Viral Hepatitis: Eight Ways to Help Protect Your Family

[Guest guest]

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/features/viral-hepatitis-eight-ways-to-protect-yo\

ur-family

Viral Hepatitis: Eight Ways to Help Protect Your Family

Protect yourself and your family with these eight steps.

By Freeman

WebMD Feature

Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD

Viral hepatitis isn’t quite the scourge it used to be. Thanks in large part to

widespread immunization of adolescents and young children in the U.S. for

hepatitis A and B, the incidence of the liver-destroying disease has fallen 90%

in the past 20 years. Yet many people who could be vaccinated against hepatitis

haven’t been -- and so remain at higher risk.

Scientists have identified several types of viral hepatitis. In the U.S., the

main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. They cause similar

symptoms, including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movements, and jaundice (yellow

skin or eyes).

Almost all people with hepatitis A recover fully in weeks or months. In

contrast, hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to cirrhosis

of the liver, liver cancer, and even death. What’s more, the three types differ

in the way they spread from person to person:

Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the feces of people who

have hepatitis A and spreads by fecal-oral contact. Infection can occur if even

a microscopic amount of virus-laden feces reaches the mouth. This can happen by

consuming contaminated food or beverages, as well as through close personal

contact or sex with an infected person.

Hepatitis B. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in the blood, semen, vaginal

secretions, and other body fluids of people who have hepatitis B. Infection

occurs when there is contact with these fluids -- for example, during sex with

an infected person or exposure to contaminated needles or personal items. Up to

25% of people with chronic HBV infection die from liver disease.

Hepatitis C. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is found in the blood of people who

have hepatitis C. It can be spread by sexual contact, although it’s usually

spread from mother to child during childbirth or by sharing hypodermic needles

or other drug paraphernalia. Up to 85% of people infected with HCV develop

chronic hepatitis C infection.

What’s the best way to protect your family against hepatitis? Follow these eight

tips:

1. Ask your doctor about vaccination.

The vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are highly effective. They can be

given in separate injections, or in a combined vaccine. No vaccine is available

for hepatitis C.

2. Make hand-washing a priority.

Insist that family members wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom

(or changing a diaper) and before handling food or eating. Washing with soap and

water is fine, although alcohol-based hand sanitizers seem to be even more

effective.

3. Watch out for other people’s blood.

There’s no way to tell that a particular person has hepatitis. “Many people with

hepatitis have absolutely no symptoms whatsoever,” says Palmer, MD,

clinical professor of medicine at New York University School of Medicine in New

York City.

Consequently, it makes sense to follow the lead of health-care workers and

assume that all blood is infectious. “Any blood exposure can transmit hepatitis

B and C,” says W. Ward, MD, director of the division of viral hepatitis at

the CDC.

“Of course, if someone needs first aid, you don’t want to avoid helping them. If

blood contact does occur, wash the blood off as soon as possible.”

4. Beware of needles.

It’s possible to get hepatitis from hypodermic needles and the tools used to

create tattoos and piercings. So be wary of them -- and encourage family members

to do likewise. If a family member is determined to get a piercing or tattoo, he

should get it only from a licensed professional working in a well-maintained

facility.

Don’t be shy about sharing your concerns about infection control -- whether the

person wielding the needle is a tattoo artist or your own physician.

“It’s good to express your concern to the people in your doctor’s office,” Ward

says. “Let them know that you are concerned about the level of infection control

in the practice.”

5. Know when to share -- and when not to.

Sharing works well with toys, tools, and brownies but is a terrible idea when it

comes to toothbrushes, razor blades, nail files, and other personal items. This

includes medical equipment and needles.

These items can harbor traces of the owner’s blood. If the owner has hepatitis,

using them can transmit the disease.

“We’ve even seen a rash of outbreaks of hepatitis B related to diabetics sharing

their blood glucose-monitoring equipment, mainly in elder-care facilities,” Ward

says. Also, if you’ve had hepatitis B or C, don’t donate blood, organs, or

tissue.

6. Keep sex safe.

All three main forms of hepatitis can be spread by sexual contact. So it’s

important to know something about your partner’s personal history -- and to use

a latex condom unless you’re sure you are both monogamous and uninfected. Be

aware that certain sex acts are particularly risky.

“Any sexual practice with an increased likelihood of trauma, including anal sex

and rough sex, is associated with an increased risk of transmission of both HCV

and HBV,” Palmer says. What’s more, she says, “The likelihood of becoming

infected with HBV grows with the number of sexual partners a person has.”

