Guest guest Posted February 2, 2000 Report Share Posted February 2, 2000 Zaire: The Congo 23rd most populated Nation 52 Million people - 1999 HAV = 99% [Endemic] HBV = 94% [Endemic] HCV = 6% [Hyper-Endemic- up to 27%, Region] HEV = 24% [Endemic] HGV = 10% TTV = 58% Total = 291% HIV = 8% [Epidemic] 1929~1969 - Congo/Zaire - 40 years of the anti-plague campaign in the Congo]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1969;49(1):1-15. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4891322; UI: 69204760. 1930~1960 - Congo/Zaire - The Queen Fund for Medical Assistance to the Congo (F.O.R.E.A.M.I.) 1930-1960: pioneer in rural public health in Africa]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1971;51(4):389-407. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5117515; UI: 72034493. 1950~1970 - Congo/Zaire - Summary of deep mycoses established in 20 years of histopathology in the Institut Pasteur de Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1970 May-Jun;63(3):315-24. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5537809; UI: 71227751. 1951~1963 - Congo/Zaire - Development of poliomyelitis in Leopoldville from 1951 to 1963]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1965;45(6):651-64. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5882624; UI: 66132875. 1953 - Congo/Zaire - AIDS - The historical question of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the 1960s in the Congo River basin area in relation to cryptococcal meningitis. In Europe before the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), fatal cases of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans resembling acute meningitis were rarely described and never in young adults. However, rapidly fatal cryptococcal meningitis in young Africans has been known to exist in central Africa for at least 30 years, mainly in the lower area of the Congo River basin. Cases have been reported in this area since 1953, particularly in young patients during the 1950s. It is also known that central African AIDS patients frequently suffer from cryptococcosis, and there is a possibility that earlier clinical reports of encephalitis were actually fatal cases of AIDS in young Africans. It appears possible that the central part of the African continent is the area where human immunodeficiency virus originated. 1998. PMID: 9546402, UI: 98206478 1954~1963 - SV40 - Polio - Contamination - However, the largest vaccine contamination in medical history occurred from 1954 through early 1963, when millions of people around the world received polio vaccines that had been contaminated with a monkey virus. http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/El4.html 1957~1959 - Equatorial Africa - AIDS - Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS. Although mass vaccination programs have resulted in the eradication of a number of human infectious diseases, vaccine contamination has been a persistent concern. In particular, it is now known that the early polio vaccines were contaminated with at least one monkey virus, SV40. The transfer of monkey viruses to man via contaminated vaccines is particularly relevant to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), since the causative agent of AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is thought to be derived from a simian precursor virus. Furthermore, human infection with this virus appears to be a relatively recent event. We hypothesize that the AIDS pandemic may have originated with a contaminated polio vaccine that was administered to inhabitants of Equatorial Africa from 1957 to 1959. The mechanism of evolution of HIV from this vaccine remains to be determined. 1995. PMID: 7935079, UI: 95020815 1959 - Rockefeller - HIV - Congo/Zaire - An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic. Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY. The oldest known case of HIV-1 infection was reported to be that of a sailor from Manchester who died of an AIDS-like illness in 1959; however, the authenticity of this case has not been confirmed. Genetic analysis of sequences from clinical materials obtained from 1971 to 1976 from members of a Norwegian family infected earlier than 1971 showed that they carried viruses of the HIV-1 outlier group, a variant form that is mainly restricted to West Africa. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a 1959 African plasma sample that was previously found to be HIV-1 seropositive. HIV-1 subtypes, and perhaps all major-group viruses, may have evolved from a single introduction into the African population not long before 1959. 1998. PMID: 9468138, UI: 98127656 1959 - AIDS - Congo/Zaire - Virus from 1959 sample marks early years of HIV. Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):801. No abstract available. PMID: 9480549; UI: 98139436. 1962~1963 - Congo/Zaire - Aspects of the epidemic of smallpox at Congo-Brazzaville in 1962-1963 and virologic and electrophoretic study of patients' sera]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1964 Nov-Dec;57(6):1214-24. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5897642; UI: 66033869. 1965 - Congo/Zaire - Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopical examinations of diachrome and fluorochrome dyes. Acta Histochem. 1965 Dec 24;22(5):283-97. No abstract available. PMID: 4960601; UI: 67133356. 1966~1985 - HBV - HCC - Congo/Zaire - HCC was studied based on 223 Zairian HCC cases registered from 1966 to 1985. Serum HBsAg was positive in 56.7% of HCC patients and 5.7% of controls. These findings clearly show the excess of poorly differentiated HCC in African patients and suggest a possible link between the morphologic features of HCC in Africa and its extraordinary fast-running course. 1990. PMID: 2152849, UI: 90090364 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Immunoglobulins in Bantus under normal and pathological conditions]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1966;46(5):483-674. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4166599; UI: 67213073. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Radiographic study of the pelvis of the Congolese woman. I. Anatomo-radiographic values]. Minerva Ginecol. 1966 Mar 31;18(6):252-8. Italian. No abstract available. PMID: 5942543; UI: 66161394. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - List of live virus vaccines used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Bull Off Int Epizoot. 1966 May;66(1):749. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5998493; UI: 68315677. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Hemoglobin anomalies in 1000 Melano-Africans examined in Paris]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1966 May-Jun;59(3):427-33. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6013785; UI: 68006509. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Some cases of primitive tumors of the orbit in Congo-Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1966 Nov;66 11):1136-46. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5987459; UI: 68084647. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Effect of therapeutic doses of CIBA 32644-Ba on hematopoiesis in patients affected with bilharziasis and amebiasis]. Acta Trop. 1967;24(1):59-77. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4382127; UI: 67201681. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1967;47(6):405-11. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5633964; UI: 71213138. 1967 - Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations--clinical notes. East Afr Med J. 1967 Feb;44(2):86-92. No abstract available. PMID: 6040759; UI: 67249111. