Guest guest Posted December 31, 1999 Report Share Posted December 31, 1999 1882 - Book Review - Standard Oil Trust Company " The Inner Circle " (New York - 1882) On January 2, 1882, the Standard Oil Trust agreement was signed, bringing together Rockefeller's oil empire, including the Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, under one central management controlled by D. Rockefeller and an " inner circle " of influential trustees. The Standard Oil Trust became the first great monopoly in American business history, and allowed Standard Oil to conceal ownership of important companies under the guise of ownership by " trustees " . The Trust, with its crushing power and vast income, then proceeded to acquire 90% of the world's oil refining capacity until 1892, when it was ordered dissolved. http://web0.tiac.net/users/haley/bc-48.html 1890~1911 - Book Review - Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly. The Standard Oil Cases, 1890-1911 Description; " [Provides] an insightful history of the failure of antitrust legislation to deal effectively with monopolistic influences within the domestic oil industry, and it develops a framework for a more complete appreciation of current international petroleum industry problems. LC 78-67908. ISBN 0-313-20642-2. http://info.greenwood.com/books/0313206/0313206422.html 1892 - Book Review - Standard Oil Trust Company " The Inner Circle " The Trust, with its crushing power and vast income, then proceeded to acquire 90% of the world's oil refining capacity until 1892, when it was ordered dissolved. http://web0.tiac.net/users/haley/bc-48.html 1895~1989 - Book Review - The Chairman: J. McCloy, The Making of the American Establishment. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. 800 pages. Bird, Kai. McCloy (1895-1989) is the archetype of twentieth-century power and influence; his wide-ranging activities offer ample evidence for anyone who has ever felt that U.S. policies are designed by and for a tiny Yankee aristocracy. A sampling of his career: assistant secretary of war (1941- 1945), high commissioner of Germany (1949-1952), president of the World Bank (1947-1949), chairman of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank (1953- 1960), chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (1953-1970), chairman of the Ford Foundation (1953-1965), disarmament advisor (1961-1974), Warren Commission appointee, Wall Street attorney for the seven sister big oil companies, and director of numerous corporations. It's almost redundant to add that McCloy was also well-connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. This first major biography of McCloy was written over a ten-year period. Special emphasis is given to several controversies in his career: the internment of the Japanese in WW2, the decision not to bomb Auschwitz, his clemency for Nazi war criminals, the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence, and the Warren Commission (nothing new on the WC). The book is based on over a hundred interviews (including nine with McCloy), several hundred Freedom of Information Act requests, McCloy's private papers, and material in numerous archives and libraries. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1898 - Book Review - Blood, Class, and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies. In this book he shows how, ever since U.S. imperialism began in 1898, it has been the British tail wagging the American dogs of war. In their scholarship, language, manners, ethnicity, and taste, privileged Americans frequently aspire to be British. This identity problem has placed American economic and military power in the service of British efforts to maintain some semblance of empire. ISBN 0-374-11443-9 (1990) http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/VT 1900's~1950 - Book Review - A History of the World in Our Time. New York: Tragedy and Hope is a diplomatic, military, economic, and cultural history of the world, dealing mainly with the years from about 1900 to 1950. Quigley was professor of history at the Foreign Service School of town University, where he was best known for his rigorous undergraduate teaching. His credentials as a historian were excellent, and he was well-connected with the Washington elite. But Quigley is something of an embarrassment to those elites, because he called it the way he saw it. The embarrassment has to do with the fact that Quigley believed in the relevance of secret history - the machinations of powerful personalities, the role of international finance and banking (following the money), the importance of covert action and diplomacy, and the collusion of Anglo- American elites. 1966. ISBN 0-945001-01-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ES 1911~1976 - Book Review - The Seven Sisters. Sorts out the tangled histories of the seven mega-corporations that dominate international oil: Exxon, Gulf, Texaco, Mobil, Socal, BP and Shell. Their shifting allegiances, Sampson argues, are best understood by remembering that the " sisters " are " basically committees of engineers and accountants preoccupied ... with profit margins, safeguarding investments, and avoiding taxation. " The interests of the sheikhs of OPEC, media villains at the time Sampson was writing, clearly lie in defending the world the " sisters " have created. 1976. ISBN 0-553-02887-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HT [Note: in 1998 Exxon and Mobil announced they were merging- 1999, approved by Gov.] 1913 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Author Ron Chernow divides this history of the House of into three parts: the baronial age, which ended with the death of the famous J.P. in 1913, the diplomatic age from 1913-1948 with J.P. , Jr., Lamont, Dwight Morrow, and Leffingwell, and the postwar casino age, when was three houses in one. (As required by the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act, it became J.P. and Company and its bank, Guaranty Trust; Stanley, an investment house; and Grenfell in London, an overseas securities house.) In its golden age, the House of catered to prominent families such as the Astors, Guggenheims, DuPonts, and Vanderbilts, and to corporations such as U.S. Steel, GE, GM, and ATT. Despite his disapproval of the House of 's support for fascist Italy and Japan in the 1930s, and his ability to throw around concepts such as " interlocking directorates, " There is no mention, for example, of the 1934 -DuPont conspiracy involving Smedley D. , to organize a military coup against lin Roosevelt. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1914 - Book Review - A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare. With this book, BBC reporters and Paxman have put together the best history of CBW available. Other books in this field tend to concentrate exclusively on CBW research in the U.S., or the use of chemicals in Vietnam. By contrast, this book begins with the first World War and includes the Japanese in the 1930s, the Nazi research program, and British secret experiments with anthrax in the 1940s. Churchill wanted to gas Germany during the war, and Britain actually produced five million anthrax cakes at Porton Down, designed to be dropped on Germany to infect the food chain. This may have been the world's first mass-produced biological weapon. Today germ warfare is outlawed, but chemical weapons are still a matter of international concern. In the epilogue, the authors warn that genetic manipulation and synthetic viruses have opened new prospects for biological warfare, and could someday remove concepts such as ethnic and cross-generational warfare from the exclusive domain of science fiction. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. 306 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IA 1920's - Book Review - Theirs Was the Kingdom. Reader's Digest founder DeWitt Wallace made a fortune by correctly estimating the American consumer and offering his reprinted pablum through direct-mail campaigns. At its peak, the Digest had a circulation of 18 million; only the Bible did better. Not to be outdone, in 1982 the Digest even tried to market a condensed version of the Bible. The Digest empire, particularly through its Washington bureau, was a major outlet for Cold War propaganda and had significant connections to the U.S. intelligence community. Office in Pleasantville, New York beginning in the 1920s. From these offices, the empire grew to become the world's most successful publisher of magazines, and the largest global marketer of books. 1993. ISBN 0-393-03466-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UH 1921 - Book Review - Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations [CFR] and U.S. Foreign Policy. This is the first scholarly study of the CFR, written during a time when Marxian historical sociology was respectable in U.S. academic circles. The Council on Foreign Relations has been the most powerful private organization in U.S. foreign policy since it began in 1921. While priding itself on non-partisanship and on recent efforts to recruit minorities, women, and youth (under 35), CFR's 3,400 members mainly reflect the resources needed by the ruling class to maintain their power. Don't call them if you want to join; they call you. And don't wait for a call unless you have big money, national security expertise, CIA experience, a political constituency, or clout with the media. CFR publishes the prestigious journal " Foreign Affairs " as well as a number of books and reports. Another major activity is to organize closed meetings for their members with assorted world leaders. Everyone feels free to share views and information about current world events, primarily because CFR has strict confidentiality rules and keeps its records locked up for 25 years. ISBN 0-85345-436-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AT 1923~1967 - Book Review - Luce and His Empire. Henry Luce co-founded Time magazine in 1923, and remained the autocratic owner of Time, Life, Fortune, and Sports Illustrated until his death in 1967. His parents were missionaries in China; when Henry was two years old, they barely escaped the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, when over 200 missionaries and their children, along with 30,000 Chinese converts, were killed. While Henry did not grow up to be religious, he was stubbornly ideological, adopting the " white man's burden " orientation of his parents. Even after the corrupt Chinese Nationalists slaughtered 20,000 Taiwanese in order to create a base after fleeing from Mao, Luce continued to plug Chiang Kai-shek as a hero on many covers of Time. Clare Boothe Luce, a Congresswoman and later ambassador to Italy, shared her husband's anti- communism. Between them, they had so much power that even presidents such as Lyndon had to be careful. Biographer Swanberg feels that the Luce press was somewhat responsible for the Cold War, from Chiang through Vietnam. This may be more true than Swanberg realizes: C.D. , who published Life for Luce, was simultaneously a psychological warfare expert for U.S. intelligence (his name also pops up in JFK assassination books). But the CIA connection is not pursued by Swanberg, perhaps because this book appeared too early, before many misdeeds were revealed in the 1970s. 1972 ISBN 0-684-12592-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aS 1929 - GM - DuPont - Nazi - Researchers Morton Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, in their book, " Power Inc., " describe the Du Pont-GM-Nazi relationship in these terms: " . . . In 1929, [Du Pont-controlled] GM acquired the largest automobile company in Germany, Adam Opel, A.G. This predestined the subsidiary to become important to the Nazi war effort. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell. 1932 - " Du Pont support of Hitler extended into the very heart of the Nazi war machine as well, according to Higham, and several other researchers: " General Motors, under the control of the Du Pont family of Delaware, played a part in collaboration " with the Nazis. " Between 1932 and 1939, bosses of General Motors poured $30 million into I.G. Farben plants . . . " Further, Higham informs us that by " the mid-1930s, General Motors was committed to full-scale production of trucks, armored cars, and tanks in Nazi Germany. " " Power Inc., " 1933~1945 - Book Review - Hitler and His Secret Partners: Contributions, Loot and Rewards, 1933-1945. Starts with a broad socioeconomic perspective, and blends this in with sociopsychological and cultural observations. Frequently historians skip the infrastructural reasons behind Hitler's power, and opt for a specific angle instead of the broad picture. The entire phenomenon of Nazi Germany then becomes subsumed under some variation of The Madman Theory. Many top industrialists and financiers in Germany made huge returns on their investment in Hitler's agenda. The spoils of various invasions, as well as profits from slave labor and confiscation of Jewish properties, insured their enthusiastic support. Hitler himself was far from ascetic - he lived in extravagant luxury, subsidized by blatant corruption. Good old greed, power, and desperation explain Nazi Germany better than ersatz theories about the German character. Examples: the desire for " lebensraum " was largely due to food production problems; Hitler invaded Austria because raw materials were needed to continue rearmament; and Russia was invaded because the German military machine was running out of oil. Pool never tries to excuse Germany, but he does offer a fresh look at the evidence. 1997 ISBN 0-671-76081-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cV 1933 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. 1933 Glass-Steagall Act, it became J.P. and Company and its bank, Guaranty Trust; Stanley, an investment house; and Grenfell in London, an overseas securities house. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1933 - Du Pont's anti-Semitism " matched that of Hitler " and, in 1933, the Du Ponts " began financing native fascist groups in America . . . " one of which Higham identifies as the American Liberty League: " a Nazi organization whipping up hatred of blacks and Jews, " and the " love of Hitler. " Financed .. . to the tune of $500,000 the first year, the Liberty League had a lavish thirty-one-room office in New York, branches in twenty- six colleges, and fifteen subsidiary organizations nationwide that distributed fifty million copies of its Nazi pamphlets. . . .Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949. 1934 - Attempted U.S. Coup - At about the same time the Du Ponts were serving the Nazi cause in Germany, they were involved in a Fascist plot to overthrow the United States government. " Along with friends of the Bank and General Motors, " in early 1934, writes Higham, " certain Du Pont backers financed a coup d'etat that would overthrow the President with the aid of a $3 million-funded army of terrorists . . . " The object was to force Roosevelt " to take orders from businessmen as part of a fascist government or face the alternative of imprisonment and execution . . . " " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - Higham reports that " Du Pont men allegedly held an urgent series of meetings with the s, " to choose who would lead this " bizarre conspiracy. " " They finally settled on one of the most popular soldiers in America, General Smedly of Pennsylvania. " was approached by " fascist attorney " Gerald MacGuire (an official of the American Legion), who attempted to recruit into the role of an American Hitler. " was horrified, " but played along with MacGuire until, a short time later, he notified the White House of the plot. 1934 - Attempted Coup - Roosevelt considered having " the leaders of the houses of and Du Pont " arrested, but feared that " it would create an unthinkable national crisis in the midst of a depression and perhaps another Wall Street crash. " Roosevelt decided the best way to defuse the plot was to expose it, and leaked the story to the press. " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - " The newspapers ran the story of the attempted coup on the front page, but generally ridiculed it as absurd and preposterous. " But an investigation by the Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities - 74th Congress, first session, House of Representatives, Investigation of Nazi and other propaganda - was begun later that same year. " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - " It was four years, " continues Higham, " before the committee dared to publish its report in a white paper that was marked for 'restricted circulation.' They were forced to admit that 'certain persons made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country . . . [The] committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by General .' This admission that the entire plan was deadly in intent was not accompanied by the imprisonment of anybody. Further investigations disclosed that over a million people had been guaranteed to join the scheme and that the arms and munitions necessary would have been supplied by Remington, a Du Pont subsidiary. " " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup -The names of important individuals and groups involved in the conspiracy were suppressed by the committee, but later revealed by Seldes, Philadelphia Record reporter French, and Jules Archer, author of the book, " The Plot to Seize the White House. " Included were W. (attorney for the J.P. banking group), Sterling (Wall Street broker and heir to the Singer sewing machine fortune), Doyle (American Legion official), and the American Liberty League (backed by executives from J.P. and Co., Rockefeller interests, E.F. Hutton, and Du Pont-controlled General Motors). 1934 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. There is no mention, for example, of the 1934 -DuPont conspiracy involving Smedley D. , to organize a military coup against lin Roosevelt. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1935 - In a heavily documented study presented to the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell, an assistant subcommittee counsel, wrote: " 'GM's participation in Germany's preparation for war began in 1935. That year its Opel subsidiary cooperated with the Reich in locating a new heavy truck facility at Brandenburg, which military officials advised would be less vulnerable to enemy air attacks. During the succeeding years, GM supplied the Wehrmact with Opel " Blitz " trucks from the Brandenburg complex. For these and other contributions to [the Nazis] wartime preparations, GM's chief executive for overseas operations [ Mooney] was awarded the Order of the German Eagle (first class) by Adolf Hitler.' " 1935 - Du Pont-GM Nazi collaboration, according to Snell, included the participation of Standard Oil [Rockefeller]of New Jersey [now Exxon] in one, very important arrangement. GM and Standard Oil of New Jersey formed a joint subsidiary with the giant Nazi chemical cartel, I.G. Farben, named Ethyl G.m.b.H. [now Ethyl, Inc.] which, according to Snell: " provided the mechanized German armies with synthetic tetraethyl fuel [leaded gas]. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_ROCKEFELLER_FOUNDATION_ [social Network Diagram] 1935~1945 - A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm Sullivan and Cromwell. After two years in the Princeton library, where the archives of Dulles and Dulles are stored, the authors knew about Sullivan and Cromwell's ten-year record of cooperation with Hitler. The authors found a National Archives microfilm detailing the Justice Department investigations of Dulles's wartime collaboration. After 100 years of creating power and wealth by manipulating the interface between government and business, and with a transnational reach that considers World Wars a mere inconvenience, the story of Sullivan and Cromwell makes it clear that there's one set of rules for the rest of us, and no rules at all for the ruling class. ISBN 1-55778-239-3 1936 - " The Du Ponts' fascistic behavior was seen in 1936, when Irenee du Pont used General Motors money to finance the notorious Black Legion. This terrorist organization had as its purpose the prevention of automobile workers from unionizing. The members wore hoods and black robes, with skulls and crossbones. They fire-bombed union meetings, murdered union organizers, often by beating them to death, and dedicated their lives to destroying Jews and communists. They linked to the Ku Klux Klan. . . . It was brought out that at least fifty people, many of them blacks, had been butchered by the Legion. " Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949. 1936~1939 - Book Review - One Thousand Americans. Seldes (1890-1995) covered the Spanish Civil War from Madrid for the New York Post, and from 1940 to 1950 he edited the weekly newsletter " In Fact. " A free-lance muckraker for most of his career, Seldes retired in 1950 but was rediscovered in the 1980s; his autobiography " Witness to a Century " was published in 1987 and became a bestseller. With more than a dozen books to his credit, Seldes is considered by progressives as one of the century's leading anti-fascists. In addition to tracking the extreme Right, Seldes also tracked corporations and big money, and their power and influence in the American press. New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947. 312 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZJ 1936~1939 - At the urgent request of Nazi officials who realized that Germany's scarce petroleum reserves would not satisfy war demands, GM and Exxon joined with German chemical interests in the erection of the lead-tetraethyl plants. According to captured German records, these facilities contributed substantially to the German war effort: 'The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce lead-tetraethyl is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans [Du Pont, GM and Standard Oil] had presented us with the production plants complete with experimental knowledge. Without lead-tetraethyl the present method of warfare would be unthinkable.' " 1936 - JJ McCoy - At the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Hitlers observation box is shared by J. McCloy, a lawyer in the employ of I.G. Farben. McCloy would later be president of Rockefellers Chase Manhattan Bank, chairman of the CFR, and serve on the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of Kennedy. During the period following the war, McCloy pardoned 70,000 Nazis accused of war crimes. McCloy also pardoned General Walter Dornberger, convicted at Nuremberg of collaborating to murder 6,000 prisoners, because Von Braun refused to work for the US rocket program without him. Von Braun was named by the author of Nomenclature of an Assassination Cabal as a key operative in the assassination of Kennedy. He was associated closely with the Defense Industrial Security Command (DISC), the secret police agency in the US for munitions manufacturers. Many DISC executives are reported to have been Mafia. Von Braun was also in charge of the Security Division of NASA. McCloy later worked in US intelligence. http://trufax.org/chrono/crd.html 1939 - Book Review - The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. Spellman laid low at first and cultivated key people in Rome. After his friend Cardinal Pacelli became Pope Pius XII in 1939, Spellman was appointed an archbishop. During the war, he travelled to war zones and acted as FDR's secret agent. After the war he allied himself with ph McCarthy and Roy Cohn, and became a kingmaker in New York City politics. He continued to support U.S. military adventures by visiting the troops, attending Pentagon briefings, discussing strategy with generals, and gathering intelligence for the CIA and State Department. ISBN 0-8129-1120-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aU 1939 - Japan's Army General Shiro Ishii's Aide comes to NY and Rockefeller to obtain " sample " of Yellow Fever/HBV virus. Japanese Army doctor, Dr. Ryoichi Naito, visited the laboratory with credentials from the Japanese military attached in Washington to obtain a sample of that strain of the Yellow Fever virus. http://www.tdbooks.com/ebooks/lastcircle/chpt15pt1.html 1940 - Book Review - The Shadow Warriors: Donovan used the U.S. media to play up the bogus threat of a Nazi " fifth column " in order to promote his plans for an intelligence agency (pages 38-39). In other words, what the OSS called " psychological warfare " when issued as foreign propaganda, was first used on U.S. citizens. ISBN 0-465-07756-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UY 1940's - Book Review - American Swastika, 1985. This book concerns noncorporate American connections to Nazis, as well as to their fifth columnists and sympathizers among the Romanians and White Russians. Over half of the book covers the period before and during World War II, and the remainder covers the Cold War period. Some of the individuals discussed include Klaus Barbie, Bullitt, Coughlin, Hamilton Fish, Dulles, Reinhard Gehlen, ph Kennedy, etc... Higham receive extensive help in his researches from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, and utilized 28,000 pages of U.S. government documents that are now stored in the author's collection at the University of Southern California library. ISBN 0-385-17874-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/KB 1941~1945 - Book Review - OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the major U.S. intelligence agency during WW2. Its research branch consisted largely of conscientious humanities and social science liberals from Harvard and Yale. Their sudden access to international secrets, when mixed with inbred academic elitism, proved quite compelling. By war's end, these opinion-makers had become converts to OSS director Donovan's vision of a postwar agency. Despite Truman's reluctance, Donovan's old-boy network was formalized into the CIA; the pipe-smoking liberal of the thirties became the cold warrior of the fifties. It wasn't until the 1960s that the academic community would begin to recover its social conscience. ISBN 0-520-04246-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IO 1941~1945 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - This first major biography of McCloy was written over a ten-year period. Special emphasis is given to several controversies in his career: the internment of the Japanese in WW2, the decision not to bomb Auschwitz, his clemency for Nazi war criminals, the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence, and the Warren Commission. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1941~1945 - Book Review - Hitler's Secret Bankers: The Myth of Swiss Neutrality During the Holocaust. In the early 1990s, the World Jewish Restitution Organization and the World Jewish Congress, with help from U.S. Senator Alfonse D'Amato, put pressure on Switzerland to compensate holocaust victims for stolen money and property that the Nazis had deposited in Swiss banks. Other wartime Jews opened accounts in Switzerland at the first hint of trouble ahead, but for years Swiss bankers demanded death certificates from surviving heirs before releasing assets, even though no such certificates were issued at Auschwitz. This book reveals the extent of Swiss collaboration with the Nazis. Despite its stolen gold from Belgium and Holland, the Nazis needed foreign currency to pay for the war machine. The happy combination of formal Swiss neutrality, along with discreet and uninquisitive Swiss bankers, allowed the Nazis to exchange this gold for currency. The Swiss-based Bank for International Settlements, and its American president, McKittrick, also worked alongside Nazis to keep international finance fluid throughout the war. After demolishing the myth of Swiss neutrality on economic matters, the author looks at the Swiss wartime record for accepting Jewish refugees who were fleeing the Nazis. ISBN 1-55972-421-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cC 1942~1945 - Book Review - The O.S.S. in Italy, 1942-1945. In 1942, U.S. Army Private Max Corvo was a 21-year-old Sicilian immigrant who came up with a plan for subversive warfare against Sicily. He wrangled a three-day pass and an interview in Washington, and a few weeks later was transferred to the Office of Strategic Services. For the next seven months he traveled around the U.S. and recruited other immigrants. From 1943 to 1945, Corvo was stationed abroad, in charge of OSS operations in Italy. After the war he retired from intelligence work, and since 1947 has been the publisher of the Middletown Bulletin in Connecticut. Along with other OSS veterans, Corvo remains active in reconstructing the history of the agency from declassified documents. There were numerous successes, as well as bureaucratic turf and logistical support problems, for the OSS in Italy. It was the Office of Naval Intelligence, for example, that released Mafia chief Lucky Luciano from a U.S. prison and recruited him for their advance work in Sicily, sidelining the OSS. (Corvo says that he made an early decision to avoid Mafia contacts during his recruitment efforts.) After Corvo left Italy, Angleton took over the work there, and according to other accounts, vigorously encouraged the anti-leftist elements. More often than not, this meant promoting those with masonic, syndicate, or fascist connections. ISBN 0-275-93333-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZW 1945~1948 - Gelhen - Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. 398 pages. Simpson, . He traces the post-World War II recruitment by the U.S. of defeated Nazi chief of intelligence for Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Reinhard Gehlen, and the increasing reliance of U.S. intelligence on the Gehlen organization's estimates of Soviet strengths and intentions. In the critical period from 1945 to 1948, the correct assessments by U.S. military intelligence that the Soviet occupation forces in Eastern Europe were worn out and posed no threat, were supplanted with the Gehlen organization's lie that these same forces were a major military threat posed to invade Germany. The rest is our history, known as the Cold War. ISBN 1-55584-106-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/JV 1945 - Book Review - General Reinhard Gehlen: The CIA Connection. Fairfax VA: Mason University Press, 1990. 231 pages. As Nazi Germany was collapsing, General Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler's chief of eastern front intelligence, buried his files and waited to be captured. He felt certain that access to his files was an offer the Americans couldn't refuse. He was right, of course, partly because the Cold War was already being planned, and partly because Gehlen's scientific collection and analysis methods were very effective. He and his staff cut a deal with the CIA and the Pentagon to absorb his networks and his expertise. As part of the deal, Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. Ellen Reese offers the first book about Gehlen that concentrates on the American connection. She interviewed former CIA and Army Intelligence officers, and received " hundreds " of documents under FOIA from various agencies. But her claim that this is the first undistorted " full " picture, drawing on " wholly new information, " seems unrealistic, as the CIA wouldn't cooperate with her. We also know that PIR advisor Carl Oglesby has been trying for years to sue for Gehlen records that the government considers too sensitive. ISBN 0-913969-30-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PA 1945~1955 - Book Review - Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945-1955. Much of this book deals with the FBI on campus and their use of informants (including Henry Kissinger and F. Buckley), although it breaks off before the FBI got really nasty in the late 1960s. That still leaves two revealing chapters on Harvard's Russian Research Center. The first scholars who specialized in international studies were sponsored by the OSS/CIA, with funding laundered by the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford Foundations. These scholar-spooks prostituted their prestige to rubber- stamp the Cold War. ISBN 0-19-505382-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RP 1945~1990 - Book Review - The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. As World War II was winding down in Europe, the U.S. began looking for Nazi scientists and intelligence officers. They didn't want them for war crimes, although some were guilty of these, but rather to recruit them for the Cold War against the Soviets. President Truman had directed that no Nazis be allowed to immigrate. Nevertheless at least 1600 scientists and their dependents were brought in under Operation Paperclip, and hundreds more under related programs. Although most of the publicity has concerned NASA's use of rocket scientists such as Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph, Nazi scientists also conducted chemical warfare experiments on 7000 U.S. soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal in land from 1955-1975. The CIA and Army intelligence even paid the scientists to experiment with LSD and other psychochemicals, as the search continued for the ultimate mind-control weapon. ISBN 0-312-05510-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/OZ 1945 - Book Review - Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy. Italian politics since Mussolini consists of intrigues piled on top of intrigues, mixed together with Freemasonry, the Vatican, the Italian secret services plotting coups with right-wing generals, the Mafia, arms caches planted by NATO's Operation Gladio, and bribery and corruption so massive that occasionally it threatens the collapse of their banking system. And this is only what you read in the papers. ISBN 0-09-470590-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UU 1945 - Book Review - The CIA, A Forgotten History: U.S. Global Interventions Since World War 2. This is the only well-documented book on CIA history that is arranged country by country, year by year. It describes and analyzes the known significant interventions throughout the world since 1945 that have been carried out through the CIA and other branches of U.S. government. Hundreds of distinct operations were launched in more than 50 countries using various techniques: the use of armed aggression by U.S. and/or indigenous forces working with the U.S.; operations, successful or not, to overthrow a government; attempts to suppress a popular rebellion or movement; attempts to assassinate political leaders; gross interference in elections or other flagrant manipulations of a country's political system; the manufacture of " news " ; serious manipulation of trade unions, etc. ISBN 0-86232-480-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IN 1945~1960 - Book Review - Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960. Communication research is a small academic field that evolved within the social sciences, and is reflected today in the fields of print and broadcast journalism, public relations, and advertising. Its early research was sponsored by government funding for psychological warfare, which reached $1 billion annually in the early 1950s. Carnegie and Ford, working closely with the government, were secondary sources of funding. Behind this money was a massive U.S. intelligence bureaucracy that was honing techniques for clandestine warfare around the globe. Soon it became " counterinsurgency " and " special forces, " and now it is called " low-intensity conflict. " ISBN 0-19-510292-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZY 1946 - Book Review - The CIA and the Marshall Plan. The covert-action arm of the early post-war U.S. intelligence establishment was called the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which was later absorbed into the CIA. The program of U.S. aid to Europe following the war was broadly called the Marshall Plan, one aspect of which was the appropriation under the Economic ation Administration. ECA included secret funding for OPC activities in Europe. This book is a behind-the- scenes look at policymaking during the early Cold War years. Ex-OSS elites, such as those interviewed by Pisani, played an active role in making sure that U.S. aid came with political strings attached, often in the form of secretly-funded propaganda fronts that pushed the correct line. We beat the Communists at their own game. But victory came at a price: covert action in peacetime is now institutionalized, and it won't go away. 1991. ISBN 0-7006-0502-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YY 1947~1949 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - President of the World Bank. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1947 - Book Review - One Thousand Americans. Seldes (1890-1995) - This 1947 book is dense with the names of major American power brokers, including interests such as J.P. and groups such as the National Association of Manufacturers. One 80-page section on the magazine press deals with both the Henry Luce and empires. Throughout this book, Seldes connects the interlocking dots between owners, directors, and their handmaidens within the political process. " These one thousand Americans are interested in property rights, rather than the general welfare, " and have the power to " maintain the status quo system or to move backward. " New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947. 