly usedin cell culture mediums as a source of sulfur. Sodium thiosulfate doesnot cause cell death or reduce the rate of growth in a wide variety ofbacteria. Sodium thiosulfate is non-mutagenic to Salmonella typhimuriumand can reduce the mutagenic effects induced by other chemicals. Sodiumthiosulfate does not increase the rate of sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) or chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Sodiumthiosulfate has been shown to reduce the number of SCEs in humanlymphocytes and Chinese hamster (CH) lung cells when administeredsimultaneously with known SCE inducers. When sodium thiosulfate at concentrations up to 5 X 10\2\ M was added tountreated human cells, there was no effect at all on the cells. In vitrostudies with sodium thiosulfate and LX-1 small-cell lung carcinoma cellsfound that sodium thiosulfate concentrations of 10 mg/kg and above weretoxic to LX-1 cells, presumably due to high osmolarity. However, lowerconcentrations of sodium thiosulfate had no effect on cell growth.Sodium thiosulfate has also been shown to inhibit cisplatin-inducedmutagenesis in somatic tissue of Drosophila.Use of sodium nitroprusside for the treatment of hypertensiveemergencies in pregnancy has been hampered by concern for thepossibility of cyanide poisoning in both the mother and fetus.Coinfusion of sodium thiosulfate with nitroprusside in gravid ewesprevented fetal and maternal cyanide toxicity. Physicians are currentlytreating some pregnant women with IV administration of sodiumthiosulfate and sodium nitroprusside.Subchronic toxicity. No studies that fall into the usual subchroniccategory were found. However, data from chronic and acute studiesprovide adequate information as to the non-toxicity of sodiumthiosulfate. It should be noted that VersiclearTM Lotion containing 25%sodium thiosulfate and 1% salicylic acid in propylene glycol isrecommended for subchronic treatment of tinea versicolor in humans. In aseries of studies of various therapeutics for cyanide poisoning insheep, up to 660 mg/kg of sodium thiosulfate was administered indistilled water via stomach tube directly to the rumen of ewes that hadbeen treated with lethal doses of sodium cyanide (7.6 mg/kg). All ewestreated with 660 mg/kg sodium thiosulfate survived. Ewes receiving 66.7mg/kg sodium thiosulfate still exhibited severe signs of cyanidepoisoning and subsequently died. Based on this study, it is recommendedthat cyanide toxicity in ruminants should be treated with high doses ofsodium thiosulfate (500 mg/kg or more) and repeated as needed, sincesodium thiosulfate is rapidly cleared from the body and sustainedrelease of free cyanide from the rumen is possible.An evaluation of 41 potential chemopreventive agents using theinhibition of carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the ratcolon as the measure of efficacy found that sodium thiosulfate was oneof 18 agents that significantly reduced the incidence of ACF.Chronic toxicity. Long term treatment of patients with a variety ofillnesses has shown that ingestion of low levels of sodium thiosulfateis a non-toxic and safe therapeutic agent. A patient with renal tubularacidosis I was treated for 9 years with sodium thiosulfate, 15-20 mmoldaily (orally), to control nephrocalcinosis. During this time period,there were no treatment-related adverse effects, nephrocalcinosis didnot worsen, and renal function improved. Thirty-four patients receiveddaily oral doses of sodium thiosulfate (10 mmol twice daily with meals)for 3 to 4 years in the treatment of recurrent calcium urinarylithiasis. Sodium thiosulfate was well tolerated by all patients forover 4 years with no apparent toxic or side effects. It was also foundthat the patients only absorbed 20-25% of the oral dose, excreting fourto five mmol as urinary thiosulfate. Higher oral dose levels of sodiumthiosulfate resulted in watery stools in some patients so higher oraldose levels were not used in this clinical trial.Three patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for more than 4 yearsdeveloped calcified masses. To reduce the symptoms, each patient wasgiven 20 mmol of sodium thiosulfate IV at the end of each hemodialysisfor the next 6 to 12 months. A considerable regression of calcifiedmasses with concurrent clinical improvement was observed in two of thepatients while the third patient showed a softening in the mass but noregression in size due to encapsulation prior to starting sodiumthiosulfate treatment. For all patients, there were no new calcifiedmasses observed during sodium thiosulfate treatment, sodium thiosulfatewas well tolerated, and no apparent side effects were observed.When sodium thiosulfate is given intravenously, it is distributedthroughout the extracellular fluid and renal excretion occurs byglomerular filtration and secretion. The serum half-life of thiosulfatein humans (after bolus injections) is around 15 to 20 minutes. Whensodium thiosulfate is administered during sodium nitroprusside therapy,the plasma half life of thiosulfate is reported to be as short as 15minutes to as long as 3 hours. Depending on the dosage, around 10 to 50%of exogenous thiosulfate is eliminated unchanged via the kidneys.Endogenous levels of plasma and urinary thiosulfate concentrations,determined from healthy volunteers are 1.13 +/- 0.11 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL) and 0.28 +/- 0.02 mg/dL, respectively. Clearance ofendogenous thiosulfate in normal males was 0.26 +/- 0.04 mL/min, withnet excretion accounting for only 0.17% of the filtered load. Themajority of endogenous thiosulfate is actively reabsorbed and endogenouslevels are regulated by the kidney through secretion into andreabsorption out of tubules.Metabolite toxicology. None of the metabolites of sodium thiosulfate areconsidered to be of toxicological significance. Thiosulfate is a normalbody constituent as are the other breakdown products from the reactionof sodium thiosulfate in chlorinated water: Sodium chloride, water,sulfur and sulfate.Endocrine disruption. Sodium thiosulfate does not affect the endocrinesystem, except as a detoxifying agent of compounds that have been shownto adversely affect the endocrine system (i.e. chlorine and otherreactant species).