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Presence of cytomegalic virus in some rodents of Equatorial Africa]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1967 Mar-Apr;60(2):101-4. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4301306; UI: 69030876. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - The transport function of the serum proteins: historical summary and reports of recent research on the transport of dyes and iron]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 1967 Mar-Apr;25(3):311-27. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6050419; UI: 68004663. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Changes in the Congo red binding capacity of serum protein corpuscles in epidemic hepatitis]. Acta Hepatosplenol. 1967 May-Jun;14(3):170-2. German. No abstract available. PMID: 5587728; UI: 68273765. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Studies on the elastolytic activity of serum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Sep 12;146(1):284-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4168600; UI: 68052710. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Abnormal distribution of haemoglobin genotypes in Negro children with severe bacterial infections. Nature. 1967 Oct 28;216(113):382. No abstract available. PMID: 6053819; UI: 68013038. 1968 - Hepatitis - Congo - Application of parotid gland hormones to internal medicine]. Nippon Rinsho. 1968 Jul;26(7):1689-700. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID: 5751021; UI: 69100554. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Amyloid. IV. Is human amyloid immunogenic? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968;34(3):269-82. No abstract available. PMID: 4176084; UI: 69006760. 1968 - NEWBORNS - Congo/Zaire - Modifications of albumin transport capacity in pregnant women and newborn infants.Biol Neonat. 1968;13(3):211-8. No abstract available. PMID: 4890377; UI: 69188828. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Occurrence of reovirus antibodies in health African children and in children with Burkitt's lymphoma. Cancer. 1968 Jan;21(1):53-7. No abstract available. PMID: 5634850; UI: 68092158. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - The effect of azo dyes on myxovirus [measles] neuraminidase and on virus multiplication. J Gen Virol. 1968 Mar;2(2):261-8. No abstract available. PMID: 5690185; UI: 68278579. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Effect of ultraviolet rays on the activity of the reticuloendothelial system in rabbits]. Acta Physiol Pol. 1968 Mar-Apr;19(2):163-9. Polish. No abstract available. PMID: 5650277; UI: 68240162. 1969 - Congo/Zaire - Studies on hepatocellular icterus using Congo-red]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena). 1969 Jun 1;63(11):605-12. German. No abstract available. PMID: 4979916; UI: 69278987. 1970 - Cancer in Braazzaville, the Congo. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1970 May;44(5):1121-7. No abstract available. PMID: 5514472; UI: 71287534. 1970 - Congo/Zaire - Observations on haemoglobin P (Congo type). Biochem J. 1970 Oct;119(5):43P. No abstract available. PMID: 5492814; UI: 71079411. 1970 - Congo (CON) strain. 3011. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Nov;19(6):Suppl:1141-3. No abstract available. PMID: 4992590; UI: 71076786. 1970 - Congo/Zaire - The effects of drugs on learning in a simple preparation. Comp Gen Pharmacol. 1970 Dec;1(4):437-83. No abstract available. PMID: 5527578; UI: 73249106. 1970 - The Congo Experiment. WHO Chron. 1970 Oct;24(10):453-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4394722; UI: 71035400. 1970 - Congo Experiment - The training of medical auxiliaries in the former Belgian Congo - Lancet. 1970 Dec 5;2(7684):1173-4. No abstract available. PMID: 4098444; UI: 71042013. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - The teaching hospital of the Danish Red Cross in Kinshasa. A project of aid for development]. Offentl Gesundheitswes. 1971 Jul;33(7):397-400. German. No abstract available. PMID: 4255346; UI: 72005668. 1971 - Monkey Pox Virus - Congo/Zaire - The agent of a pox-like disease in man]. Vopr Virusol. 1971 Jul-Aug;16(4):468-9. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 5002893; UI: 72092489. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - Smallpox in chimpanzees under natural conditions]. Vopr Virusol. 1971 Jul-Aug;16(4):469-70. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 5137548; UI: 72092490. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - A rare smallpox-like disease. WHO Chron. 1971 Aug;25(8):370-2. No abstract available. PMID: 4328765; UI: 72005872. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - Viral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet. 1971 Oct 16;2(7729):858-9. No abstract available. PMID: 4106880; UI: 72022726. 1972 - KS - Congo/Zaire - Herpes-type virus particles in tissue culture of Kaposi's sarcoma [KS] from different geographic regions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Dec;49(6):1509-26. No abstract available. PMID: 4647841; UI: 73082203. 1972 - Congo/Zaire - Kaposi's sarcoma: a new model in the search for viruses associated with human malignancies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Dec;49(6):1495-507. No abstract available. PMID: 4346014; UI: 73082202. 1973 - HBV - Congo/Zaire - Australia antigen in Zaire. Studies on leprosy. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1973;53(3):173-8. No abstract available. PMID: 4198508; UI: 73227027. 1973 - Congo/Zaire - The effect of anti-lymphocytic serum of infection by congo virus (Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus related) and Mokola virus (rabies virus related). Br J Exp Pathol. 1973 Jun;54(3):274-82. No abstract available. PMID: 4718269; UI: 73217345. 1973 - Congo/Zaire - BCG vaccination and integration]. Bull Int Union Tuberc. 1973 Dec;48 Suppl:76-9. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4803726; UI: 75055638. 1974 - Radiation - Kellner - Congo/Zaire - Radio-opaque modifications of Kellner's injection mass. Acta Anat (Basel). 1974;87(3):461-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4597808; UI: 74167000. [For Link to WHO and Fort Detrick see: http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_KELLNER_AARON_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?GOODFIELD_JUNE_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?CHASE_ALLAN_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_WORLD_HEALTH_ORGANIZATION ]. 1974 - HBV - Malaria - Correlation - Congo/Zaire - The correlation between Hb-S and malaria in Brazzaville, Congo]. Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1974 Jun;19(1):65-6. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID: 4476845; UI: 75117119 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Determination of circulating blood volume in children with the aid of Congo red]. Lab Delo. 1975;(6):376. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 51132; UI: 76008971. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Comparison of Sirius red and Congo red as stains for amyloid in animal tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 1975 Jan;23(1):84-8. PMID: 46874; UI: 75115409. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Occurrence of amyloid in the teeth-supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid diseases. An immunohistochemical study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(4):186-92. PMID: 1105775; UI: 76080712. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 Mar;24(2):353-7. PMID: 164135; UI: 75126210. 