312 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZJ 1947~1977 - Book Review - The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency. Foreword by Helms. Jack took a Ph.D. from Cornell, and joined the OSS and then the CIA when it began in 1947. He was a member of the board of national estimates (1957-62), director of current intelligence (1962-66), and deputy director for intelligence (1966-71). From 1954-56 he was loaned to the State Department for a tour of duty in Singapore, and from 1971-74 he was a special assistant to the ambassador in New Delhi. Congressional oversight is part of the problem because it removes deniability and promotes " irresponsible public debate. " In the end, embraces the same amazing elitism that lurks behind all intelligence professionals, which might be paraphrased as " trust us -- we're honorable, we're better informed, and we know what's best for you. " ISBN 0-425-13136-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QW 1947 - Book Review - Keepers of the Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush. The NSC started out in 1947 under the National Security Act, the same bill that authorized the CIA. Truman rarely bothered to attend its meetings, but Eisenhower created the position of national security advisor. Kennedy strengthened the NSC when he used its staff and his advisors to deal with the Cuban missile crisis, and gave his advisors, Mc Bundy and Walt Rostow, major roles in Vietnam policy. Kissinger, who was Nixon's national security advisor, exercised a monopoly on foreign policy, making both the State Department and the NSC itself almost superfluous. Ford tried to restore the balance, but 's advisor Brzezinski regained much of the power that Kissinger once had. By the time Reagan sleepwalked his way into the oval office, the NSC was able to run with the ball in the President's name. This allowed an obscure lieutenant colonel named Oliver North to orchestrate U.S. policy under the protection of U.S. secrecy laws, and in the name of the American people. ISBN 0-688-07397-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PH 1948 - Book Review - The Belarus Secret. In 1948 a secret section of the State Department began recruiting Belorussian war criminals for guerrilla warfare inside the Soviet bloc. When the operations failed, these Nazi collaborators were allowed to settle in the U.S. As recently as 1978, government departments were lying to Congress in an effort to cover up this history. Loftus blew the whistle on CBS's " 60 Minutes " in May 1982, drawing headlines across the nation. ISBN 0-394-52292-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HP 1948~1977 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. The Information Research Department (IRD), a creation of the British intelligence community, played a major role in Western news and cultural media from 1948-1977. As late as 1976, when IRD's secret history first began to unravel due to the persistence of researcher Fletcher, 92 British journalists were still on IRD's distribution list. In earlier years, IRD's influence was even greater. This is the first book about IRD, and with it, another piece of the cold war media-manipulation picture is now in place. (The CIA's manipulation of the media was equally impressive, but U.S. journalists dropped the issue in 1978 and never looked back.) ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1948~1986 - Book Review - Quiet Neighbors: Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals in America. The first three chapters offer some background, from the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 through the 30 years of INS inaction, on to the Moscow Agreement of 1980 that gave OSI access to documents and witnesses. Other chapters treat case histories. OSI director 's major success story is Demjanjuk, who was finally deported in 1986. There is also a chapter on Klaus Barbie. The dust jacket describes 's report on Barbie's connections to U.S. intelligence as one " which received international acclaim for its thoroughness and honesty. " Still, 's book is valuable as a primary source for the record. ISBN 0-15-175823-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NN 1948 - Book Review - Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy. Here and elsewhere the author finds significant U.S. connections, because Italy was a linchpin in NATO's cold war strategy and a Communist electoral victory would have been unacceptable to the CIA and State Department. In 1948, for example, the CIA bought the Italian election in their first big covert action, and in 1970-1972, according to the Pike Committee, the U.S. was still pumping in money ($10 million) to influence Italian politics. ISBN 0-09-470590-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UU 1948 - Book Review - America's Secret Relations with a Militant Israel. Ever since Truman's support of the birth of Israel in 1948, U.S. relations have favored its aggressive policies, even at the expense of U.S. interests in the region. Much of this was encouraged in the name of a secure Jewish homeland -- something which few U.S. politicians dared to criticize -- but behind the public facade there existed a world where the CIA became dependent on Mossad for intelligence, Israel's economy became dependent on profits from arms transfers, and policy itself was exercised through proxy wars. These include chapters on U.S. intelligence and the Zionist underground, the 1953 aid cutoff, the Suez War of 1956, Israel's nuclear weapons program, the Six-Day War of 1967, and the USS Liberty incident. He concludes that were it not for U.S. policies that favored the militarists within Israel, particularly from 1964 to 1967, the Palestinian problem might have been solved. ISBN 0-688-02643-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MQ 1949~1952 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - High Commissioner of Germany. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1949 - Klaus Barbie - Book Review - America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. New York: lin Watts, 1989. 400 pages. Sayer, Ian and Botting, . The U.S. Army's Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) served in World War I, World War II, and Korea, but the public first heard of it in 1983. Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie was being extradited from Bolivia to France and his picture was in the news. College professor Erhard Dabringhaus saw the picture and dialed the local TV station in Sarasota, Florida to tell them that he was the agent who had run Barbie in 1949 when they were both employed by CIC in Germany. It seemed that another window was slowly opening on secret U.S. history. Other CIC agents during and shortly after the war included Henry Kissinger, J.D. Salinger, and Helms. Dabringhaus has written a book of his own ( " Klaus Barbie " , Washington: Acropolis Books, 1984). ISBN 0-531-15097-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MS [Note: also see: http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_BARBIE_KLAUS_ ] 1950 - Book Review - The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. Were it not for Spellman's early (beginning in 1950) efforts to support Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnam's puppet government might not have emerged. Ultimately the Vatican became wary of Spellman's power. So did antiwar activists, who demonstrated against " Spellman's War " outside his residence and cathedral. ISBN 0-8129-1120-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aU 1952~1978 - Book Review - The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency. The National Security Agency [NSA] is many times larger than the CIA, and since 1952 has spent many billions more per year. That didn't stop journalists from ignoring it, which suited NSA just fine. NSA is located in Fort Meade, land in twenty buildings with a dozen acres of underground computers. In 1978 it controlled 68,000 people to listen in on the world's communications, analyze satellite eavesdropping systems, and develop and break codes. Numerous listening posts are spread around the globe, and 40 tons of classified documents are sent to the shredder each day. Your tax dollars are hard at work. ISBN 0-395-31286-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/BY 1952 - Book Review - Foundations: Their Power and Influence. In 1952, Congress commissioned the Committee to investigate U.S. foundations. In 1953 it was the Reece Committee, and the author of this book was its general counsel. He is more interested in an emerging " elite " that has control of gigantic financial resources: " An unparalleled amount of power is concentrated increasingly in the hands of an interlocking and self-perpetuating group. Unlike the power of corporate management, it is unchecked by stockholders; unlike the power of government, it is unchecked by the people; unlike the power of churches, it is unchecked by any firmly established canons of value. " Forty years later, it's clear that Wormser's concerns over foundations were not misplaced; they still wield enormous political and cultural power. It's also clear that Congress should have worried more about the U.S. secret state than about Communism. The connections between intelligence elites, and the international programs funded by major foundations such as Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller, are quite amazing and deserve their own book. ISBN 0-925591-28-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZC 1952 - Book Review - An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit. McCann joined United Fruit in 1952; when he resigned in 1971 he was vice-president in charge of public relations. United Fruit was the most powerful economic and political force in Central America during the 1950s. They were cozy with foreign interventionists and media owners back home, which meant that they could make or break little countries at will. ISBN 0-517-528096 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aL 1953~1960 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953~1965 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of the Ford Foundation. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953~1970 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953 - Book Review - The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. Iran has oil and it borders the former Soviet Union. These were two excellent reasons for the interest that Britain and the U.S. had in Iranian affairs since World War II. After the CIA-sponsored coup in 1953 that installed the shah, American elites held his caviar and champagne in high regard, not to mention their profits from arms sales. It was the job of SAVAK, the secret police founded by the CIA and trained by Mossad, to keep the rabble quiet. As late as September 28, 1978, several months before one of the major revolutions of the twentieth century, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the shah " is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years. " ISBN 0-300-04097-0 (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1988. 520 pages. Bill, A. page 258) http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aG 1953~1989 - Book Review - Spy Trader. When the Berlin Wall came down in late 1989, East German attorney Wolfgang Vogel was still held in high esteem. The West German government was considering him for a merit cross, its highest civilian award, while in the East his associations with Stasi since 1953 had made him rich. Vogel was best known for arranging spy swaps between East and West. By 1993, however, a reunited Germany was considering his career through a different lens. Vogel had negotiated the release of 33,755 former political prisoners and 215,019 of their relatives in exchange for West German government payments that totaled the equivalent of more than two billion dollars from 1964 to 1989. ISBN 0-8129-2461-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/XW 1954 - Book Review - Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. This is one of the more complete accounts of the CIA operation to overthrow the democratically-elected government of o Arbenz of Guatemala in 1954 - a textbook case of how a superpower can destroy a Third World country at will. The propaganda which accompanied the military campaign required the loyal cooperation of the American media, because the world had to be convinced that Guatemala was being saved from a Soviet takeover. In fact, the Soviet union could hardly have had less interest in Guatemala and did not even maintain diplomatic relations with them. What actually caused U.S. intervention was the nationalization by Arbenz of much of the land of United Fruit Company; it turned out that United was extremely well-connected in Washington and knew how arrange a fix. Arbenz was also unwilling to persecute Guatemalan communists and other leftists who had not committed any crimes. ISBN 0-385-18354-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AR 1954 - Book Review - An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit. In 1954, United Fruit and the CIA broke Guatemala. The media, having been carefully prepped and by United Fruit's PR experts such as L. Bernays (the " father of public relations " ), cheered from the sidelines. (Forty years of death squads and tens of thousands of killings later, it remains very much broken, and our media are happy to keep it buried.) Guatemala's peasants were powerless against United Fruit, so it took a corporate raider by the name of Eli Black to bring it down, starting in 1968. 1976. ISBN 0-517-528096 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aL 1954~1991 - Book Review - A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. In a hangar at the Burbank, California airport during the Cold War, Lockheed's super-secret, windowless facility went by the name of " Skunk Works. " Ben Rich arrived in 1954 as an engineer, succeeded Clarence " " as director in 1975, and retired in 1991. Rich's first assignment was the CIA's U-2 spy plane. This was followed by the SR-71 Blackbird, a plane that broke records for speed and altitude. His crowning achievement was the F-117 stealth fighter. Essentially undetectable on enemy radar, this fighter proved effective in laser-guided bombing runs during the Gulf War. Rich was assisted in this autobiography by co-author Leo Janos, who also helped with the autobiography of test pilot Chuck Yeager. ISBN 0-316-74330-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/WU [Note: F-117 shot down at night during " The Kosovo Conflict " by Serbs -1999] 1955~1975 - Book Review - The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. Nazi scientists also conducted chemical warfare experiments on 7000 U.S. soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal in land from 1955-1975. ISBN 0-312-05510-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/OZ 1955~1968 - Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. ISBN 0-913969-30-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PA 1956~1957 - Book Review - Ropes of Sand: America's Failure in the Middle East. This book provides a history of Middle-East politics and the U.S. involvement in same from post-World War One to the 1970s. Written as a personal account, the book is very readable and contains a number of significant revelations, such as U.S. plots to overthrow the government of Syria in 1956 and 1957 and to assassinate President Nasser of Egypt, as well as American involvement in several other conspiracies, alone and with the British, to fashion the Middle East to their own specifications. There is also material on covert Arab-Israeli relations, the CIA overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953, and on British mole Kim Philby, with whom Eveland spent time in Lebanon right up until Philby avoided arrest by fleeing to the Soviet Union. ISBN 0-393-01336-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HE 1961 - Book Review - Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. Two books in NameBase, " Operation Zapata " and Wyden's " Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story, " deal with the 1961 CIA invasion of Cuba that was inherited by President Kennedy as soon as he took office. This was the first embarrassment for a CIA that had come to think of itself as all- powerful. Hundreds of CIA-trained Cubans and dozens of CIA officials blamed Kennedy after he failed to involve U.S. forces to salvage a deteriorating situation. Some of the crucial events in U.S. history since 1961 can be traced back to the Bay of Pigs, and to Kennedy's subsequent desire to rein in the CIA. Wyden's book is probably the most complete narrative of the Bay of Pigs that has been published. . ISBN 0-671-24006-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MW 1961~1963 - Book Review - JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power. Drawing on his laboriously-assembled 15,000-page archive of official documents, historian M. Newman builds his case that President Kennedy planned to win re-election in 1964 -- and then get out of Vietnam. Newman's Kennedy is an intelligent Tory realist, determined not to be suckered into an Asian Bay-of-Pigs-on-the-installment-plan. Kennedy stonewalled repeated requests from his inner circle to commit U.S. combat troops to Laos in 1961, and to Vietnam thereafter. As a result, Newman thinks, key insiders came to doubt Kennedy's nerve. ISBN 0-446-51678-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RO 1961~1974 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Disarmament Advisor. Warren Commission appointee, Wall Street attorney for the seven sister big oil companies [previously Standard Oil, Rockefeller, prior to the court ordered break up], and director of numerous corporations. It's almost redundant to add that McCloy was also well-connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1962 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. This book also quotes a June 1962 CIA memorandum, which states that President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan, in April 1962, agreed to " liquidate President Sukarno [indonesia], depending on the situation and available opportunities. " ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1962 - Book Review - CIA: The Inside Story. Written at a time when few Americans could identify what the letters CIA stood for, much less what the agency did, this was the first book to reveal a number of CIA adventures in some detail. It discusses actual and possible CIA attempts at government-making in Algeria, Guatemala, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Cuba, Laos, Korea and the Soviet bloc, and also has sections on Nazi general Reinhard Gehlen, and the U-2 and Francis Powers. Some espionage and counter-espionage tales are thrown in to make what must have at the time seemed like the " inside story, " but which now definitely comes across as rather superficial. Tully's point of view is strictly cold-war anti-communist, although he's not an extremist. To have put together a book like this in 1962, he most likely had the cooperation of the CIA, which was reeling from the Bay of Pigs fiasco and needed some publicity about agency " successes. " In general, the book's sins are more those of omission than of commission. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HV 1962~1963 - Book Review - JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power. Newman documents a high-level conspiracy that doctored the military's intelligence reports on Vietnam that Kennedy received during much of 1962-63. But grimmer assessments reached Kennedy via the CIA and the State Department, and Newman thinks Kennedy's real intentions in Vietnam are signaled by an October 1963 document ordering a secret 1,000-man initial withdrawal of U.S. advisors. (A few weeks later, President ordered the U.S. naval raids that led to the Gulf of Tonkin incident, and so to the war.) ISBN 0-446-51678-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RO 1963 - Book Review - JFK - They've Killed the President! " Most Americans agree, on the basis of eyewitnesses and evidence from the scene, that Oswald did not act alone. Whether the Mafia did it, or the CIA did it, or both (they were definitely working together to assassinate Castro), the most troubling legacy of Dallas is not the question of who pulled the trigger. As important as this is, it could have been a lower- echelon, renegade operation of limited scope. More mind-boggling is the probability that for nearly 30 years we've seen a massive cover-up. When considered along with the Luther King and Kennedy assassinations, fundamental questions about who really has the power in America, and whether our democracy is a sham, cannot be avoided.New York: Bantam Books, 1975. 