7. Watch what you eat and drink.

Even if you and your family members are careful about hand washing before eating

and after using the bathroom, it’s possible to get hepatitis from food that’s

been prepared by people who aren’t quite so fastidious.

In general, fresh fruits, vegetables, sandwiches, salads, and other uncooked

foods are more likely than cooked foods to transmit hepatitis. And because

shellfish is sometimes harvested from contaminated water, think twice before

eating raw mussels, clams, oysters, and shrimp. Traveling in a country with poor

sanitation? Avoid tap water and uncooked foods. Consume ice cubes only if you’re

sure they were made from bottled water.

8. Know your family history.

Viral hepatitis is especially common in certain parts of the world, including

Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Amazon basin, and Asia.

It’s important to know whether a family member (including an adopted child) was

born in one of these regions, so that he/she can get a simple blood test to

check for hepatitis.

“We recommend that people be screened for hepatitis if they were born in a

country where hepatitis B rates are high,” says Ward. “Anytime one member of the

household is found to be infected, all family members should be screened.”

[Guest guest]

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/features/viral-hepatitis-eight-ways-to-protect-yo\

ur-family

Viral Hepatitis: Eight Ways to Help Protect Your Family

Protect yourself and your family with these eight steps.

By Freeman

WebMD Feature

Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD

Viral hepatitis isn’t quite the scourge it used to be. Thanks in large part to

widespread immunization of adolescents and young children in the U.S. for

hepatitis A and B, the incidence of the liver-destroying disease has fallen 90%

in the past 20 years. Yet many people who could be vaccinated against hepatitis

haven’t been -- and so remain at higher risk.

Scientists have identified several types of viral hepatitis. In the U.S., the

main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. They cause similar

symptoms, including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movements, and jaundice (yellow

skin or eyes).

Almost all people with hepatitis A recover fully in weeks or months. In

contrast, hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to cirrhosis

of the liver, liver cancer, and even death. What’s more, the three types differ

in the way they spread from person to person:

Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the feces of people who

have hepatitis A and spreads by fecal-oral contact. Infection can occur if even

a microscopic amount of virus-laden feces reaches the mouth. This can happen by

consuming contaminated food or beverages, as well as through close personal

contact or sex with an infected person.

Hepatitis B. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in the blood, semen, vaginal

secretions, and other body fluids of people who have hepatitis B. Infection

occurs when there is contact with these fluids -- for example, during sex with

an infected person or exposure to contaminated needles or personal items. Up to

25% of people with chronic HBV infection die from liver disease.

Hepatitis C. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is found in the blood of people who

have hepatitis C. It can be spread by sexual contact, although it’s usually

spread from mother to child during childbirth or by sharing hypodermic needles

or other drug paraphernalia. Up to 85% of people infected with HCV develop

chronic hepatitis C infection.

What’s the best way to protect your family against hepatitis? Follow these eight

tips:

1. Ask your doctor about vaccination.

The vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are highly effective. They can be

given in separate injections, or in a combined vaccine. No vaccine is available

for hepatitis C.

2. Make hand-washing a priority.

Insist that family members wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom

(or changing a diaper) and before handling food or eating. Washing with soap and

water is fine, although alcohol-based hand sanitizers seem to be even more

effective.

3. Watch out for other people’s blood.

There’s no way to tell that a particular person has hepatitis. “Many people with

hepatitis have absolutely no symptoms whatsoever,” says Palmer, MD,

clinical professor of medicine at New York University School of Medicine in New

York City.

Consequently, it makes sense to follow the lead of health-care workers and

assume that all blood is infectious. “Any blood exposure can transmit hepatitis

B and C,” says W. Ward, MD, director of the division of viral hepatitis at

the CDC.

“Of course, if someone needs first aid, you don’t want to avoid helping them. If

blood contact does occur, wash the blood off as soon as possible.”

4. Beware of needles.

It’s possible to get hepatitis from hypodermic needles and the tools used to

create tattoos and piercings. So be wary of them -- and encourage family members

to do likewise. If a family member is determined to get a piercing or tattoo, he

should get it only from a licensed professional working in a well-maintained

facility.

Don’t be shy about sharing your concerns about infection control -- whether the

person wielding the needle is a tattoo artist or your own physician.

“It’s good to express your concern to the people in your doctor’s office,” Ward

says. “Let them know that you are concerned about the level of infection control

in the practice.”