1975~1982 - AIDS - Zaire/Congo - Early case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a child from Zaire. An eight-year-old child from Zaire died in Sweden in 1982 after a clinical course compatible with AIDS. It is likely that this child developed AIDS early in 1975, long before the AIDS epidemic was apparent in the United States. 1986. PMID: 3012806, UI: 86235927 1976 - The epidemic of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan and Zaire, 1976: introductory note. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56(2):245. No abstract available. PMID: 307454; UI: 78213258. 1977 - Congo/Zaire - Acute hepatitis in children with drepanocytemia. Apropos of 61 cases]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1977;57(3):123-8. French. No abstract available. PMID: 883854; UI: 77240961. 1978 - Congo/Zaire - Some aspects of the proposed captive breeding of dwarf chimpanzees. J Med Primatol. 1978;7(2):65-9. No abstract available. PMID: 712809; UI: 79050481. 1981~1988 - Past HBV [67%] - Midwives - Congo/Zaire - [r state for HBs antigen and HBc antibody in Brazzaville (congo): sero-epidemiological study in the hospital and non-hospital environment]. In Brazzaville (Congo), the prevalence of chronic carriage of HBs Ag (7.31%) we observed, is similar to the ones previously reported in 1981, 1982 and 1988. The sero-prevalence of anti-HBc is 67.21%. Anti-HBc are considered to be very relevant for the screening of VHB infection. Our study clearly points out that the highest prevalence of HBs Ag was observed among midwives. In all, the frequency distribution of the two serological markers we studied was similar in health workers and general population. 1990. PMID: 2208447, UI: 91004444 1982 - HBV - Congo/Zaire - Preliminary survey on the carrying of hepatitis B surface antigen and the determination of its subtypes in Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1982 May-Jul;75(3):258-61. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6809351; UI: 82259626. 1983 - Hepatitis - Transmission - Congo/Zaire - Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and human health. J Med Entomol. 1983 Jul 21;20(4):347-64. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 6312046; UI: 84010748. 1984 - HBV - HCC - Congo/Zaire - HBs antigen: marker of the relation between hepatitis B virus and primary cancer of the liver: the situation in HBs antigen was looked for in three groups of people: patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), patients with other cancers and healthy subjects. Analysis of the results of this study demonstrates that there is a strong association between HCC and hepatitis B virus, as indicated by the presence of HBs antigen. PMID: 6100270, UI: 85259946 1984 - Mercury - Hepatitis - Congo/Zaire - Nephrotic syndrome in Zaire. Three additional cases were associated with local non infectious conditions including the sickle cell disease and the abuse of mercuric-containing compounds. PMID: 6495388, UI: 85041519 1984 - HAV [90%] - HBV Core [90%] - YF [43%] - Congo/Zaire - Epidemiology of hepatitis A and B and yellow fever in Zaire]. HAV in early life: 90% of all children at the age of ten had antibodies in their sera. Similarly up to the age of 19 years almost 90% of all persons investigated were positive for hepatitis B (anti-HBc). A carrier-rate of 20-30% is extremely high; it has been reported only in a few studies in tropical countries. Antibodies to yellow fever virus; (43,4%). None of these persons reported a history of yellow fever; evidently they had undergone subclinical infections. PMID: 6334010, UI: 85052855 1984~1987 - HBV r [11%] - HIV [7%] - Coinfection [5%] - BLOOD Donors - Congo/Zaire - rs of HBs antigen, anti-HIV antibodies and their association with blood donors in Brazzaville]. Serum samples taken from 6,624 blood donors since 1984 to 1987. The mean carrier state of HBs Ag was 10.68% and that of anti-HIV antibodies was 6.99%. The association of HBs Ag and anti-HIV antibodies was discovered in 4.84% donors but without correlation for the period of the study. 1988. PMID: 3165308, UI: 88295319 1984~1988 - Animals - Congo/Zaire - Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. A repository of domestic animal sera collected in Niger between 1984 and 1988 was assayed for antibody against two zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses known to be present in the West African Sahel. CCHF virus was found to be most prevalent in adult cattle (57.7%). The highest prevalence for RVF neutralizing antibodies was found in camels (47.5%). The results indicate that both CCHF and RVF viruses are circulating in Niger and are potential zoonotic health risks. 1995. PMID: 7573699, UI: 96033000 1985 - W. Africa - Hemorrhagic Fevers - IgM - Egypt - Recent data on hemorrhagic fevers in West Africa]. Among the viruses which can provoke human haemorrhagic fevers, the Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever and Rift Valley Fever viruses have been discovered relatively recently in West Africa. In southern Mauritania, the virus prevails among men, who get antibodies of the IGM type, which proves a recent circulation. The immunological enquiries on camels seem to corroborate these data. The Rift Valley Fever epidemic which broke out in 1978 among the human and animal populations of Egypt has, apparently, been connected with the passage of camels coming from Sudan through the intermediary halting-place of the Assuan dam. PMID: 3836774, UI: 86272344 1985 - HAV [100%] - HBV [94%] - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of serological hepatitis A and B markers in a rural area of northern Zaire. Virtually all persons beyond 20 years of age are immune. In the 5-7 year age group there was already a high prevalence of anti-HBc (59%) as determined by the dried blood method. In the 10-19 year age group the prevalence was 94% as determined by examination of serum specimens. PMID: 2988353, UI: 85222869 1988 - N.W. Africa - HBV - HIV - Mauritania - Sero-epidemiological study in Mauritania (1985-1986): incidence of treponematosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV virus and viral hemorrhagic fevers]. A serological serosurvey was made in different ethnic groups of Mauritania in 1985. A very high prevalence of hepatitis B markers was found with more than 20% of HBs antigen carriers. HIV and viral haemorrhagic fever viruses (Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) was very low. PMID: 2900081, UI: 88295318 1989 - HIV [5%] - HBV [71%] - BLOOD Donors - Congo/Zaire - Voluntary blood donor recruitment: a strategy to reduce transmission of HIV-1, hepatitis-B and syphilis in Kinshasa, Zaire. Between January 1, 1989, and April 7, 1989, 2,237 blood donors were enrolled in the study at the transfusion centre of the Mama Yemo Hospital. The serological results of all donors for Anti-HIV-1 [4.8%], Anti-HBc [71%], Voluntary blood donor recruitment is critical for the provision of safe blood supplies in Kinshasa. 1990. PMID: 2210866, UI: 91007954 1990 - HBV Vaccine Trails - Congo/Zaire - Seroconversion following immunization with a plasma-derived vaccine against hepatitis B: study of a 3-injection protocol (0, 1, 6 months) in Brazzaville]. This 3 injections protocol of vaccination instead of the classical 4 injections protocol significantly reduces the cost of vaccination and may enlarge its application. PMID: 2145083, UI: 91004445 1991 - HBV [90%] - Congo/Zaire - Serological markers of hepatitis B virus in hospitalized patients (Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Service - Congo )]. 