408 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/CE 1964 - Book Review - The Invisible Government. With chapters on ...even the Gehlen Org, this 1964 book was amazingly comprehensive about U.S. covert activities. With all of the literature about the CIA over the past two decades, it is easy to forget that for the first half of the Agency's history, almost nothing was in the public domain. Washington journalist Wise changed all of that with " The Invisible Government " in 1964. CIA director McCone called in Wise and co-author Ross to demand deletions on the basis of galleys the CIA had secretly obtained. When that didn't work, the CIA formed a special group to deal with the book and tried to secure bad reviews, even though the CIA's legal counsel had found the book " uncannily accurate. " As the unofficial dean of intelligence journalists, Wise is still working on future books from his Washington office. ISBN 0-394-71993-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AZ 1964 - Book Review - United States Penetration of Brazil. Jan Black was a Peace Corp volunteer in Chile when a coup in Brazil toppled the government of Joao Goulart in April, 1964. Her Chilean friends suggested that the coup was supported by the CIA, but Black thought they were being paranoid. Twelve years later, much more information about the CIA was available. Black, then a professor at the University of New Mexico, began extensive research on U.S. covert and overt involvement in Brazil, and put it in this book. As of 1999 Professor Black is at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California, and her book endures as the best we've seen on U.S. policy in Brazil during the 1960s. Unlike its role in Chile from 1970 to 1973, the U.S. role in Brazil in 1964 was more subtle. The U.S. Air Force was ready with six C-135 transports and 110 tons of small arms and ammunition, and a " fast " r Task Group was ordered to take positions off the Brazilian coast. They weren't needed because the U.S. had been subverting labor groups, reform-minded populists, and big media for many months, while pumping up the police and military. The coup was almost bloodless since everyone knew it was unstoppable; the military took over and Goulart fled to Uruguay. Most of the blood came later -- by the time this book appeared, Brazil had a well-deserved reputation for political repression and torture. ISBN 0-8122-7720-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cF 1965 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. The first chapter details British propaganda efforts against Indonesia's Sukarno in 1965, before and after the so-called abortive " coup, " which became the excuse for Suharto's genocide against the PKI. IRD and MI6 " black " operations were intense before and after this alleged coup, as forged documents suggesting PKI atrocities and Chinese intervention were combined with sophisticated signals intelligence that monitored Sukarno's every move. ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1965 - Book Review - Military Terror in Indonesia. " I probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but that's not all bad. There's a time when you have to strike hard at a decisive moment. " So said J. Martens, formerly a political officer in the U.S. embassy in Indonesia, as he described to reporter Kathy Kadane how U.S. diplomats and CIA officers provided up to 5,000 names to Indonesian army death squads in 1965, and checked them off as they were killed or captured. The death toll reached a half million or so. Kadane's article was reprinted in the San Francisco Examiner (1990-05-20) and the Washington Post (1990-05-21), but soon the New York Times checked in with a damage control effort by Wines (1990-07-12), which proclaimed the end of the story. ISBN 0-85124-143-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/BL 1965~1966 - Book Review - Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. It stops short of the 1965 coup, which a CIA study described as follows: " In terms of the numbers killed the anti-PKI massacres in Indonesia rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s. " To get anything else out of the CIA about Indonesia, you still need a crowbar, even if you leave out 1965. The importance of this work is that it exposes the covert policy of Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers in Indonesia during the 1950s. This policy set the stage for the 1960s. The events of 1965-1966, dismissed at the time by the world's media as an " abortive Communist coup, " are still hotly disputed, and appear suspicious by any reasonable standard. ISBN 1-56584-244-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/XU 1966 - Book Review - Inside the League. The World Anti-Communist League (WACL) was founded in 1966 as a public relations arm for Taiwan and South Korea. WACL didn't attract much notice in the U.S. until Singlaub's United States Council for World Freedom, the American branch of WACL, was launched in 1981 with a loan from Taiwan and soon began raising money for the contras. Singlaub and his supporters also operated through a network of similar groups: Western Goals, Council for the Defense of Freedom, American Security Council, Council for Inter-American Security, and the Conservative Caucus. But WACL is particularly known for its international conferences that attract " American congressmen and senators, archbishops, members of Parliament, bank presidents, and scientists. There, they have been in the company of Nazi collaborators, Japanese war criminals, Latin death squad leaders, disciples of Moon's Unification Church, and fugitive Italian terrorists. " There's even a CIA connection. Ray Cline, station chief in Taiwan from 1958-1962 and later deputy director for intelligence, attended conferences in 1980, 1983, and 1984. The authors believe that covert U.S. funding played a role in the establishment of WACL, and note that Cline was in a position to be helpful when preparatory meetings were held in 1958. 1986 ISBN 0-396-08517-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HB 1966 - Book Review - Who Rules Columbia? [university Student Movement] North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) began in 1966 and quickly became one of the most important research organizations to emerge out of the U.S. student movement. Through the mid-seventies their publications concentrated on the role of U.S. corporations and foreign policy in Latin America, with special emphasis on U.S. universities, development policy, police training, and CIA covert activities. Reports were well-researched, with more facts than analysis. If you depended on major media, all you knew about Columbia University in 1968 was that Mark Rudd, SDS, and some long-haired students became spontaneously restless. In fact, a major study of Columbia's role in the community and in the world was produced by these students. This is NACLA's reprint of the original 1968 edition. " Strawberry Statement " . http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/DR 1968 - Book Review - How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. Several times a century, apparently, some American students take a look at their university and are horrified to discover that they are in the belly of the beast. It happened to Randolph Bourne at Columbia in 1917, it happened again at Columbia in 1968 (see NACLA's reprint of " Who Rules Columbia? " in NameBase), and it happened to me at the University of Southern California in 1969. That's when I discovered that the campus was owned by former CIA director and future Chile-destabilizer McCone http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_MCCONE_JOHN_ALEX ]and his multimillionaire/multinational corporate cronies, the campus fraternities were controlled by future Watergate dirty-tricksters, and half of Reagan's California kitchen cabinet was on the Board of Trustees. By now I'm more amused than outraged after reading How Harvard Rules, a collection of 26 essays from assorted academics who have kept their eyes open. Some concern rather esoteric issues, but these are offset with seven essays by Trumpbour himself, who was a Ph.D. student in Harvard's history department. He demonstrates an appreciation of Harvard's historical role, including its connections to the intelligence community. ISBN 0-89608-283-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ND 1969~1975 - Book Review - Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam. Snepp served in the CIA's Saigon station from 1969-1971 and 1972-1975; his duties included strategic estimates of NVA forces, agent networks, and interrogations of captured NVA and Vietcong. In this book his descriptions of the CIA's performance in Vietnam, particularly during the fall of Saigon, are stunning. Snepp was awarded the Intelligence Medal for Merit for his service; ironically, he had joined the CIA to avoid Vietnam. Angered by the CIA's failure to produce an after-action report on the CIA's performance during Vietnam's fall, Snepp wrote his book shortly after resigning. The CIA sued Snepp, forcing him to surrender his profits from the book for failing to submit it to the CIA Publications Review Board prior to publication. ISBN 0-394-72691-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AF 1969 - Book Review - Silent Coup: The Removal of a President. This bestseller... makes the case that Haig was Deep Throat, and reports convincing evidence (including taped interviews with officials) that Bob Woodward knew Haig in 1969 when Woodward worked at the Pentagon, four years before Woodward said they met. 1992. ISBN 0-312-92763-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QG 1969 - Book Review - Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat and the CIA. Offers many firsts: the first to reveal that Woodward had secretly briefed Haig while Woodward presided over the Pentagon code room of the Chief of Naval Operations. ISBN 0-394-51428-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/GF 1970's - Book Review - Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI. It may come as a surprise to viewers of " The X Files, " but prior to the 1970s there was almost no information in the officially-acknowledged public record to suggest that the FBI and CIA had ever engaged in illegal or questionable activities. Then in the wake of Watergate, reports surfaced in the press of CIA involvement in the coup in Chile, and massive domestic spying by the CIA and FBI against war protesters. These were followed with stories of CIA plots to kill foreign leaders. The Church Committee in the Senate, and the Pike Committee in the House, were formed to investigate. Congressman J. Harrington (D-MA), and journalists such as Seymour Hersh (New York Times) and Schorr (CBS), played a significant role in exposing this secret history. At the time, many thought that the momentum for exposure would lead to significant reforms. But a year later the climate had changed dramatically. Harrington was in trouble with the House Ethics Committee for leaking information about Chile, the Pike Committee report was suppressed by Congress, and Schorr was fired from CBS after leaking the Pike report to the Village Voice. The author suggests that the momentum for reform was lost when the revelations became more than a deluded, complacent public could comfortably bear. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 255 pages. Olmsted, S. ISBN 0-8078-4562-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZN 1971 - Book Review - The Higher Circles: The Governing Class in America. Makes a convincing case that elites run foreign policy and shape social legislation through various devices from think tanks to interlocking directorates, while the CIA molds the public consciousness by financing institutions, infiltrating labor unions, and buying opinion- makers. The book is name-intensive and full of concrete examples and statistics. The final chapter presents a solid critique of the pluralists -- the academic mandarins whose job it was to justify the status quo during the 1960s. Twenty years later, when it became their job to justify increasing poverty and homelessness, they gave up on pluralism and started debating " trickle-down " economics. Meanwhile, professors got tenure and the rich got richer. ISBN 0-394-71671-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/DK 1971 - Book Review - The General Was a Spy: The Truth About General Gehlen and His Spy Ring. Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler's chief of eastern front intelligence. As part of the deal, Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. Hoehne and Zolling's book is based on a series they wrote for Der Spiegel in 1971, which in turn prompted Gehlen to write his memoirs. The authors interviewed Org members and drew on personal papers and government documents. They include an introduction by H.R. Trevor-Roper and a preface by Tully, who quotes Dulles on Gehlen: " I don't know if he's a rascal; there are few archbishops in espionage. He's on our side and that is all that matters. Besides, one needn't ask a Gehlen to one's club. " New York: Bantam Books, 1972. 439 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IX 1972 - Book Review - The Search for Nazis in America. Devito, an investigator with the Immigration and Naturalization Service [iNS], was assigned to the Hermine Braunsteiner case. These were the days when the INS still handled Nazi war criminals, before jurisdiction shifted to the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations in 1979. Devito became convinced that all the problems he encountered- disappearing files, office break-ins, denied travel vouchers, threatening phone calls to witnesses he had interviewed - were evidence of Odessa penetration of INS. A Jewish organization gave him a list of 59 other Nazis living in the U.S., but Devito was unable to interest his bosses. Devito resigned in 1973 and went public, and this bestseller was the result. ISBN 0-449-23409-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MU 1973 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. When de was elected president of Chile, Nixon gave Helms, CIA director from 1966-1972, his marching orders. " Make the economy scream, " read Helms' notes of the September 15, 1970 meeting. Later Helms said, " If I ever carried a marshall's baton in my knapsack out of the Oval Office, it was that day. " In early 1973, Helms was asked by Congress whether the CIA was involved in Chile, and he denied it. The coup in Chile happened several months later, and it was nasty. Although the major media swallowed the official denials for another year, cracks in the story began to appear. When it first appeared in 1979, this book was widely regarded as one of the best ever written about the CIA. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1974 - Book Review - The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. " The Secret Team " is Prouty's euphemism for those security-cleared individuals in and out of government who react with paramilitary plans and activities, directly or through proxies, to data provided by the CIA and NSA. " It is a bewildering collection of semipermanent or temporarily assembled action committees and networks, " whose power " derives from its vast intragovernmental undercover infrastructure and its direct relationship with great private industries, mutual funds and investment houses, universities, and the news media, including foreign and domestic publishing houses. " New York: Ballantine Books, 1974. 556 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AJ 1974 - Book Review - The Power of the Multinational Corporations. In the 1970s it was still possible for scholars to affiliate with think tanks whose budgets did not depend on huge corporate donations. This didn't always make them less elitist, but in most cases it made them more honest. J. Barnet, who has been a member of the Council on Foreign Relations for more than ten years, was associated with the left-liberal Institute for Policy Studies when he co-authored this book. " Global Reach " is one of the first (and only) books to examine the transnational corporation, which was then just emerging as a separate political and economic entity, with the potential to subvert the historic social-welfare functions of the sovereign state, and thereby affect billions of people. For the 1990s, this book merely needs to change is its cover: it ought to be titled " Global Grab. " ISBN 0-671-22104-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YV 1975 - Book Review - Clearing the Air. In 1975 the CIA was investigated by three panels: the Rockefeller Commission, the Church Committee in the Senate, and the Pike Committee in the House. The first two issued reports that included many revelations and also kept many secrets. When it came time for the Pike report, Washington had grown tired of all the dirty laundry and President Ford was able to keep it classified. But CBS reporter Schorr had a copy from an unidentified source, and had been doing stories on it. After trying unsuccessfully to get CBS and others to publish the report, he gave it to the Village Voice, which published it on February 20, 1976. Schorr was subpoenaed by the House Ethics Committee and almost cited for contempt for refusing to name his source, and was forced to resign from CBS in 1977. ISBN 0-425-03903-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AS 1975 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. By 1975 the Church Committee was taking a closer look at [CIA's role in] ChileISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1975 - Book Review - The CIA-Mafia Link. This book deserves credit as the first to explore the CIA's ties to the Mafia in the context of various assassinations. It was published in 1975, when the Church Committee -- the Senate's select committee to study governmental operations with respect to intelligence activities, chaired by Idaho Democrat Church -- was preparing for hearings. Chapter includes the Rockefeller Commission cover-up. New York: Manor Books, 1975. 234 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/KF 1975 - Book Review - The Assassinations: Dallas and Beyond -- A Guide to Cover-ups and Investigations. Wayne Chastain and Harold Weisberg weigh in on the Luther King assassination, and Blair Kaiser, Betsy Langman, and Cockburn discuss Kennedy and Sirhan's gun. Gore Vidal is suspicious of the attempt against Wallace. A final section reprints the chapter from the 1975 Rockefeller Commission report that treated and dismissed some of the CIA connections with the JFK assassination. 1976. ISBN 0-394-71650-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QP 1977 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. In 1977 Helms was allowed to plead no contest to two misdemeanor charges for withholding information [from the Chruch Committee about CIA's 1973 involvement in Chile]. Retired CIA officers gave Helms a standing ovation and paid his fine. His attorney said that Helms would " wear this conviction like a badge of honor, " and Helms agreed. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1977 - Book Review - A Dangerous Game: CIA and the Mass Media. During the 1970s a series of revelations about U.S. involvement in Vietnam, Watergate, the FBI, and CIA opened up a window on the secret state. After some fresh air passed over some dirty laundry, the window slammed shut and Reagan was elected. Perhaps it was the revolutions in Iran and Nicaragua, or the economy, or maybe the attention span of the media had been exceeded. Another possibility is that the revelations were getting too close. Despite the conducive climate, very little ink was spent on a broad discussion of the relationship between the CIA and the mass media (one exception was a New York Times series in late December, 1977). Apparently the media had little desire to undermine their own credibility, so the bits and pieces of evidence, the confessions, and the denials tended to emerge one column-inch at a time. That left the field to the Eastern Bloc press. In this book out of Czechoslovakia, which was translated from a Russian edition, Petrusenko compiles evidence of the CIA-media connection. " It is based completely on published materials from news media in the United States, Great Britain and other countries.... The author believes this is the first attempt to gather together a considerable body of material that originally appeared in different monographs, magazines and newspapers. " Prague: Interpress, 1977. 190 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/CB 1976 - BORIS PASH - " Another notable Bloodstone veteran is Boris Pash, a career intelligence officer identified in the Final Report of the U.S. Senate's 1975-1976 investigation into U.S. intelligence activities as the retired director of the CIA unit responsible for planning assassinations " (*Blowback,* p. 108). *Blowback,* p. 152-153 says: " The records of Operation Bloodstone add an important new piece of information to one of the most explosive public issues of today: the role of the U.S. government - specifically the CIA - in assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign officials. According to a 1976 Senate investigation, a key official of Operation Bloodstone is the OPC officer who was specifically delegated responsibility for planning the agency's assassinations, kidnappings, and similar 'wetwork.' http://www.anomalous-images.com/text/FIRESK27.TXT 1978 - Book Review - Iran - As late as September 28, 1978, several months before one of the major revolutions of the twentieth century, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the shah " is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years. " (page 258). Even after the revolution, private policymakers such as Kissinger and Rockefeller apparently managed one last scam. The author explains how Chase Manhattan Bank, which feared that the new Iranian government might withdraw their funds and repudiate the shah's loans, had nothing to lose by lobbying Washington for the admission of the shah into the U.S. This resulted in the takeover of our embassy, the freezing of Iranian assets, and a declaration of default by Chase that allowed them to seize those assets to offset the loans. " In the end, the resolution of the crisis clearly benefitted the American banking community. " (page 344) ISBN 0-300-04097-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aG 1979 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. [de, Chile] Powers covers much more than Helms and Chile; he follows this quintessential career man through the entire history of the CIA, including the Cold War spying of the 1950s, the assassination attempts in the 1960s, the illegal surveillance of the student movement, and on through Watergate in the 1970s. When it first appeared in 1979, this book was widely regarded as one of the best ever written about the CIA. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1979 - Book Review - AIDS and the Doctors of Death: An Inquiry Into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic. Alan Cantwell is a Los Angeles-based dermatologist and AIDS microbiology researcher who has published more than thirty papers on cancer, AIDS, and other immunological diseases. In 1986, Cantwell heard a presentation by Dr. Strecker, who argued that AIDS originated with the hepatitis B vaccine trials in New York City in the late 1970s. Cantwell became convinced that Strecker was onto something, and began digging into the evidence. The two books by Cantwell in NameBase, " AIDS and the Doctors of Death " and " Queer Blood, " argue the position that the AIDS virus was first engineered, perhaps for defensive bio-warfare purposes, and then spread through contamination of vaccines: hepatitis B in New York City, and the smallpox vaccine in Africa. The evidence is based on the nature of AIDS, as well as on the circumstances surrounding early reported cases. The strength of these books is that they debunk the popular " green monkey " theories on the origin of AIDS, and present a credible alternative explanation that our major media is not in a position to provide. 1988 ISBN 0-917211-25-1 and ISBN 0-917211-26-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/WZ 1980 - Moscow Agreement of 1980 that gave OSI [Office of Security and Intell] access to Nazi documents and witnesses. ISBN 0-15-175823-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NN 1981~1988 - Book Review - Washington's War on Nicaragua. This is one of the most comprehensive, well-documented treatments of U.S. policy in Nicaragua from through the Reagan years. It includes official policies and activities as well as those of the quasi-private cutouts and the right-wing support network. Then there's gun and drug running, contra atrocities, Casey and the CIA, Oliver North's enterprise, Congressional opposition, domestic surveillance of U.S. Sandinista supporters, the psywar media campaign, and finally the Iran- contra scandal. ISBN 0-89608-295-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MJ 1981 - Book Review - Red Carpet. Book was mainly of interest for the other aristocrats profiled by the author: W. Averell Harriman, Cyrus Eaton, Kendall, and Rockefeller. Finder's point is that when big money was involved, both the U.S. and Russia overlooked their ideological differences, even at the height of the Cold War, and cooperated in the interests of higher profits. The Kremlin has always given distinguished U.S. millionaires access to the inner sanctum. From the other end, no one in Washington tells a Rockefeller or a Harriman what they can and cannot do. ISBN 0-03-060484-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/bC 1982-00-00 – J. Wheeler “Bloodgate: A New Theory on the Death of ”, Washington Weekly, 1/18/99 In the early 1980’s, “Friends of Bill” devised an easy-money scheme to harvest inmate blood plasma at Cummins […] the profit potential was enormous and the bleed were safe from public view, behind the prison walls. HMA already had an exclusive contract to provide ordinary health care within the prison, approved by Clinton in his first term as governor. The expansion into plasma harvesting got going when he was re-elected in 1982. In the meantime, HMA’s medical care had been so sloppy that its medical license was pulled. Yet it was awarded a new license and a broader contract when Bill Clinton got back into office. In fact, HMA’ s license was voided three times for medical violations before it went out of business in 1987. Each time Bill Clinton conspicuously rode to the rescue. A new program under different owners got his approval and the scheme continued until 1994. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm 1982-07-02 – “And the Band Played On” A meeting of physicians, CDC, FDA and leaders of the blood Industry, hemophiliac groups and gay community is held in Washington, D.C. Donor deferral guidelines (which will target gays and hemophiliacs) are shot down. Hemophiliacs attack the date linking immune suppression to the contamination of Factor VII. Gays, particularly Dr. Enlow, PR conscious and fearing for the civil rights of millions of Americans argue persuasively that it’s too early to push for such guidelines. (Only Dr. Dan argues it may save lives … this marks the beginning of his loss of popularity in the gay community.) They agree to WAIT AND SEE. Of note, however, it is at that meeting that the acronym AIDS attaches. And this: There was something else from the meeting that also troubled Dale Lawrence. Jim Curran and others discussed that AIDS cases were turning up in prisons, and a commercial plasma manufacturer had admitted that a lot of blood had been drawn in state prisons. They were a good source of plasma, he said. Lawrence could think only, " Oh God. " Drees (Alpha Therapeutic) also attended the meeting where he learned from the CDC that the disease was transmitted through tainted blood and blood products, had a mortality rate of 100% and cases were doubling every six months. After an infant contracted AIDS from a transfusion in San Francisco, Alpha set up an in-house task force and began to report at length to Green Cross their findings. Alpha also suspended buying blood plasma in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles and Miami. Drees believed everyone knew of the risks after the CDC’s warning. After Green Cross refused to positively address the warnings, Drees resigned. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm 1983 - Book Review - Called to Serve. (Bo) Gritz is a much-decorated Vietnam special forces veteran who continued working in covert operations after the war. He is convinced that live POWs remain in Southeast Asia, and went into Laos in 1983 to try and rescue some. Pentagon officials made it clear to Gritz that the highest levels of the U.S. government preferred to ignore the evidence. This in turn caused him to reconsider the flag-and-motherhood politics that brought him to Vietnam in the first place. Gritz does add new evidence of U.S. duplicity in the war on drugs by visiting opium warlord Khun Sa in Burma. Khun Sa's perspective on the opium trade implicates U.S. officials such as Armitage. More than once Khun Sa offered to sell his entire crop to the U.S. government in order to keep it off the streets, and has also asked for crop- substitution assistance. But the U.S. showed no interest in Gritz's efforts to mediate the issue, and continued to demonize Khun Sa. ISBN 0-916095-38-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UD 1988 - Book Review - The Nazi Hunters. This is one of the more comprehensive books on Nazi hunting. Many of the others were written too early to do justice to the topic, or are more concerned with the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence after the war. The authors interviewed Alois Brunner, a notorious Nazi still at large who is protected by Syria, and give new information on Kurt Waldheim's [uN Sec.] involvement in war crimes. The Eichmann, Mengele, and Barbie cases are also reviewed. An appendix (pages 305-310) lists all of the open and closed cases brought against Nazis by the U.S. through mid-1988. Chapters on the current status of Nazi hunting in Canada, Australia, Britain, and Germany are included, as well as descriptions of private groups such as the World Jewish Congress, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. ISBN 0-88687-357-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PV 1988 - Book Review - Foreign Intelligence Organizations [FIO]. Included are the United Kingdom (GCHQ, SIS, MI5, DIS, Special Branch); Canada (RCMP, CSIS, CSE, FIB); Italy (SISDE, SISMI, and the P2 problem); West Germany (Nazis, Gehlen, BND, BfV); France (SDECE, DGSE, DST, and the Rainbow Warrior scandal), Israel (Mossad, Aman, Shin Bet, Lakam); Japan (Naicho, PSIA, commercial trade intelligence); and China (ILD, UFWD, MSS, MID, New China News Agency). 1988. ISBN 0-88730-122-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NG 1989 - Book Review - The Last Days of the CIA. New York: He has chapters on how the CIA dealt with the Tiananmen Square massacre, Middle East terrorism, the fall of Eastern Europe, the Soviet breakup, the Persian Gulf War, and Panama. is skeptical of the CIA's ability to handle a crisis, from its failure to predict the fall of the Soviet empire to its failure to provide adequate intelligence for Desert Storm. One of the most troubling chapters is on CIA's assessments and handling of the 1989 pro-democracy movement in China. Though the CIA helped rescue many of the student leaders, it failed to predict the military crackdown. Bush is depicted as a novice in his understanding of the CIA, despite the fact that Bush was once CIA director. ISBN 0-688-09386-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/SE 1990~1997 - Book Review - Man Without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism's Greatest Spymaster. Markus Wolf was born in Germany in 1923, raised in the Soviet Union, and for 34 years was the head of foreign intelligence for Stasi, East Germany's intelligence service. It took almost twenty years before Western intelligence knew what he looked like, which explains the title of this book. Stasi was known for its ability to infiltrate the highest levels of the West German government. Good tradecraft explains some of this, the longevity of iron-fisted East German bureaucrats explains more, but finally it seems that many of Stasi's spies were motivated by idealism -- either as Communist Party members, or simply due to the fact that West Germany was revoltingly thick with former Nazis in high positions. ISBN 0-8129-6394-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cH 1990 - Video Review - The Panama Deception is advocacy journalism at its most powerful. The many eyewitness accounts of the 1989 US invasion of Panama and its aftermath presented here make a compelling case for those who believe the US government has misled its citizens. One does not have to agree with the program's thesis, that our invasion of Panama was in order to abrogate the Panama Canal Treaty passed in 1979. This treaty gave the Republic of Panama sovereignty over the famous link between the Atlantic and the Pacific. What is not explained is why control of a somewhat obsolete canal would be thought so important by the Bush administration as to start a war over. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/PanamaDeception.html 1991 - Book Review - Blank Check: The Pentagon's Black Budget. By following the money, Weiner finds appropriations of public dollars for highly-compartmentalized, secret research projects with no accountability to either Congress or the Secretary of Defense. The secret budget has never been published, a violation of Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution. Reagan doubled the Pentagon budget between 1981 and 1985, and by 1991 Bush had increased the " black " portion to 25 percent. Born from the Manhattan Project, described by Weiner as a " mutant chromosome in the American body politic, " this secret operation is now a full-blown parallel government. Weiner shows the secret government at work in diverting funds illegally, creating military units outside the chain of command, conducting covert wars, and transforming Star Wars into a system for the control of space. This book is a solidly-documented description of how the U.S. responded to atomic weapons and the Cold War by giving birth to, nurturing, and ultimately succumbing to a national security state. ISBN 0-446-39275-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PR 1991 ~ Book Review - Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. With its 4 million citizens, Israel seemingly flaunts a higher per capita rate of official covert activity than other sovereign countries. Meanwhile, obliging American readers are nostalgic for their own lost glory, presenting a consistent market for books on the much-vaunted efficiency of Israeli intelligence. Journalist Ian Black and historian Benny both have strong sympathies for Israel and kept this book " legally correct " -- they submitted it to Israeli military censors, and many of their sources were required by law to keep their names out of print. It reads like a sober academic tome, perhaps designed as a counterweight to the sensational book by Israeli intelligence ex-patriot Victor Ostrovsky. The authors are strong on episodes of early historical interest, for which declassified primary sources are available, and extremely weak or absent on essential contemporary issues: Israel's role in Iran-contra and Panama, the extent to which Israeli intelligence is responsive to Israel's dependence on arms sales to Third World dictators, and the question of Israeli covert activity and surveillance in the U.S. through the use of Jewish community groups in America. ISBN 0-8021-1159-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UW 1995 - Book Review - Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee, and the CIA. Armonk NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1995. 265 pages. Chester, . The Cold War period in American history was characterized by a seamless cooperation among international charities, quasi-governmental organizations, major foundations, funding conduits, and the CIA. Any semblance of private- sector independence was more calculated than real - a veil that is stripped away by following the careers, connections, and correspondence of the key players who show up on the interlocking boards of directors. This book singles out the International Rescue Committee, and to a lesser extent the Ford Foundation. Its impressive original-source research makes a mockery of any historian who would pretend that these organizations can be considered separately from the CIA's influence and agenda, particularly during the Cold War period. ISBN 1-56324-551-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YC 1995 - Book Review - Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry. As transnationals become more powerful than many governments, they discover that information control is the key to further expansion. Today the shock troops of the New World Order are neither the commandos with U.N. patches, nor the gray men from the CIA, but rather the flacks and hacks in the public relations industry. Some academicians estimate that about forty percent of all " news " is fed from PR firms to newsrooms. Journalists get two versions: a slick final version, and a raw one that they can edit. Most budget-conscious newsrooms simply present the slick version as hard news. PR practitioners in the U.S. now outnumber reporters, and some of the best journalism schools send more than half of their graduates into these firms. Along with those catchy " video news releases " that newsrooms love so much, some PR firms offer industrial espionage, infiltration of civic and political groups, planted stories, and phony grass-roots campaigns. Their corporate clients call this " integrated communications. " The grass-roots campaigns, commonly referred to as " astroturf movements, " are disguised as concerned citizens driven by conscience to petition the government. Since big money is available just underneath this facade, many politicians are no doubt grateful for the cover that astroturf provides. ISBN 1-56751-060-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YR Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Guest guest Posted December 31, 1999 Report Share Posted December 31, 1999 1882 - Book Review - Standard Oil Trust Company " The Inner Circle " (New York - 1882) On January 2, 1882, the Standard Oil Trust agreement was signed, bringing together Rockefeller's oil empire, including the Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, under one central management controlled by D. Rockefeller and an " inner circle " of influential trustees. The Standard Oil Trust became the first great monopoly in American business history, and allowed Standard Oil to conceal ownership of important companies under the guise of ownership by " trustees " . The Trust, with its crushing power and vast income, then proceeded to acquire 90% of the world's oil refining capacity until 1892, when it was ordered dissolved. http://web0.tiac.net/users/haley/bc-48.html 1890~1911 - Book Review - Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly. The Standard Oil Cases, 1890-1911 Description; " [Provides] an insightful history of the failure of antitrust legislation to deal effectively with monopolistic influences within the domestic oil industry, and it develops a framework for a more complete appreciation of current international petroleum industry problems. LC 78-67908. ISBN 0-313-20642-2. http://info.greenwood.com/books/0313206/0313206422.html 1892 - Book Review - Standard Oil Trust Company " The Inner Circle " The Trust, with its crushing power and vast income, then proceeded to acquire 90% of the world's oil refining capacity until 1892, when it was ordered dissolved. http://web0.tiac.net/users/haley/bc-48.html 1895~1989 - Book Review - The Chairman: J. McCloy, The Making of the American Establishment. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. 800 pages. Bird, Kai. McCloy (1895-1989) is the archetype of twentieth-century power and influence; his wide-ranging activities offer ample evidence for anyone who has ever felt that U.S. policies are designed by and for a tiny Yankee aristocracy. A sampling of his career: assistant secretary of war (1941- 1945), high commissioner of Germany (1949-1952), president of the World Bank (1947-1949), chairman of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank (1953- 1960), chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (1953-1970), chairman of the Ford Foundation (1953-1965), disarmament advisor (1961-1974), Warren Commission appointee, Wall Street attorney for the seven sister big oil companies, and director of numerous corporations. It's almost redundant to add that McCloy was also well-connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. This first major biography of McCloy was written over a ten-year period. Special emphasis is given to several controversies in his career: the internment of the Japanese in WW2, the decision not to bomb Auschwitz, his clemency for Nazi war criminals, the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence, and the Warren Commission (nothing new on the WC). The book is based on over a hundred interviews (including nine with McCloy), several hundred Freedom of Information Act requests, McCloy's private papers, and material in numerous archives and libraries. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1898 - Book Review - Blood, Class, and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies. In this book he shows how, ever since U.S. imperialism began in 1898, it has been the British tail wagging the American dogs of war. In their scholarship, language, manners, ethnicity, and taste, privileged Americans frequently aspire to be British. This identity problem has placed American economic and military power in the service of British efforts to maintain some semblance of empire. ISBN 0-374-11443-9 (1990) http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/VT 1900's~1950 - Book Review - A History of the World in Our Time. New York: Tragedy and Hope is a diplomatic, military, economic, and cultural history of the world, dealing mainly with the years from about 1900 to 1950. Quigley was professor of history at the Foreign Service School of town University, where he was best known for his rigorous undergraduate teaching. His credentials as a historian were excellent, and he was well-connected with the Washington elite. But Quigley is something of an embarrassment to those elites, because he called it the way he saw it. The embarrassment has to do with the fact that Quigley believed in the relevance of secret history - the machinations of powerful personalities, the role of international finance and banking (following the money), the importance of covert action and diplomacy, and the collusion of Anglo- American elites. 1966. ISBN 0-945001-01-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ES 1911~1976 - Book Review - The Seven Sisters. Sorts out the tangled histories of the seven mega-corporations that dominate international oil: Exxon, Gulf, Texaco, Mobil, Socal, BP and Shell. Their shifting allegiances, Sampson argues, are best understood by remembering that the " sisters " are " basically committees of engineers and accountants preoccupied ... with profit margins, safeguarding investments, and avoiding taxation. " The interests of the sheikhs of OPEC, media villains at the time Sampson was writing, clearly lie in defending the world the " sisters " have created. 1976. ISBN 0-553-02887-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HT [Note: in 1998 Exxon and Mobil announced they were merging- 1999, approved by Gov.] 1913 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Author Ron Chernow divides this history of the House of into three parts: the baronial age, which ended with the death of the famous J.P. in 1913, the diplomatic age from 1913-1948 with J.P. , Jr., Lamont, Dwight Morrow, and Leffingwell, and the postwar casino age, when was three houses in one. (As required by the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act, it became J.P. and Company and its bank, Guaranty Trust; Stanley, an investment house; and Grenfell in London, an overseas securities house.) In its golden age, the House of catered to prominent families such as the Astors, Guggenheims, DuPonts, and Vanderbilts, and to corporations such as U.S. Steel, GE, GM, and ATT. Despite his disapproval of the House of 's support for fascist Italy and Japan in the 1930s, and his ability to throw around concepts such as " interlocking directorates, " There is no mention, for example, of the 1934 -DuPont conspiracy involving Smedley D. , to organize a military coup against lin Roosevelt. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1914 - Book Review - A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Chemical and Biological Warfare. With this book, BBC reporters and Paxman have put together the best history of CBW available. Other books in this field tend to concentrate exclusively on CBW research in the U.S., or the use of chemicals in Vietnam. By contrast, this book begins with the first World War and includes the Japanese in the 1930s, the Nazi research program, and British secret experiments with anthrax in the 1940s. Churchill wanted to gas Germany during the war, and Britain actually produced five million anthrax cakes at Porton Down, designed to be dropped on Germany to infect the food chain. This may have been the world's first mass-produced biological weapon. Today germ warfare is outlawed, but chemical weapons are still a matter of international concern. In the epilogue, the authors warn that genetic manipulation and synthetic viruses have opened new prospects for biological warfare, and could someday remove concepts such as ethnic and cross-generational warfare from the exclusive domain of science fiction. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. 306 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IA 1920's - Book Review - Theirs Was the Kingdom. Reader's Digest founder DeWitt Wallace made a fortune by correctly estimating the American consumer and offering his reprinted pablum through direct-mail campaigns. At its peak, the Digest had a circulation of 18 million; only the Bible did better. Not to be outdone, in 1982 the Digest even tried to market a condensed version of the Bible. The Digest empire, particularly through its Washington bureau, was a major outlet for Cold War propaganda and had significant connections to the U.S. intelligence community. Office in Pleasantville, New York beginning in the 1920s. From these offices, the empire grew to become the world's most successful publisher of magazines, and the largest global marketer of books. 1993. ISBN 0-393-03466-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UH 1921 - Book Review - Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations [CFR] and U.S. Foreign Policy. This is the first scholarly study of the CFR, written during a time when Marxian historical sociology was respectable in U.S. academic circles. The Council on Foreign Relations has been the most powerful private organization in U.S. foreign policy since it began in 1921. While priding itself on non-partisanship and on recent efforts to recruit minorities, women, and youth (under 35), CFR's 3,400 members mainly reflect the resources needed by the ruling class to maintain their power. Don't call them if you want to join; they call you. And don't wait for a call unless you have big money, national security expertise, CIA experience, a political constituency, or clout with the media. CFR publishes the prestigious journal " Foreign Affairs " as well as a number of books and reports. Another major activity is to organize closed meetings for their members with assorted world leaders. Everyone feels free to share views and information about current world events, primarily because CFR has strict confidentiality rules and keeps its records locked up for 25 years. ISBN 0-85345-436-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AT 1923~1967 - Book Review - Luce and His Empire. Henry Luce co-founded Time magazine in 1923, and remained the autocratic owner of Time, Life, Fortune, and Sports Illustrated until his death in 1967. His parents were missionaries in China; when Henry was two years old, they barely escaped the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, when over 200 missionaries and their children, along with 30,000 Chinese converts, were killed. While Henry did not grow up to be religious, he was stubbornly ideological, adopting the " white man's burden " orientation of his parents. Even after the corrupt Chinese Nationalists slaughtered 20,000 Taiwanese in order to create a base after fleeing from Mao, Luce continued to plug Chiang Kai-shek as a hero on many covers of Time. Clare Boothe Luce, a Congresswoman and later ambassador to Italy, shared her husband's anti- communism. Between them, they had so much power that even presidents such as Lyndon had to be careful. Biographer Swanberg feels that the Luce press was somewhat responsible for the Cold War, from Chiang through Vietnam. This may be more true than Swanberg realizes: C.D. , who published Life for Luce, was simultaneously a psychological warfare expert for U.S. intelligence (his name also pops up in JFK assassination books). But the CIA connection is not pursued by Swanberg, perhaps because this book appeared too early, before many misdeeds were revealed in the 1970s. 1972 ISBN 0-684-12592-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aS 1929 - GM - DuPont - Nazi - Researchers Morton Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, in their book, " Power Inc., " describe the Du Pont-GM-Nazi relationship in these terms: " . . . In 1929, [Du Pont-controlled] GM acquired the largest automobile company in Germany, Adam Opel, A.G. This predestined the subsidiary to become important to the Nazi war effort. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell. 1932 - " Du Pont support of Hitler extended into the very heart of the Nazi war machine as well, according to Higham, and several other researchers: " General Motors, under the control of the Du Pont family of Delaware, played a part in collaboration " with the Nazis. " Between 1932 and 1939, bosses of General Motors poured $30 million into I.G. Farben plants . . . " Further, Higham informs us that by " the mid-1930s, General Motors was committed to full-scale production of trucks, armored cars, and tanks in Nazi Germany. " " Power Inc., " 1933~1945 - Book Review - Hitler and His Secret Partners: Contributions, Loot and Rewards, 1933-1945. Starts with a broad socioeconomic perspective, and blends this in with sociopsychological and cultural observations. Frequently historians skip the infrastructural reasons behind Hitler's power, and opt for a specific angle instead of the broad picture. The entire phenomenon of Nazi Germany then becomes subsumed under some variation of The Madman Theory. Many top industrialists and financiers in Germany made huge returns on their investment in Hitler's agenda. The spoils of various invasions, as well as profits from slave labor and confiscation of Jewish properties, insured their enthusiastic support. Hitler himself was far from ascetic - he lived in extravagant luxury, subsidized by blatant corruption. Good old greed, power, and desperation explain Nazi Germany better than ersatz theories about the German character. Examples: the desire for " lebensraum " was largely due to food production problems; Hitler invaded Austria because raw materials were needed to continue rearmament; and Russia was invaded because the German military machine was running out of oil. Pool never tries to excuse Germany, but he does offer a fresh look at the evidence. 1997 ISBN 0-671-76081-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cV 1933 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. 1933 Glass-Steagall Act, it became J.P. and Company and its bank, Guaranty Trust; Stanley, an investment house; and Grenfell in London, an overseas securities house. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1933 - Du Pont's anti-Semitism " matched that of Hitler " and, in 1933, the Du Ponts " began financing native fascist groups in America . . . " one of which Higham identifies as the American Liberty League: " a Nazi organization whipping up hatred of blacks and Jews, " and the " love of Hitler. " Financed .. . to the tune of $500,000 the first year, the Liberty League had a lavish thirty-one-room office in New York, branches in twenty- six colleges, and fifteen subsidiary organizations nationwide that distributed fifty million copies of its Nazi pamphlets. . . .Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949. 1934 - Attempted U.S. Coup - At about the same time the Du Ponts were serving the Nazi cause in Germany, they were involved in a Fascist plot to overthrow the United States government. " Along with friends of the Bank and General Motors, " in early 1934, writes Higham, " certain Du Pont backers financed a coup d'etat that would overthrow the President with the aid of a $3 million-funded army of terrorists . . . " The object was to force Roosevelt " to take orders from businessmen as part of a fascist government or face the alternative of imprisonment and execution . . . " " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - Higham reports that " Du Pont men allegedly held an urgent series of meetings with the s, " to choose who would lead this " bizarre conspiracy. " " They finally settled on one of the most popular soldiers in America, General Smedly of Pennsylvania. " was approached by " fascist attorney " Gerald MacGuire (an official of the American Legion), who attempted to recruit into the role of an American Hitler. " was horrified, " but played along with MacGuire until, a short time later, he notified the White House of the plot. 1934 - Attempted Coup - Roosevelt considered having " the leaders of the houses of and Du Pont " arrested, but feared that " it would create an unthinkable national crisis in the midst of a depression and perhaps another Wall Street crash. " Roosevelt decided the best way to defuse the plot was to expose it, and leaked the story to the press. " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - " The newspapers ran the story of the attempted coup on the front page, but generally ridiculed it as absurd and preposterous. " But an investigation by the Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities - 74th Congress, first session, House of Representatives, Investigation of Nazi and other propaganda - was begun later that same year. " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup - " It was four years, " continues Higham, " before the committee dared to publish its report in a white paper that was marked for 'restricted circulation.' They were forced to admit that 'certain persons made an attempt to establish a fascist organization in this country . . . [The] committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by General .' This admission that the entire plan was deadly in intent was not accompanied by the imprisonment of anybody. Further investigations disclosed that over a million people had been guaranteed to join the scheme and that the arms and munitions necessary would have been supplied by Remington, a Du Pont subsidiary. " " The Plot to Seize the White House. " 1934 - Attempted Coup -The names of important individuals and groups involved in the conspiracy were suppressed by the committee, but later revealed by Seldes, Philadelphia Record reporter French, and Jules Archer, author of the book, " The Plot to Seize the White House. " Included were W. (attorney for the J.P. banking group), Sterling (Wall Street broker and heir to the Singer sewing machine fortune), Doyle (American Legion official), and the American Liberty League (backed by executives from J.P. and Co., Rockefeller interests, E.F. Hutton, and Du Pont-controlled General Motors). 1934 - Book Review - The House of : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. There is no mention, for example, of the 1934 -DuPont conspiracy involving Smedley D. , to organize a military coup against lin Roosevelt. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. 812 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aI 1935 - In a heavily documented study presented to the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell, an assistant subcommittee counsel, wrote: " 'GM's participation in Germany's preparation for war began in 1935. That year its Opel subsidiary cooperated with the Reich in locating a new heavy truck facility at Brandenburg, which military officials advised would be less vulnerable to enemy air attacks. During the succeeding years, GM supplied the Wehrmact with Opel " Blitz " trucks from the Brandenburg complex. For these and other contributions to [the Nazis] wartime preparations, GM's chief executive for overseas operations [ Mooney] was awarded the Order of the German Eagle (first class) by Adolf Hitler.' " 1935 - Du Pont-GM Nazi collaboration, according to Snell, included the participation of Standard Oil [Rockefeller]of New Jersey [now Exxon] in one, very important arrangement. GM and Standard Oil of New Jersey formed a joint subsidiary with the giant Nazi chemical cartel, I.G. Farben, named Ethyl G.m.b.H. [now Ethyl, Inc.] which, according to Snell: " provided the mechanized German armies with synthetic tetraethyl fuel [leaded gas]. Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly in February 1974, Bradford C. Snell http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_ROCKEFELLER_FOUNDATION_ [social Network Diagram] 1935~1945 - A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm Sullivan and Cromwell. After two years in the Princeton library, where the archives of Dulles and Dulles are stored, the authors knew about Sullivan and Cromwell's ten-year record of cooperation with Hitler. The authors found a National Archives microfilm detailing the Justice Department investigations of Dulles's wartime collaboration. After 100 years of creating power and wealth by manipulating the interface between government and business, and with a transnational reach that considers World Wars a mere inconvenience, the story of Sullivan and Cromwell makes it clear that there's one set of rules for the rest of us, and no rules at all for the ruling class. ISBN 1-55778-239-3 1936 - " The Du Ponts' fascistic behavior was seen in 1936, when Irenee du Pont used General Motors money to finance the notorious Black Legion. This terrorist organization had as its purpose the prevention of automobile workers from unionizing. The members wore hoods and black robes, with skulls and crossbones. They fire-bombed union meetings, murdered union organizers, often by beating them to death, and dedicated their lives to destroying Jews and communists. They linked to the Ku Klux Klan. . . . It was brought out that at least fifty people, many of them blacks, had been butchered by the Legion. " Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949. 1936~1939 - Book Review - One Thousand Americans. Seldes (1890-1995) covered the Spanish Civil War from Madrid for the New York Post, and from 1940 to 1950 he edited the weekly newsletter " In Fact. " A free-lance muckraker for most of his career, Seldes retired in 1950 but was rediscovered in the 1980s; his autobiography " Witness to a Century " was published in 1987 and became a bestseller. With more than a dozen books to his credit, Seldes is considered by progressives as one of the century's leading anti-fascists. In addition to tracking the extreme Right, Seldes also tracked corporations and big money, and their power and influence in the American press. New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947. 312 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZJ 1936~1939 - At the urgent request of Nazi officials who realized that Germany's scarce petroleum reserves would not satisfy war demands, GM and Exxon joined with German chemical interests in the erection of the lead-tetraethyl plants. According to captured German records, these facilities contributed substantially to the German war effort: 'The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce lead-tetraethyl is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans [Du Pont, GM and Standard Oil] had presented us with the production plants complete with experimental knowledge. Without lead-tetraethyl the present method of warfare would be unthinkable.' " 1936 - JJ McCoy - At the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Hitlers observation box is shared by J. McCloy, a lawyer in the employ of I.G. Farben. McCloy would later be president of Rockefellers Chase Manhattan Bank, chairman of the CFR, and serve on the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of Kennedy. During the period following the war, McCloy pardoned 70,000 Nazis accused of war crimes. McCloy also pardoned General Walter Dornberger, convicted at Nuremberg of collaborating to murder 6,000 prisoners, because Von Braun refused to work for the US rocket program without him. Von Braun was named by the author of Nomenclature of an Assassination Cabal as a key operative in the assassination of Kennedy. He was associated closely with the Defense Industrial Security Command (DISC), the secret police agency in the US for munitions manufacturers. Many DISC executives are reported to have been Mafia. Von Braun was also in charge of the Security Division of NASA. McCloy later worked in US intelligence. http://trufax.org/chrono/crd.html 1939 - Book Review - The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. Spellman laid low at first and cultivated key people in Rome. After his friend Cardinal Pacelli became Pope Pius XII in 1939, Spellman was appointed an archbishop. During the war, he travelled to war zones and acted as FDR's secret agent. After the war he allied himself with ph McCarthy and Roy Cohn, and became a kingmaker in New York City politics. He continued to support U.S. military adventures by visiting the troops, attending Pentagon briefings, discussing strategy with generals, and gathering intelligence for the CIA and State Department. ISBN 0-8129-1120-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aU 1939 - Japan's Army General Shiro Ishii's Aide comes to NY and Rockefeller to obtain " sample " of Yellow Fever/HBV virus. Japanese Army doctor, Dr. Ryoichi Naito, visited the laboratory with credentials from the Japanese military attached in Washington to obtain a sample of that strain of the Yellow Fever virus. http://www.tdbooks.com/ebooks/lastcircle/chpt15pt1.html 1940 - Book Review - The Shadow Warriors: Donovan used the U.S. media to play up the bogus threat of a Nazi " fifth column " in order to promote his plans for an intelligence agency (pages 38-39). In other words, what the OSS called " psychological warfare " when issued as foreign propaganda, was first used on U.S. citizens. ISBN 0-465-07756-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UY 1940's - Book Review - American Swastika, 1985. This book concerns noncorporate American connections to Nazis, as well as to their fifth columnists and sympathizers among the Romanians and White Russians. Over half of the book covers the period before and during World War II, and the remainder covers the Cold War period. Some of the individuals discussed include Klaus Barbie, Bullitt, Coughlin, Hamilton Fish, Dulles, Reinhard Gehlen, ph Kennedy, etc... Higham receive extensive help in his researches from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, and utilized 28,000 pages of U.S. government documents that are now stored in the author's collection at the University of Southern California library. ISBN 0-385-17874-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/KB 1941~1945 - Book Review - OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the major U.S. intelligence agency during WW2. Its research branch consisted largely of conscientious humanities and social science liberals from Harvard and Yale. Their sudden access to international secrets, when mixed with inbred academic elitism, proved quite compelling. By war's end, these opinion-makers had become converts to OSS director Donovan's vision of a postwar agency. Despite Truman's reluctance, Donovan's old-boy network was formalized into the CIA; the pipe-smoking liberal of the thirties became the cold warrior of the fifties. It wasn't until the 1960s that the academic community would begin to recover its social conscience. ISBN 0-520-04246-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IO 1941~1945 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - This first major biography of McCloy was written over a ten-year period. Special emphasis is given to several controversies in his career: the internment of the Japanese in WW2, the decision not to bomb Auschwitz, his clemency for Nazi war criminals, the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence, and the Warren Commission. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1941~1945 - Book Review - Hitler's Secret Bankers: The Myth of Swiss Neutrality During the Holocaust. In the early 1990s, the World Jewish Restitution Organization and the World Jewish Congress, with help from U.S. Senator Alfonse D'Amato, put pressure on Switzerland to compensate holocaust victims for stolen money and property that the Nazis had deposited in Swiss banks. Other wartime Jews opened accounts in Switzerland at the first hint of trouble ahead, but for years Swiss bankers demanded death certificates from surviving heirs before releasing assets, even though no such certificates were issued at Auschwitz. This book reveals the extent of Swiss collaboration with the Nazis. Despite its stolen gold from Belgium and Holland, the Nazis needed foreign currency to pay for the war machine. The happy combination of formal Swiss neutrality, along with discreet and uninquisitive Swiss bankers, allowed the Nazis to exchange this gold for currency. The Swiss-based Bank for International Settlements, and its American president, McKittrick, also worked alongside Nazis to keep international finance fluid throughout the war. After demolishing the myth of Swiss neutrality on economic matters, the author looks at the Swiss wartime record for accepting Jewish refugees who were fleeing the Nazis. ISBN 1-55972-421-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cC 1942~1945 - Book Review - The O.S.S. in Italy, 1942-1945. In 1942, U.S. Army Private Max Corvo was a 21-year-old Sicilian immigrant who came up with a plan for subversive warfare against Sicily. He wrangled a three-day pass and an interview in Washington, and a few weeks later was transferred to the Office of Strategic Services. For the next seven months he traveled around the U.S. and recruited other immigrants. From 1943 to 1945, Corvo was stationed abroad, in charge of OSS operations in Italy. After the war he retired from intelligence work, and since 1947 has been the publisher of the Middletown Bulletin in Connecticut. Along with other OSS veterans, Corvo remains active in reconstructing the history of the agency from declassified documents. There were numerous successes, as well as bureaucratic turf and logistical support problems, for the OSS in Italy. It was the Office of Naval Intelligence, for example, that released Mafia chief Lucky Luciano from a U.S. prison and recruited him for their advance work in Sicily, sidelining the OSS. (Corvo says that he made an early decision to avoid Mafia contacts during his recruitment efforts.) After Corvo left Italy, Angleton took over the work there, and according to other accounts, vigorously encouraged the anti-leftist elements. More often than not, this meant promoting those with masonic, syndicate, or fascist connections. ISBN 0-275-93333-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZW 1945~1948 - Gelhen - Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. 398 pages. Simpson, . He traces the post-World War II recruitment by the U.S. of defeated Nazi chief of intelligence for Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Reinhard Gehlen, and the increasing reliance of U.S. intelligence on the Gehlen organization's estimates of Soviet strengths and intentions. In the critical period from 1945 to 1948, the correct assessments by U.S. military intelligence that the Soviet occupation forces in Eastern Europe were worn out and posed no threat, were supplanted with the Gehlen organization's lie that these same forces were a major military threat posed to invade Germany. The rest is our history, known as the Cold War. ISBN 1-55584-106-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/JV 1945 - Book Review - General Reinhard Gehlen: The CIA Connection. Fairfax VA: Mason University Press, 1990. 231 pages. As Nazi Germany was collapsing, General Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler's chief of eastern front intelligence, buried his files and waited to be captured. He felt certain that access to his files was an offer the Americans couldn't refuse. He was right, of course, partly because the Cold War was already being planned, and partly because Gehlen's scientific collection and analysis methods were very effective. He and his staff cut a deal with the CIA and the Pentagon to absorb his networks and his expertise. As part of the deal, Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. Ellen Reese offers the first book about Gehlen that concentrates on the American connection. She interviewed former CIA and Army Intelligence officers, and received " hundreds " of documents under FOIA from various agencies. But her claim that this is the first undistorted " full " picture, drawing on " wholly new information, " seems unrealistic, as the CIA wouldn't cooperate with her. We also know that PIR advisor Carl Oglesby has been trying for years to sue for Gehlen records that the government considers too sensitive. ISBN 0-913969-30-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PA 1945~1955 - Book Review - Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945-1955. Much of this book deals with the FBI on campus and their use of informants (including Henry Kissinger and F. Buckley), although it breaks off before the FBI got really nasty in the late 1960s. That still leaves two revealing chapters on Harvard's Russian Research Center. The first scholars who specialized in international studies were sponsored by the OSS/CIA, with funding laundered by the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford Foundations. These scholar-spooks prostituted their prestige to rubber- stamp the Cold War. ISBN 0-19-505382-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RP 1945~1990 - Book Review - The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. As World War II was winding down in Europe, the U.S. began looking for Nazi scientists and intelligence officers. They didn't want them for war crimes, although some were guilty of these, but rather to recruit them for the Cold War against the Soviets. President Truman had directed that no Nazis be allowed to immigrate. Nevertheless at least 1600 scientists and their dependents were brought in under Operation Paperclip, and hundreds more under related programs. Although most of the publicity has concerned NASA's use of rocket scientists such as Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph, Nazi scientists also conducted chemical warfare experiments on 7000 U.S. soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal in land from 1955-1975. The CIA and Army intelligence even paid the scientists to experiment with LSD and other psychochemicals, as the search continued for the ultimate mind-control weapon. ISBN 0-312-05510-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/OZ 1945 - Book Review - Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy. Italian politics since Mussolini consists of intrigues piled on top of intrigues, mixed together with Freemasonry, the Vatican, the Italian secret services plotting coups with right-wing generals, the Mafia, arms caches planted by NATO's Operation Gladio, and bribery and corruption so massive that occasionally it threatens the collapse of their banking system. And this is only what you read in the papers. ISBN 0-09-470590-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UU 1945 - Book Review - The CIA, A Forgotten History: U.S. Global Interventions Since World War 2. This is the only well-documented book on CIA history that is arranged country by country, year by year. It describes and analyzes the known significant interventions throughout the world since 1945 that have been carried out through the CIA and other branches of U.S. government. Hundreds of distinct operations were launched in more than 50 countries using various techniques: the use of armed aggression by U.S. and/or indigenous forces working with the U.S.; operations, successful or not, to overthrow a government; attempts to suppress a popular rebellion or movement; attempts to assassinate political leaders; gross interference in elections or other flagrant manipulations of a country's political system; the manufacture of " news " ; serious manipulation of trade unions, etc. ISBN 0-86232-480-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IN 1945~1960 - Book Review - Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960. Communication research is a small academic field that evolved within the social sciences, and is reflected today in the fields of print and broadcast journalism, public relations, and advertising. Its early research was sponsored by government funding for psychological warfare, which reached $1 billion annually in the early 1950s. Carnegie and Ford, working closely with the government, were secondary sources of funding. Behind this money was a massive U.S. intelligence bureaucracy that was honing techniques for clandestine warfare around the globe. Soon it became " counterinsurgency " and " special forces, " and now it is called " low-intensity conflict. " ISBN 0-19-510292-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZY 1946 - Book Review - The CIA and the Marshall Plan. The covert-action arm of the early post-war U.S. intelligence establishment was called the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which was later absorbed into the CIA. The program of U.S. aid to Europe following the war was broadly called the Marshall Plan, one aspect of which was the appropriation under the Economic ation Administration. ECA included secret funding for OPC activities in Europe. This book is a behind-the- scenes look at policymaking during the early Cold War years. Ex-OSS elites, such as those interviewed by Pisani, played an active role in making sure that U.S. aid came with political strings attached, often in the form of secretly-funded propaganda fronts that pushed the correct line. We beat the Communists at their own game. But victory came at a price: covert action in peacetime is now institutionalized, and it won't go away. 1991. ISBN 0-7006-0502-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YY 1947~1949 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - President of the World Bank. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1947 - Book Review - One Thousand Americans. Seldes (1890-1995) - This 1947 book is dense with the names of major American power brokers, including interests such as J.P. and groups such as the National Association of Manufacturers. One 80-page section on the magazine press deals with both the Henry Luce and empires. Throughout this book, Seldes connects the interlocking dots between owners, directors, and their handmaidens within the political process. " These one thousand Americans are interested in property rights, rather than the general welfare, " and have the power to " maintain the status quo system or to move backward. " New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947. 