5. Know when to share -- and when not to.

Sharing works well with toys, tools, and brownies but is a terrible idea when it

comes to toothbrushes, razor blades, nail files, and other personal items. This

includes medical equipment and needles.

These items can harbor traces of the owner’s blood. If the owner has hepatitis,

using them can transmit the disease.

“We’ve even seen a rash of outbreaks of hepatitis B related to diabetics sharing

their blood glucose-monitoring equipment, mainly in elder-care facilities,” Ward

says. Also, if you’ve had hepatitis B or C, don’t donate blood, organs, or

tissue.

6. Keep sex safe.

All three main forms of hepatitis can be spread by sexual contact. So it’s

important to know something about your partner’s personal history -- and to use

a latex condom unless you’re sure you are both monogamous and uninfected. Be

aware that certain sex acts are particularly risky.

“Any sexual practice with an increased likelihood of trauma, including anal sex

and rough sex, is associated with an increased risk of transmission of both HCV

and HBV,” Palmer says. What’s more, she says, “The likelihood of becoming

infected with HBV grows with the number of sexual partners a person has.”

7. Watch what you eat and drink.

Even if you and your family members are careful about hand washing before eating

and after using the bathroom, it’s possible to get hepatitis from food that’s

been prepared by people who aren’t quite so fastidious.

In general, fresh fruits, vegetables, sandwiches, salads, and other uncooked

foods are more likely than cooked foods to transmit hepatitis. And because

shellfish is sometimes harvested from contaminated water, think twice before

eating raw mussels, clams, oysters, and shrimp. Traveling in a country with poor

sanitation? Avoid tap water and uncooked foods. Consume ice cubes only if you’re

sure they were made from bottled water.

8. Know your family history.

Viral hepatitis is especially common in certain parts of the world, including

Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Amazon basin, and Asia.

It’s important to know whether a family member (including an adopted child) was

born in one of these regions, so that he/she can get a simple blood test to

check for hepatitis.

“We recommend that people be screened for hepatitis if they were born in a

country where hepatitis B rates are high,” says Ward. “Anytime one member of the

household is found to be infected, all family members should be screened.”

[Guest guest]

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/features/viral-hepatitis-eight-ways-to-protect-yo\

ur-family

Viral Hepatitis: Eight Ways to Help Protect Your Family

Protect yourself and your family with these eight steps.

By Freeman

WebMD Feature

Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD

Viral hepatitis isn’t quite the scourge it used to be. Thanks in large part to

widespread immunization of adolescents and young children in the U.S. for

hepatitis A and B, the incidence of the liver-destroying disease has fallen 90%

in the past 20 years. Yet many people who could be vaccinated against hepatitis

haven’t been -- and so remain at higher risk.

Scientists have identified several types of viral hepatitis. In the U.S., the

main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. They cause similar

symptoms, including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movements, and jaundice (yellow

skin or eyes).

Almost all people with hepatitis A recover fully in weeks or months. In

contrast, hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to cirrhosis

of the liver, liver cancer, and even death. What’s more, the three types differ

in the way they spread from person to person:

Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the feces of people who

have hepatitis A and spreads by fecal-oral contact. Infection can occur if even

a microscopic amount of virus-laden feces reaches the mouth. This can happen by

consuming contaminated food or beverages, as well as through close personal

contact or sex with an infected person.

Hepatitis B. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in the blood, semen, vaginal

secretions, and other body fluids of people who have hepatitis B. Infection

occurs when there is contact with these fluids -- for example, during sex with

an infected person or exposure to contaminated needles or personal items. Up to

25% of people with chronic HBV infection die from liver disease.

Hepatitis C. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is found in the blood of people who

have hepatitis C. It can be spread by sexual contact, although it’s usually

spread from mother to child during childbirth or by sharing hypodermic needles

or other drug paraphernalia. Up to 85% of people infected with HCV develop

chronic hepatitis C infection.

What’s the best way to protect your family against hepatitis? Follow these eight

tips:

1. Ask your doctor about vaccination.

The vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are highly effective. They can be

given in separate injections, or in a combined vaccine. No vaccine is available

for hepatitis C.

2. Make hand-washing a priority.

Insist that family members wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom

(or changing a diaper) and before handling food or eating. Washing with soap and

water is fine, although alcohol-based hand sanitizers seem to be even more

effective.