89%, show signs of infection. The study points out the high frequency of hepatitis B virus markers (89.8 %) compared with blood donors (7 to 9 %). This should incite government officials to set up some preventive procedures. PMID: 2072856, UI: 91304303 1991 - HCV [6.4%] - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of hepatitis C in tropical communities: anti-HCV in these populations is 6.4% in Zaire. PMID: 1919536, UI: 92013997 1991 - HIV - HBV - PCV - Congo/Zaire - HIV among Peace Corps volunteers in Zaire. No evidence for unusual modes of transmission. A prospective study of US Peace Corps volunteers (PCVs) serving in Zaire, central Africa, was undertaken to determine the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-aware expatriate population living in an area of high endemicity for both diseases. (6.2%) tested who had at least one positive serologic marker for infection with hepatitis B virus, none was documented to have seroconverted during service. These data suggest that the risk of acquiring infection with HIV or hepatitis B virus in PCVs in Zaire is very low, and there is no evidence for unusual modes of transmission. PMID: 2064483, UI: 91290955 1993 - HCV - Franch Military Africa - Non-A,Non-B - Hepatitis E and hepatitis C virus infections among French soldiers with non-A, non-B hepatitis. The third cluster of non-A,non-B hepatitis observed in French soldiers serving in French Guyana is more likely to be attributed to malaria prophylactic treatment with Amodiaquine than to a viral origin. HCV infection was observed in 93% of acute or chronic cases associated with blood transfusion or parenteral drug abuse. Among acute cases, none of the soldiers who contracted the disease in Africa or in French Guyana was found to be anti-HCV positive compared to 78% of those who contracted the disease in France. HCV infections resulted in chronic hepatitis in 61% of cases. PMID: 8387572, UI: 93253410 1993 - HIV - C. Africa - LOW LEVEL - HIV-1 infection in Central Africa: remarkable discontinuities]. Ever since the first surveys, the virus is widely spread at low level, in the rural as well as in the urban areas, covering a large territory, from Chad to Gabon; later it tends to focus on the large metropolitan and secondary towns. PMID: 8368889, UI: 93378488 1994 - HIV [8.2%] Congo/Zaire - Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of HIV infection in northern Zaire. 8.2% had anti-HIV-1 antibodies. PMID: 7957799, UI: 95046195 1995 - HBV [89%] - HIV [20%] - HCV [5%] - HEV [24%] - Sexually active adults from the Central African Republic. The Central African Republic is located in tropical Africa, where both (HIV) and (HBV) are highly endemic. Anti-HIV1(20%). anti-HBc antibodies (89%). Anti-HCV antibodies (5%) and anti-HEV antibodies (24%). No difference was found in the prevalence of these markers according to the presence or absence of anti-HIV antibodies. This study confirms the high rate of HIV infection, HBV exposure and chronic carriage of HBsAg in sexually active young adults in the Central African Republic. A high prevalence of HCV markers was found in this population, similar to that reported in neighbouring countries, together with a high rate of HEV markers, suggesting that HEV is endemic in this region. PMID: 7561802, UI: 96028720 1995 - HBV [6.5%] - Pregnant Woman - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers in a population of pregnant women in Brazzaville]. The risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus is well-known; but, in Congo, where hepatitis B virus is endemic and the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma is high, there is no study on this mode of transmission. Positive sera for HBsAg were also tested for the other markers of HBV, except for specific DNA. The seroprevalence of HBV among these women was 6.5%. It was significantly higher among inpatients than among outpatients. PMID: 7499742, UI: 96051655 1996 - Hepatitis - Pakistan - NANB [11%] - Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. To determine the prevalence of antibodies to viral diseases known or suspected to be present in Pakistan, we studied 570 sera from three groups of adults; two of the groups were involved in outbreaks of hepatitis, and the third included men admitted to a hospital for evaluation of febrile illnesses. However, in a group of recruits experiencing suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis, (11%) had a 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin M antibody to leptospirosis. PMID: 8637643, UI: 96215527 1997 - HAV [97%] - HCV [27%] - Brundi - Africa - Markers of hepatitis C and E virus in Burundi]. The prevalence of antiHCV was 27.1%, very high, in agreement which data from other countries of Central Africa, hyperendemic area for HCV. The prevalence of antiHEV was 4%, much lower than that of antiHAV (97.7%). In addition to the lability of antibodies to HEV, this difference might be explained by the extensive availability of good-quality of drinking-water in the city. The presence of serological markers of HBV and HIV was not associated with that of antiHCV or that of antiHEV. PMID: 9410245, UI: 98023860 1997 - Sep - HEV [7%] - Central Africa - Emerging viral pathogens in long-term expatriates (I): Hepatitis E virus. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the so-called 'emerging' viral pathogens, whose role is increasingly being recognized. The Indian subcontinent showed the highest seropositive rate with 10%. In subjects returning from West and Central Africa, East Africa, South-east Asia and Latin America seroprevalence rates were around 7%. We found a comparatively low seroprevalence rate of 2.1% for the Arab countries and the Middle East. Our results show that there definitely is a risk for long-term expatriates to acquire HEV infection; however, in most of our cases infection seems to have been non- or oligo-symptomatic. PMID: 9315047, UI: 97460665 1997 - Dec - HGV - Congo/Zaire - Genotype of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus by molecular evolutionary analysis. Twenty serum samples with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA from Australia, Cameroon, the Congo, Japan, Mongolia, and Bangladesh were studied. These result indicated that GB virus C/hepatitis G virus can be classified into three major genotypes, GB type (type 1), HG type (type 2), and Asian type (type 3), and should not be divided into minor subtypes. PMID: 9495537, UI: 98154925 1999 - May - TTV - INFANTS [54%] - Mothers [58%] - Congo/Zaire - TTV is widely distributed, with high frequencies of viremia in South America, Central Africa, and Papua New Guinea. Congo was investigated. TTV viremia (58%) women attending an antenatal clinic and (54%). Most infants acquired the infection at >/=3 months postpartum. Surprisingly, TTV infection was detected in a large proportion of children with TTV-negative mothers (43%). Nucleotide sequences of TTV-infected children were frequently epidemiologically unlinked to variants detected in the mother. These three aspects contrast with the maternal transmission of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C in this cohort and suggest an environmental source of TTV infection comparable to hepatitis A virus and other enterically transmitted infections. PMID: 10191206, UI: 99208684 2000 - Feb - HGV [10%] - HCV [1%] - HIV [4%] - HTLV [0] - Pregnant Woman - Congo/Zaire - High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a phylogenetic analysis. A prevalence of 10.3% of (HGV) carriers was found in pregnant women from Kinshasa, Congo (formerly Zaire), while prevalences of 1%, 4.1%, and 0% were found for HCV, HIV, and HTLV respectively. PMID: 10596015, UI: 20062924 Ref PM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/ Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted February 2, 2000 Report Share Posted February 2, 2000 Zaire: The Congo 23rd most populated Nation 52 Million people - 1999 HAV = 99% [Endemic] HBV = 94% [Endemic] HCV = 6% [Hyper-Endemic- up to 27%, Region] HEV = 24% [Endemic] HGV = 10% TTV = 58% Total = 291% HIV = 8% [Epidemic] 1929~1969 - Congo/Zaire - 40 years of the anti-plague campaign in the Congo]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1969;49(1):1-15. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4891322; UI: 69204760. 1930~1960 - Congo/Zaire - The Queen Fund for Medical Assistance to the Congo (F.O.R.E.A.M.I.) 1930-1960: pioneer in rural public health in Africa]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1971;51(4):389-407. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5117515; UI: 72034493. 1950~1970 - Congo/Zaire - Summary of deep mycoses established in 20 years of histopathology in the Institut Pasteur de Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1970 May-Jun;63(3):315-24. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5537809; UI: 71227751. 1951~1963 - Congo/Zaire - Development of poliomyelitis in Leopoldville from 1951 to 1963]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1965;45(6):651-64. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5882624; UI: 66132875. 1953 - Congo/Zaire - AIDS - The historical question of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the 1960s in the Congo River basin area in relation to cryptococcal meningitis. In Europe before the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), fatal cases of infection with Cryptococcus neoformans resembling acute meningitis were rarely described and never in young adults. However, rapidly fatal cryptococcal meningitis in young Africans has been known to exist in central Africa for at least 30 years, mainly in the lower area of the Congo River basin. Cases have been reported in this area since 1953, particularly in young patients during the 1950s. It is also known that central African AIDS patients frequently suffer from cryptococcosis, and there is a possibility that earlier clinical reports of encephalitis were actually fatal cases of AIDS in young Africans. It appears possible that the central part of the African continent is the area where human immunodeficiency virus originated. 1998. PMID: 9546402, UI: 98206478 1954~1963 - SV40 - Polio - Contamination - However, the largest vaccine contamination in medical history occurred from 1954 through early 1963, when millions of people around the world received polio vaccines that had been contaminated with a monkey virus. http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/dissent/documents/AIDS/El4.html 1957~1959 - Equatorial Africa - AIDS - Polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS. Although mass vaccination programs have resulted in the eradication of a number of human infectious diseases, vaccine contamination has been a persistent concern. In particular, it is now known that the early polio vaccines were contaminated with at least one monkey virus, SV40. The transfer of monkey viruses to man via contaminated vaccines is particularly relevant to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), since the causative agent of AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is thought to be derived from a simian precursor virus. Furthermore, human infection with this virus appears to be a relatively recent event. We hypothesize that the AIDS pandemic may have originated with a contaminated polio vaccine that was administered to inhabitants of Equatorial Africa from 1957 to 1959. The mechanism of evolution of HIV from this vaccine remains to be determined. 1995. PMID: 7935079, UI: 95020815 1959 - Rockefeller - HIV - Congo/Zaire - An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic. Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, NY, NY. The oldest known case of HIV-1 infection was reported to be that of a sailor from Manchester who died of an AIDS-like illness in 1959; however, the authenticity of this case has not been confirmed. Genetic analysis of sequences from clinical materials obtained from 1971 to 1976 from members of a Norwegian family infected earlier than 1971 showed that they carried viruses of the HIV-1 outlier group, a variant form that is mainly restricted to West Africa. Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a 1959 African plasma sample that was previously found to be HIV-1 seropositive. HIV-1 subtypes, and perhaps all major-group viruses, may have evolved from a single introduction into the African population not long before 1959. 1998. PMID: 9468138, UI: 98127656 1959 - AIDS - Congo/Zaire - Virus from 1959 sample marks early years of HIV. Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):801. No abstract available. PMID: 9480549; UI: 98139436. 1962~1963 - Congo/Zaire - Aspects of the epidemic of smallpox at Congo-Brazzaville in 1962-1963 and virologic and electrophoretic study of patients' sera]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1964 Nov-Dec;57(6):1214-24. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5897642; UI: 66033869. 1965 - Congo/Zaire - Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopical examinations of diachrome and fluorochrome dyes. Acta Histochem. 1965 Dec 24;22(5):283-97. No abstract available. PMID: 4960601; UI: 67133356. 1966~1985 - HBV - HCC - Congo/Zaire - HCC was studied based on 223 Zairian HCC cases registered from 1966 to 1985. Serum HBsAg was positive in 56.7% of HCC patients and 5.7% of controls. These findings clearly show the excess of poorly differentiated HCC in African patients and suggest a possible link between the morphologic features of HCC in Africa and its extraordinary fast-running course. 1990. PMID: 2152849, UI: 90090364 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Immunoglobulins in Bantus under normal and pathological conditions]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1966;46(5):483-674. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4166599; UI: 67213073. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Radiographic study of the pelvis of the Congolese woman. I. Anatomo-radiographic values]. Minerva Ginecol. 1966 Mar 31;18(6):252-8. Italian. No abstract available. PMID: 5942543; UI: 66161394. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - List of live virus vaccines used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]. Bull Off Int Epizoot. 1966 May;66(1):749. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5998493; UI: 68315677. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Hemoglobin anomalies in 1000 Melano-Africans examined in Paris]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1966 May-Jun;59(3):427-33. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6013785; UI: 68006509. 1966 - Congo/Zaire - Some cases of primitive tumors of the orbit in Congo-Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1966 Nov;66 11):1136-46. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5987459; UI: 68084647. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Effect of therapeutic doses of CIBA 32644-Ba on hematopoiesis in patients affected with bilharziasis and amebiasis]. Acta Trop. 1967;24(1):59-77. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4382127; UI: 67201681. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1967;47(6):405-11. French. No abstract available. PMID: 5633964; UI: 71213138. 1967 - Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations--clinical notes. East Afr Med J. 1967 Feb;44(2):86-92. No abstract available. PMID: 6040759; UI: 67249111. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Presence of cytomegalic virus in some rodents of Equatorial Africa]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1967 Mar-Apr;60(2):101-4. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4301306; UI: 69030876. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - The transport function of the serum proteins: historical summary and reports of recent research on the transport of dyes and iron]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 1967 Mar-Apr;25(3):311-27. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6050419; UI: 68004663. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Changes in the Congo red binding capacity of serum protein corpuscles in epidemic hepatitis]. Acta Hepatosplenol. 1967 May-Jun;14(3):170-2. German. No abstract available. PMID: 5587728; UI: 68273765. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Studies on the elastolytic activity of serum. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Sep 12;146(1):284-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4168600; UI: 68052710. 1967 - Congo/Zaire - Abnormal distribution of haemoglobin genotypes in Negro children with severe bacterial infections. Nature. 1967 Oct 28;216(113):382. No abstract available. PMID: 6053819; UI: 68013038. 1968 - Hepatitis - Congo - Application of parotid gland hormones to internal medicine]. Nippon Rinsho. 1968 Jul;26(7):1689-700. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID: 5751021; UI: 69100554. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Amyloid. IV. Is human amyloid immunogenic? Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968;34(3):269-82. No abstract available. PMID: 4176084; UI: 69006760. 1968 - NEWBORNS - Congo/Zaire - Modifications of albumin transport capacity in pregnant women and newborn infants.Biol Neonat. 1968;13(3):211-8. No abstract available. PMID: 4890377; UI: 69188828. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Occurrence of reovirus antibodies in health African children and in children with Burkitt's lymphoma. Cancer. 1968 Jan;21(1):53-7. No abstract available. PMID: 5634850; UI: 68092158. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - The effect of azo dyes on myxovirus [measles] neuraminidase and on virus multiplication. J Gen Virol. 1968 Mar;2(2):261-8. No abstract available. PMID: 5690185; UI: 68278579. 1968 - Congo/Zaire - Effect of ultraviolet rays on the activity of the reticuloendothelial system in rabbits]. Acta Physiol Pol. 1968 Mar-Apr;19(2):163-9. Polish. No abstract available. PMID: 5650277; UI: 68240162. 1969 - Congo/Zaire - Studies on hepatocellular icterus using Congo-red]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena). 1969 Jun 1;63(11):605-12. German. No abstract available. PMID: 4979916; UI: 69278987. 1970 - Cancer in Braazzaville, the Congo. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1970 May;44(5):1121-7. No abstract available. PMID: 5514472; UI: 71287534. 1970 - Congo/Zaire - Observations on haemoglobin P (Congo type). Biochem J. 1970 Oct;119(5):43P. No abstract available. PMID: 5492814; UI: 71079411. 1970 - Congo (CON) strain. 3011. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Nov;19(6):Suppl:1141-3. No abstract available. PMID: 4992590; UI: 71076786. 1970 - Congo/Zaire - The effects of drugs on learning in a simple preparation. Comp Gen Pharmacol. 1970 Dec;1(4):437-83. No abstract available. PMID: 5527578; UI: 73249106. 1970 - The Congo Experiment. WHO Chron. 1970 Oct;24(10):453-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4394722; UI: 71035400. 1970 - Congo Experiment - The training of medical auxiliaries in the former Belgian Congo - Lancet. 1970 Dec 5;2(7684):1173-4. No abstract available. PMID: 4098444; UI: 71042013. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - The teaching hospital of the Danish Red Cross in Kinshasa. A project of aid for development]. Offentl Gesundheitswes. 1971 Jul;33(7):397-400. German. No abstract available. PMID: 4255346; UI: 72005668. 1971 - Monkey Pox Virus - Congo/Zaire - The agent of a pox-like disease in man]. Vopr Virusol. 1971 Jul-Aug;16(4):468-9. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 5002893; UI: 72092489. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - Smallpox in chimpanzees under natural conditions]. Vopr Virusol. 1971 Jul-Aug;16(4):469-70. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 5137548; UI: 72092490. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - A rare smallpox-like disease. WHO Chron. 1971 Aug;25(8):370-2. No abstract available. PMID: 4328765; UI: 72005872. 1971 - Congo/Zaire - Viral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet. 1971 Oct 16;2(7729):858-9. No abstract available. PMID: 4106880; UI: 72022726. 1972 - KS - Congo/Zaire - Herpes-type virus particles in tissue culture of Kaposi's sarcoma [KS] from different geographic regions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Dec;49(6):1509-26. No abstract available. PMID: 4647841; UI: 73082203. 1972 - Congo/Zaire - Kaposi's sarcoma: a new model in the search for viruses associated with human malignancies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Dec;49(6):1495-507. No abstract available. PMID: 4346014; UI: 73082202. 1973 - HBV - Congo/Zaire - Australia antigen in Zaire. Studies on leprosy. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1973;53(3):173-8. No abstract available. PMID: 4198508; UI: 73227027. 1973 - Congo/Zaire - The effect of anti-lymphocytic serum of infection by congo virus (Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus related) and Mokola virus (rabies virus related). Br J Exp Pathol. 1973 Jun;54(3):274-82. No abstract available. PMID: 4718269; UI: 73217345. 1973 - Congo/Zaire - BCG vaccination and integration]. Bull Int Union Tuberc. 1973 Dec;48 Suppl:76-9. French. No abstract available. PMID: 4803726; UI: 75055638. 1974 - Radiation - Kellner - Congo/Zaire - Radio-opaque modifications of Kellner's injection mass. Acta Anat (Basel). 1974;87(3):461-6. No abstract available. PMID: 4597808; UI: 74167000. [For Link to WHO and Fort Detrick see: http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_KELLNER_AARON_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?GOODFIELD_JUNE_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?CHASE_ALLAN_ and http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_WORLD_HEALTH_ORGANIZATION ]. 1974 - HBV - Malaria - Correlation - Congo/Zaire - The correlation between Hb-S and malaria in Brazzaville, Congo]. Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1974 Jun;19(1):65-6. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID: 4476845; UI: 75117119 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Determination of circulating blood volume in children with the aid of Congo red]. Lab Delo. 1975;(6):376. Russian. No abstract available. PMID: 51132; UI: 76008971. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Comparison of Sirius red and Congo red as stains for amyloid in animal tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. 1975 Jan;23(1):84-8. PMID: 46874; UI: 75115409. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Occurrence of amyloid in the teeth-supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid diseases. An immunohistochemical study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(4):186-92. PMID: 1105775; UI: 76080712. 1975 - Congo/Zaire - Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 Mar;24(2):353-7. PMID: 164135; UI: 75126210. 1975~1982 - AIDS - Zaire/Congo - Early case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a child from Zaire. An eight-year-old child from Zaire died in Sweden in 1982 after a clinical course compatible with AIDS. It is likely that this child developed AIDS early in 1975, long before the AIDS epidemic was apparent in the United States. 1986. PMID: 3012806, UI: 86235927 1976 - The epidemic of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan and Zaire, 1976: introductory note. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56(2):245. No abstract available. PMID: 307454; UI: 78213258. 1977 - Congo/Zaire - Acute hepatitis in children with drepanocytemia. Apropos of 61 cases]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1977;57(3):123-8. French. No abstract available. PMID: 883854; UI: 77240961. 1978 - Congo/Zaire - Some aspects of the proposed captive breeding of dwarf chimpanzees. J Med Primatol. 1978;7(2):65-9. No abstract available. PMID: 712809; UI: 79050481. 1981~1988 - Past HBV [67%] - Midwives - Congo/Zaire - [r state for HBs antigen and HBc antibody in Brazzaville (congo): sero-epidemiological study in the hospital and non-hospital environment]. In Brazzaville (Congo), the prevalence of chronic carriage of HBs Ag (7.31%) we observed, is similar to the ones previously reported in 1981, 1982 and 1988. The sero-prevalence of anti-HBc is 67.21%. Anti-HBc are considered to be very relevant for the screening of VHB infection. Our study clearly points out that the highest prevalence of HBs Ag was observed among midwives. In all, the frequency distribution of the two serological markers we studied was similar in health workers and general population. 1990. PMID: 2208447, UI: 91004444 1982 - HBV - Congo/Zaire - Preliminary survey on the carrying of hepatitis B surface antigen and the determination of its subtypes in Brazzaville]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1982 May-Jul;75(3):258-61. French. No abstract available. PMID: 6809351; UI: 82259626. 1983 - Hepatitis - Transmission - Congo/Zaire - Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and human health. J Med Entomol. 1983 Jul 21;20(4):347-64. Review. No abstract available. PMID: 6312046; UI: 84010748. 1984 - HBV - HCC - Congo/Zaire - HBs antigen: marker of the relation between hepatitis B virus and primary cancer of the liver: the situation in HBs antigen was looked for in three groups of people: patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), patients with other cancers and healthy subjects. Analysis of the results of this study demonstrates that there is a strong association between HCC and hepatitis B virus, as indicated by the presence of HBs antigen. PMID: 6100270, UI: 85259946 1984 - Mercury - Hepatitis - Congo/Zaire - Nephrotic syndrome in Zaire. Three additional cases were associated with local non infectious conditions including the sickle cell disease and the abuse of mercuric-containing compounds. PMID: 6495388, UI: 85041519 1984 - HAV [90%] - HBV Core [90%] - YF [43%] - Congo/Zaire - Epidemiology of hepatitis A and B and yellow fever in Zaire]. HAV in early life: 90% of all children at the age of ten had antibodies in their sera. Similarly up to the age of 19 years almost 90% of all persons investigated were positive for hepatitis B (anti-HBc). A carrier-rate of 20-30% is extremely high; it has been reported only in a few studies in tropical countries. Antibodies to yellow fever virus; (43,4%). None of these persons reported a history of yellow fever; evidently they had undergone subclinical infections. PMID: 6334010, UI: 85052855 1984~1987 - HBV r [11%] - HIV [7%] - Coinfection [5%] - BLOOD Donors - Congo/Zaire - rs of HBs antigen, anti-HIV antibodies and their association with blood donors in Brazzaville]. Serum samples taken from 6,624 blood donors since 1984 to 1987. The mean carrier state of HBs Ag was 10.68% and that of anti-HIV antibodies was 6.99%. The association of HBs Ag and anti-HIV antibodies was discovered in 4.84% donors but without correlation for the period of the study. 1988. PMID: 3165308, UI: 88295319 1984~1988 - Animals - Congo/Zaire - Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. A repository of domestic animal sera collected in Niger between 1984 and 1988 was assayed for antibody against two zoonotic hemorrhagic fever viruses known to be present in the West African Sahel. CCHF virus was found to be most prevalent in adult cattle (57.7%). The highest prevalence for RVF neutralizing antibodies was found in camels (47.5%). The results indicate that both CCHF and RVF viruses are circulating in Niger and are potential zoonotic health risks. 1995. PMID: 7573699, UI: 96033000 1985 - W. Africa - Hemorrhagic Fevers - IgM - Egypt - Recent data on hemorrhagic fevers in West Africa]. Among the viruses which can provoke human haemorrhagic fevers, the Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever and Rift Valley Fever viruses have been discovered relatively recently in West Africa. In southern Mauritania, the virus prevails among men, who get antibodies of the IGM type, which proves a recent circulation. The immunological enquiries on camels seem to corroborate these data. The Rift Valley Fever epidemic which broke out in 1978 among the human and animal populations of Egypt has, apparently, been connected with the passage of camels coming from Sudan through the intermediary halting-place of the Assuan dam. PMID: 3836774, UI: 86272344 1985 - HAV [100%] - HBV [94%] - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of serological hepatitis A and B markers in a rural area of northern Zaire. Virtually all persons beyond 20 years of age are immune. In the 5-7 year age group there was already a high prevalence of anti-HBc (59%) as determined by the dried blood method. In the 10-19 year age group the prevalence was 94% as determined by examination of serum specimens. PMID: 2988353, UI: 85222869 1988 - N.W. Africa - HBV - HIV - Mauritania - Sero-epidemiological study in Mauritania (1985-1986): incidence of treponematosis, hepatitis B virus, HIV virus and viral hemorrhagic fevers]. A serological serosurvey was made in different ethnic groups of Mauritania in 1985. A very high prevalence of hepatitis B markers was found with more than 20% of HBs antigen carriers. HIV and viral haemorrhagic fever viruses (Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) was very low. PMID: 2900081, UI: 88295318 1989 - HIV [5%] - HBV [71%] - BLOOD Donors - Congo/Zaire - Voluntary blood donor recruitment: a strategy to reduce transmission of HIV-1, hepatitis-B and syphilis in Kinshasa, Zaire. Between January 1, 1989, and April 7, 1989, 2,237 blood donors were enrolled in the study at the transfusion centre of the Mama Yemo Hospital. The serological results of all donors for Anti-HIV-1 [4.8%], Anti-HBc [71%], Voluntary blood donor recruitment is critical for the provision of safe blood supplies in Kinshasa. 1990. PMID: 2210866, UI: 91007954 1990 - HBV Vaccine Trails - Congo/Zaire - Seroconversion following immunization with a plasma-derived vaccine against hepatitis B: study of a 3-injection protocol (0, 1, 6 months) in Brazzaville]. This 3 injections protocol of vaccination instead of the classical 4 injections protocol significantly reduces the cost of vaccination and may enlarge its application. PMID: 2145083, UI: 91004445 1991 - HBV [90%] - Congo/Zaire - Serological markers of hepatitis B virus in hospitalized patients (Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Service - Congo )]. 