3. Watch out for other people’s blood.

There’s no way to tell that a particular person has hepatitis. “Many people with

hepatitis have absolutely no symptoms whatsoever,” says Palmer, MD,

clinical professor of medicine at New York University School of Medicine in New

York City.

Consequently, it makes sense to follow the lead of health-care workers and

assume that all blood is infectious. “Any blood exposure can transmit hepatitis

B and C,” says W. Ward, MD, director of the division of viral hepatitis at

the CDC.

“Of course, if someone needs first aid, you don’t want to avoid helping them. If

blood contact does occur, wash the blood off as soon as possible.”

4. Beware of needles.

It’s possible to get hepatitis from hypodermic needles and the tools used to

create tattoos and piercings. So be wary of them -- and encourage family members

to do likewise. If a family member is determined to get a piercing or tattoo, he

should get it only from a licensed professional working in a well-maintained

facility.

Don’t be shy about sharing your concerns about infection control -- whether the

person wielding the needle is a tattoo artist or your own physician.

“It’s good to express your concern to the people in your doctor’s office,” Ward

says. “Let them know that you are concerned about the level of infection control

in the practice.”

5. Know when to share -- and when not to.

Sharing works well with toys, tools, and brownies but is a terrible idea when it

comes to toothbrushes, razor blades, nail files, and other personal items. This

includes medical equipment and needles.

These items can harbor traces of the owner’s blood. If the owner has hepatitis,

using them can transmit the disease.

“We’ve even seen a rash of outbreaks of hepatitis B related to diabetics sharing

their blood glucose-monitoring equipment, mainly in elder-care facilities,” Ward

says. Also, if you’ve had hepatitis B or C, don’t donate blood, organs, or

tissue.

6. Keep sex safe.

All three main forms of hepatitis can be spread by sexual contact. So it’s

important to know something about your partner’s personal history -- and to use

a latex condom unless you’re sure you are both monogamous and uninfected. Be

aware that certain sex acts are particularly risky.

“Any sexual practice with an increased likelihood of trauma, including anal sex

and rough sex, is associated with an increased risk of transmission of both HCV

and HBV,” Palmer says. What’s more, she says, “The likelihood of becoming

infected with HBV grows with the number of sexual partners a person has.”

7. Watch what you eat and drink.

Even if you and your family members are careful about hand washing before eating

and after using the bathroom, it’s possible to get hepatitis from food that’s

been prepared by people who aren’t quite so fastidious.

In general, fresh fruits, vegetables, sandwiches, salads, and other uncooked

foods are more likely than cooked foods to transmit hepatitis. And because

shellfish is sometimes harvested from contaminated water, think twice before

eating raw mussels, clams, oysters, and shrimp. Traveling in a country with poor

sanitation? Avoid tap water and uncooked foods. Consume ice cubes only if you’re

sure they were made from bottled water.

8. Know your family history.

Viral hepatitis is especially common in certain parts of the world, including

Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Amazon basin, and Asia.

It’s important to know whether a family member (including an adopted child) was

born in one of these regions, so that he/she can get a simple blood test to

check for hepatitis.

“We recommend that people be screened for hepatitis if they were born in a

country where hepatitis B rates are high,” says Ward. “Anytime one member of the

household is found to be infected, all family members should be screened.”

[Guest guest]

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/features/viral-hepatitis-eight-ways-to-protect-yo\

ur-family

Viral Hepatitis: Eight Ways to Help Protect Your Family

Protect yourself and your family with these eight steps.

By Freeman

WebMD Feature

Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD

Viral hepatitis isn’t quite the scourge it used to be. Thanks in large part to

widespread immunization of adolescents and young children in the U.S. for

hepatitis A and B, the incidence of the liver-destroying disease has fallen 90%

in the past 20 years. Yet many people who could be vaccinated against hepatitis

haven’t been -- and so remain at higher risk.

Scientists have identified several types of viral hepatitis. In the U.S., the

main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. They cause similar

symptoms, including fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain, joint pain, clay-colored bowel movements, and jaundice (yellow

skin or eyes).

Almost all people with hepatitis A recover fully in weeks or months. In

contrast, hepatitis B and C can become chronic infections that lead to cirrhosis

of the liver, liver cancer, and even death. What’s more, the three types differ

in the way they spread from person to person:

Hepatitis A. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the feces of people who

have hepatitis A and spreads by fecal-oral contact. Infection can occur if even

a microscopic amount of virus-laden feces reaches the mouth. This can happen by

consuming contaminated food or beverages, as well as through close personal

contact or sex with an infected person.