89%, show signs of infection. The study points out the high frequency of hepatitis B virus markers (89.8 %) compared with blood donors (7 to 9 %). This should incite government officials to set up some preventive procedures. PMID: 2072856, UI: 91304303 1991 - HCV [6.4%] - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of hepatitis C in tropical communities: anti-HCV in these populations is 6.4% in Zaire. PMID: 1919536, UI: 92013997 1991 - HIV - HBV - PCV - Congo/Zaire - HIV among Peace Corps volunteers in Zaire. No evidence for unusual modes of transmission. A prospective study of US Peace Corps volunteers (PCVs) serving in Zaire, central Africa, was undertaken to determine the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-aware expatriate population living in an area of high endemicity for both diseases. (6.2%) tested who had at least one positive serologic marker for infection with hepatitis B virus, none was documented to have seroconverted during service. These data suggest that the risk of acquiring infection with HIV or hepatitis B virus in PCVs in Zaire is very low, and there is no evidence for unusual modes of transmission. PMID: 2064483, UI: 91290955 1993 - HCV - Franch Military Africa - Non-A,Non-B - Hepatitis E and hepatitis C virus infections among French soldiers with non-A, non-B hepatitis. The third cluster of non-A,non-B hepatitis observed in French soldiers serving in French Guyana is more likely to be attributed to malaria prophylactic treatment with Amodiaquine than to a viral origin. HCV infection was observed in 93% of acute or chronic cases associated with blood transfusion or parenteral drug abuse. Among acute cases, none of the soldiers who contracted the disease in Africa or in French Guyana was found to be anti-HCV positive compared to 78% of those who contracted the disease in France. HCV infections resulted in chronic hepatitis in 61% of cases. PMID: 8387572, UI: 93253410 1993 - HIV - C. Africa - LOW LEVEL - HIV-1 infection in Central Africa: remarkable discontinuities]. Ever since the first surveys, the virus is widely spread at low level, in the rural as well as in the urban areas, covering a large territory, from Chad to Gabon; later it tends to focus on the large metropolitan and secondary towns. PMID: 8368889, UI: 93378488 1994 - HIV [8.2%] Congo/Zaire - Epidemiology and clinical manifestation of HIV infection in northern Zaire. 8.2% had anti-HIV-1 antibodies. PMID: 7957799, UI: 95046195 1995 - HBV [89%] - HIV [20%] - HCV [5%] - HEV [24%] - Sexually active adults from the Central African Republic. The Central African Republic is located in tropical Africa, where both (HIV) and (HBV) are highly endemic. Anti-HIV1(20%). anti-HBc antibodies (89%). Anti-HCV antibodies (5%) and anti-HEV antibodies (24%). No difference was found in the prevalence of these markers according to the presence or absence of anti-HIV antibodies. This study confirms the high rate of HIV infection, HBV exposure and chronic carriage of HBsAg in sexually active young adults in the Central African Republic. A high prevalence of HCV markers was found in this population, similar to that reported in neighbouring countries, together with a high rate of HEV markers, suggesting that HEV is endemic in this region. PMID: 7561802, UI: 96028720 1995 - HBV [6.5%] - Pregnant Woman - Congo/Zaire - Prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers in a population of pregnant women in Brazzaville]. The risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus is well-known; but, in Congo, where hepatitis B virus is endemic and the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma is high, there is no study on this mode of transmission. Positive sera for HBsAg were also tested for the other markers of HBV, except for specific DNA. The seroprevalence of HBV among these women was 6.5%. It was significantly higher among inpatients than among outpatients. PMID: 7499742, UI: 96051655 1996 - Hepatitis - Pakistan - NANB [11%] - Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. To determine the prevalence of antibodies to viral diseases known or suspected to be present in Pakistan, we studied 570 sera from three groups of adults; two of the groups were involved in outbreaks of hepatitis, and the third included men admitted to a hospital for evaluation of febrile illnesses. However, in a group of recruits experiencing suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis, (11%) had a 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin M antibody to leptospirosis. PMID: 8637643, UI: 96215527 1997 - HAV [97%] - HCV [27%] - Brundi - Africa - Markers of hepatitis C and E virus in Burundi]. The prevalence of antiHCV was 27.1%, very high, in agreement which data from other countries of Central Africa, hyperendemic area for HCV. The prevalence of antiHEV was 4%, much lower than that of antiHAV (97.7%). In addition to the lability of antibodies to HEV, this difference might be explained by the extensive availability of good-quality of drinking-water in the city. The presence of serological markers of HBV and HIV was not associated with that of antiHCV or that of antiHEV. PMID: 9410245, UI: 98023860 1997 - Sep - HEV [7%] - Central Africa - Emerging viral pathogens in long-term expatriates (I): Hepatitis E virus. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the so-called 'emerging' viral pathogens, whose role is increasingly being recognized. The Indian subcontinent showed the highest seropositive rate with 10%. In subjects returning from West and Central Africa, East Africa, South-east Asia and Latin America seroprevalence rates were around 7%. We found a comparatively low seroprevalence rate of 2.1% for the Arab countries and the Middle East. Our results show that there definitely is a risk for long-term expatriates to acquire HEV infection; however, in most of our cases infection seems to have been non- or oligo-symptomatic. PMID: 9315047, UI: 97460665 1997 - Dec - HGV - Congo/Zaire - Genotype of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus by molecular evolutionary analysis. Twenty serum samples with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA from Australia, Cameroon, the Congo, Japan, Mongolia, and Bangladesh were studied. These result indicated that GB virus C/hepatitis G virus can be classified into three major genotypes, GB type (type 1), HG type (type 2), and Asian type (type 3), and should not be divided into minor subtypes. PMID: 9495537, UI: 98154925 1999 - May - TTV - INFANTS [54%] - Mothers [58%] - Congo/Zaire - TTV is widely distributed, with high frequencies of viremia in South America, Central Africa, and Papua New Guinea. Congo was investigated. TTV viremia (58%) women attending an antenatal clinic and (54%). Most infants acquired the infection at >/=3 months postpartum. Surprisingly, TTV infection was detected in a large proportion of children with TTV-negative mothers (43%). Nucleotide sequences of TTV-infected children were frequently epidemiologically unlinked to variants detected in the mother. These three aspects contrast with the maternal transmission of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C in this cohort and suggest an environmental source of TTV infection comparable to hepatitis A virus and other enterically transmitted infections. PMID: 10191206, UI: 99208684 2000 - Feb - HGV [10%] - HCV [1%] - HIV [4%] - HTLV [0] - Pregnant Woman - Congo/Zaire - High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a phylogenetic analysis. A prevalence of 10.3% of (HGV) carriers was found in pregnant women from Kinshasa, Congo (formerly Zaire), while prevalences of 1%, 4.1%, and 0% were found for HCV, HIV, and HTLV respectively. PMID: 10596015, UI: 20062924 Ref PM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/ Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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