Hepatitis B. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in the blood, semen, vaginal

secretions, and other body fluids of people who have hepatitis B. Infection

occurs when there is contact with these fluids -- for example, during sex with

an infected person or exposure to contaminated needles or personal items. Up to

25% of people with chronic HBV infection die from liver disease.

Hepatitis C. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is found in the blood of people who

have hepatitis C. It can be spread by sexual contact, although it’s usually

spread from mother to child during childbirth or by sharing hypodermic needles

or other drug paraphernalia. Up to 85% of people infected with HCV develop

chronic hepatitis C infection.

What’s the best way to protect your family against hepatitis? Follow these eight

tips:

1. Ask your doctor about vaccination.

The vaccines for hepatitis A and hepatitis B are highly effective. They can be

given in separate injections, or in a combined vaccine. No vaccine is available

for hepatitis C.

2. Make hand-washing a priority.

Insist that family members wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom

(or changing a diaper) and before handling food or eating. Washing with soap and

water is fine, although alcohol-based hand sanitizers seem to be even more

effective.

3. Watch out for other people’s blood.

There’s no way to tell that a particular person has hepatitis. “Many people with

hepatitis have absolutely no symptoms whatsoever,” says Palmer, MD,

clinical professor of medicine at New York University School of Medicine in New

York City.

Consequently, it makes sense to follow the lead of health-care workers and

assume that all blood is infectious. “Any blood exposure can transmit hepatitis

B and C,” says W. Ward, MD, director of the division of viral hepatitis at

the CDC.

“Of course, if someone needs first aid, you don’t want to avoid helping them. If

blood contact does occur, wash the blood off as soon as possible.”

4. Beware of needles.

It’s possible to get hepatitis from hypodermic needles and the tools used to

create tattoos and piercings. So be wary of them -- and encourage family members

to do likewise. If a family member is determined to get a piercing or tattoo, he

should get it only from a licensed professional working in a well-maintained

facility.

Don’t be shy about sharing your concerns about infection control -- whether the

person wielding the needle is a tattoo artist or your own physician.

“It’s good to express your concern to the people in your doctor’s office,” Ward

says. “Let them know that you are concerned about the level of infection control

in the practice.”

5. Know when to share -- and when not to.

Sharing works well with toys, tools, and brownies but is a terrible idea when it

comes to toothbrushes, razor blades, nail files, and other personal items. This

includes medical equipment and needles.

These items can harbor traces of the owner’s blood. If the owner has hepatitis,

using them can transmit the disease.

“We’ve even seen a rash of outbreaks of hepatitis B related to diabetics sharing

their blood glucose-monitoring equipment, mainly in elder-care facilities,” Ward

says. Also, if you’ve had hepatitis B or C, don’t donate blood, organs, or

tissue.

6. Keep sex safe.

All three main forms of hepatitis can be spread by sexual contact. So it’s

important to know something about your partner’s personal history -- and to use

a latex condom unless you’re sure you are both monogamous and uninfected. Be

aware that certain sex acts are particularly risky.

“Any sexual practice with an increased likelihood of trauma, including anal sex

and rough sex, is associated with an increased risk of transmission of both HCV

and HBV,” Palmer says. What’s more, she says, “The likelihood of becoming

infected with HBV grows with the number of sexual partners a person has.”

7. Watch what you eat and drink.

Even if you and your family members are careful about hand washing before eating

and after using the bathroom, it’s possible to get hepatitis from food that’s

been prepared by people who aren’t quite so fastidious.

In general, fresh fruits, vegetables, sandwiches, salads, and other uncooked

foods are more likely than cooked foods to transmit hepatitis. And because

shellfish is sometimes harvested from contaminated water, think twice before

eating raw mussels, clams, oysters, and shrimp. Traveling in a country with poor

sanitation? Avoid tap water and uncooked foods. Consume ice cubes only if you’re

sure they were made from bottled water.

8. Know your family history.

Viral hepatitis is especially common in certain parts of the world, including

Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Amazon basin, and Asia.

It’s important to know whether a family member (including an adopted child) was

born in one of these regions, so that he/she can get a simple blood test to

check for hepatitis.

“We recommend that people be screened for hepatitis if they were born in a

country where hepatitis B rates are high,” says Ward. “Anytime one member of the

household is found to be infected, all family members should be screened.”