312 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZJ 1947~1977 - Book Review - The Unknown CIA: My Three Decades with the Agency. Foreword by Helms. Jack took a Ph.D. from Cornell, and joined the OSS and then the CIA when it began in 1947. He was a member of the board of national estimates (1957-62), director of current intelligence (1962-66), and deputy director for intelligence (1966-71). From 1954-56 he was loaned to the State Department for a tour of duty in Singapore, and from 1971-74 he was a special assistant to the ambassador in New Delhi. Congressional oversight is part of the problem because it removes deniability and promotes " irresponsible public debate. " In the end, embraces the same amazing elitism that lurks behind all intelligence professionals, which might be paraphrased as " trust us -- we're honorable, we're better informed, and we know what's best for you. " ISBN 0-425-13136-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QW 1947 - Book Review - Keepers of the Keys: A History of the National Security Council from Truman to Bush. The NSC started out in 1947 under the National Security Act, the same bill that authorized the CIA. Truman rarely bothered to attend its meetings, but Eisenhower created the position of national security advisor. Kennedy strengthened the NSC when he used its staff and his advisors to deal with the Cuban missile crisis, and gave his advisors, Mc Bundy and Walt Rostow, major roles in Vietnam policy. Kissinger, who was Nixon's national security advisor, exercised a monopoly on foreign policy, making both the State Department and the NSC itself almost superfluous. Ford tried to restore the balance, but 's advisor Brzezinski regained much of the power that Kissinger once had. By the time Reagan sleepwalked his way into the oval office, the NSC was able to run with the ball in the President's name. This allowed an obscure lieutenant colonel named Oliver North to orchestrate U.S. policy under the protection of U.S. secrecy laws, and in the name of the American people. ISBN 0-688-07397-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PH 1948 - Book Review - The Belarus Secret. In 1948 a secret section of the State Department began recruiting Belorussian war criminals for guerrilla warfare inside the Soviet bloc. When the operations failed, these Nazi collaborators were allowed to settle in the U.S. As recently as 1978, government departments were lying to Congress in an effort to cover up this history. Loftus blew the whistle on CBS's " 60 Minutes " in May 1982, drawing headlines across the nation. ISBN 0-394-52292-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HP 1948~1977 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. The Information Research Department (IRD), a creation of the British intelligence community, played a major role in Western news and cultural media from 1948-1977. As late as 1976, when IRD's secret history first began to unravel due to the persistence of researcher Fletcher, 92 British journalists were still on IRD's distribution list. In earlier years, IRD's influence was even greater. This is the first book about IRD, and with it, another piece of the cold war media-manipulation picture is now in place. (The CIA's manipulation of the media was equally impressive, but U.S. journalists dropped the issue in 1978 and never looked back.) ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1948~1986 - Book Review - Quiet Neighbors: Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals in America. The first three chapters offer some background, from the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 through the 30 years of INS inaction, on to the Moscow Agreement of 1980 that gave OSI access to documents and witnesses. Other chapters treat case histories. OSI director 's major success story is Demjanjuk, who was finally deported in 1986. There is also a chapter on Klaus Barbie. The dust jacket describes 's report on Barbie's connections to U.S. intelligence as one " which received international acclaim for its thoroughness and honesty. " Still, 's book is valuable as a primary source for the record. ISBN 0-15-175823-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NN 1948 - Book Review - Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy. Here and elsewhere the author finds significant U.S. connections, because Italy was a linchpin in NATO's cold war strategy and a Communist electoral victory would have been unacceptable to the CIA and State Department. In 1948, for example, the CIA bought the Italian election in their first big covert action, and in 1970-1972, according to the Pike Committee, the U.S. was still pumping in money ($10 million) to influence Italian politics. ISBN 0-09-470590-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UU 1948 - Book Review - America's Secret Relations with a Militant Israel. Ever since Truman's support of the birth of Israel in 1948, U.S. relations have favored its aggressive policies, even at the expense of U.S. interests in the region. Much of this was encouraged in the name of a secure Jewish homeland -- something which few U.S. politicians dared to criticize -- but behind the public facade there existed a world where the CIA became dependent on Mossad for intelligence, Israel's economy became dependent on profits from arms transfers, and policy itself was exercised through proxy wars. These include chapters on U.S. intelligence and the Zionist underground, the 1953 aid cutoff, the Suez War of 1956, Israel's nuclear weapons program, the Six-Day War of 1967, and the USS Liberty incident. He concludes that were it not for U.S. policies that favored the militarists within Israel, particularly from 1964 to 1967, the Palestinian problem might have been solved. ISBN 0-688-02643-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MQ 1949~1952 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - High Commissioner of Germany. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1949 - Klaus Barbie - Book Review - America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. New York: lin Watts, 1989. 400 pages. Sayer, Ian and Botting, . The U.S. Army's Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) served in World War I, World War II, and Korea, but the public first heard of it in 1983. Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie was being extradited from Bolivia to France and his picture was in the news. College professor Erhard Dabringhaus saw the picture and dialed the local TV station in Sarasota, Florida to tell them that he was the agent who had run Barbie in 1949 when they were both employed by CIC in Germany. It seemed that another window was slowly opening on secret U.S. history. Other CIC agents during and shortly after the war included Henry Kissinger, J.D. Salinger, and Helms. Dabringhaus has written a book of his own ( " Klaus Barbie " , Washington: Acropolis Books, 1984). ISBN 0-531-15097-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MS [Note: also see: http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_BARBIE_KLAUS_ ] 1950 - Book Review - The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman. Were it not for Spellman's early (beginning in 1950) efforts to support Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnam's puppet government might not have emerged. Ultimately the Vatican became wary of Spellman's power. So did antiwar activists, who demonstrated against " Spellman's War " outside his residence and cathedral. ISBN 0-8129-1120-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aU 1952~1978 - Book Review - The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency. The National Security Agency [NSA] is many times larger than the CIA, and since 1952 has spent many billions more per year. That didn't stop journalists from ignoring it, which suited NSA just fine. NSA is located in Fort Meade, land in twenty buildings with a dozen acres of underground computers. In 1978 it controlled 68,000 people to listen in on the world's communications, analyze satellite eavesdropping systems, and develop and break codes. Numerous listening posts are spread around the globe, and 40 tons of classified documents are sent to the shredder each day. Your tax dollars are hard at work. ISBN 0-395-31286-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/BY 1952 - Book Review - Foundations: Their Power and Influence. In 1952, Congress commissioned the Committee to investigate U.S. foundations. In 1953 it was the Reece Committee, and the author of this book was its general counsel. He is more interested in an emerging " elite " that has control of gigantic financial resources: " An unparalleled amount of power is concentrated increasingly in the hands of an interlocking and self-perpetuating group. Unlike the power of corporate management, it is unchecked by stockholders; unlike the power of government, it is unchecked by the people; unlike the power of churches, it is unchecked by any firmly established canons of value. " Forty years later, it's clear that Wormser's concerns over foundations were not misplaced; they still wield enormous political and cultural power. It's also clear that Congress should have worried more about the U.S. secret state than about Communism. The connections between intelligence elites, and the international programs funded by major foundations such as Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller, are quite amazing and deserve their own book. ISBN 0-925591-28-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZC 1952 - Book Review - An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit. McCann joined United Fruit in 1952; when he resigned in 1971 he was vice-president in charge of public relations. United Fruit was the most powerful economic and political force in Central America during the 1950s. They were cozy with foreign interventionists and media owners back home, which meant that they could make or break little countries at will. ISBN 0-517-528096 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aL 1953~1960 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of Rockefeller's Chase Manhattan Bank. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953~1965 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of the Ford Foundation. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953~1970 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1953 - Book Review - The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. Iran has oil and it borders the former Soviet Union. These were two excellent reasons for the interest that Britain and the U.S. had in Iranian affairs since World War II. After the CIA-sponsored coup in 1953 that installed the shah, American elites held his caviar and champagne in high regard, not to mention their profits from arms sales. It was the job of SAVAK, the secret police founded by the CIA and trained by Mossad, to keep the rabble quiet. As late as September 28, 1978, several months before one of the major revolutions of the twentieth century, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the shah " is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years. " ISBN 0-300-04097-0 (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1988. 520 pages. Bill, A. page 258) http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aG 1953~1989 - Book Review - Spy Trader. When the Berlin Wall came down in late 1989, East German attorney Wolfgang Vogel was still held in high esteem. The West German government was considering him for a merit cross, its highest civilian award, while in the East his associations with Stasi since 1953 had made him rich. Vogel was best known for arranging spy swaps between East and West. By 1993, however, a reunited Germany was considering his career through a different lens. Vogel had negotiated the release of 33,755 former political prisoners and 215,019 of their relatives in exchange for West German government payments that totaled the equivalent of more than two billion dollars from 1964 to 1989. ISBN 0-8129-2461-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/XW 1954 - Book Review - Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. This is one of the more complete accounts of the CIA operation to overthrow the democratically-elected government of o Arbenz of Guatemala in 1954 - a textbook case of how a superpower can destroy a Third World country at will. The propaganda which accompanied the military campaign required the loyal cooperation of the American media, because the world had to be convinced that Guatemala was being saved from a Soviet takeover. In fact, the Soviet union could hardly have had less interest in Guatemala and did not even maintain diplomatic relations with them. What actually caused U.S. intervention was the nationalization by Arbenz of much of the land of United Fruit Company; it turned out that United was extremely well-connected in Washington and knew how arrange a fix. Arbenz was also unwilling to persecute Guatemalan communists and other leftists who had not committed any crimes. ISBN 0-385-18354-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AR 1954 - Book Review - An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit. In 1954, United Fruit and the CIA broke Guatemala. The media, having been carefully prepped and by United Fruit's PR experts such as L. Bernays (the " father of public relations " ), cheered from the sidelines. (Forty years of death squads and tens of thousands of killings later, it remains very much broken, and our media are happy to keep it buried.) Guatemala's peasants were powerless against United Fruit, so it took a corporate raider by the name of Eli Black to bring it down, starting in 1968. 1976. ISBN 0-517-528096 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aL 1954~1991 - Book Review - A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. In a hangar at the Burbank, California airport during the Cold War, Lockheed's super-secret, windowless facility went by the name of " Skunk Works. " Ben Rich arrived in 1954 as an engineer, succeeded Clarence " " as director in 1975, and retired in 1991. Rich's first assignment was the CIA's U-2 spy plane. This was followed by the SR-71 Blackbird, a plane that broke records for speed and altitude. His crowning achievement was the F-117 stealth fighter. Essentially undetectable on enemy radar, this fighter proved effective in laser-guided bombing runs during the Gulf War. Rich was assisted in this autobiography by co-author Leo Janos, who also helped with the autobiography of test pilot Chuck Yeager. ISBN 0-316-74330-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/WU [Note: F-117 shot down at night during " The Kosovo Conflict " by Serbs -1999] 1955~1975 - Book Review - The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. Nazi scientists also conducted chemical warfare experiments on 7000 U.S. soldiers at Edgewood Arsenal in land from 1955-1975. ISBN 0-312-05510-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/OZ 1955~1968 - Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. ISBN 0-913969-30-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PA 1956~1957 - Book Review - Ropes of Sand: America's Failure in the Middle East. This book provides a history of Middle-East politics and the U.S. involvement in same from post-World War One to the 1970s. Written as a personal account, the book is very readable and contains a number of significant revelations, such as U.S. plots to overthrow the government of Syria in 1956 and 1957 and to assassinate President Nasser of Egypt, as well as American involvement in several other conspiracies, alone and with the British, to fashion the Middle East to their own specifications. There is also material on covert Arab-Israeli relations, the CIA overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953, and on British mole Kim Philby, with whom Eveland spent time in Lebanon right up until Philby avoided arrest by fleeing to the Soviet Union. ISBN 0-393-01336-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HE 1961 - Book Review - Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story. Two books in NameBase, " Operation Zapata " and Wyden's " Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story, " deal with the 1961 CIA invasion of Cuba that was inherited by President Kennedy as soon as he took office. This was the first embarrassment for a CIA that had come to think of itself as all- powerful. Hundreds of CIA-trained Cubans and dozens of CIA officials blamed Kennedy after he failed to involve U.S. forces to salvage a deteriorating situation. Some of the crucial events in U.S. history since 1961 can be traced back to the Bay of Pigs, and to Kennedy's subsequent desire to rein in the CIA. Wyden's book is probably the most complete narrative of the Bay of Pigs that has been published. . ISBN 0-671-24006-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MW 1961~1963 - Book Review - JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power. Drawing on his laboriously-assembled 15,000-page archive of official documents, historian M. Newman builds his case that President Kennedy planned to win re-election in 1964 -- and then get out of Vietnam. Newman's Kennedy is an intelligent Tory realist, determined not to be suckered into an Asian Bay-of-Pigs-on-the-installment-plan. Kennedy stonewalled repeated requests from his inner circle to commit U.S. combat troops to Laos in 1961, and to Vietnam thereafter. As a result, Newman thinks, key insiders came to doubt Kennedy's nerve. ISBN 0-446-51678-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RO 1961~1974 - MCCLOY JOHN JAY - Disarmament Advisor. Warren Commission appointee, Wall Street attorney for the seven sister big oil companies [previously Standard Oil, Rockefeller, prior to the court ordered break up], and director of numerous corporations. It's almost redundant to add that McCloy was also well-connected to U.S. intelligence agencies. ISBN 0-671-45415-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RT 1962 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. This book also quotes a June 1962 CIA memorandum, which states that President Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan, in April 1962, agreed to " liquidate President Sukarno [indonesia], depending on the situation and available opportunities. " ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1962 - Book Review - CIA: The Inside Story. Written at a time when few Americans could identify what the letters CIA stood for, much less what the agency did, this was the first book to reveal a number of CIA adventures in some detail. It discusses actual and possible CIA attempts at government-making in Algeria, Guatemala, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Cuba, Laos, Korea and the Soviet bloc, and also has sections on Nazi general Reinhard Gehlen, and the U-2 and Francis Powers. Some espionage and counter-espionage tales are thrown in to make what must have at the time seemed like the " inside story, " but which now definitely comes across as rather superficial. Tully's point of view is strictly cold-war anti-communist, although he's not an extremist. To have put together a book like this in 1962, he most likely had the cooperation of the CIA, which was reeling from the Bay of Pigs fiasco and needed some publicity about agency " successes. " In general, the book's sins are more those of omission than of commission. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HV 1962~1963 - Book Review - JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power. Newman documents a high-level conspiracy that doctored the military's intelligence reports on Vietnam that Kennedy received during much of 1962-63. But grimmer assessments reached Kennedy via the CIA and the State Department, and Newman thinks Kennedy's real intentions in Vietnam are signaled by an October 1963 document ordering a secret 1,000-man initial withdrawal of U.S. advisors. (A few weeks later, President ordered the U.S. naval raids that led to the Gulf of Tonkin incident, and so to the war.) ISBN 0-446-51678-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/RO 1963 - Book Review - JFK - They've Killed the President! " Most Americans agree, on the basis of eyewitnesses and evidence from the scene, that Oswald did not act alone. Whether the Mafia did it, or the CIA did it, or both (they were definitely working together to assassinate Castro), the most troubling legacy of Dallas is not the question of who pulled the trigger. As important as this is, it could have been a lower- echelon, renegade operation of limited scope. More mind-boggling is the probability that for nearly 30 years we've seen a massive cover-up. When considered along with the Luther King and Kennedy assassinations, fundamental questions about who really has the power in America, and whether our democracy is a sham, cannot be avoided.New York: Bantam Books, 1975. 408 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/CE 1964 - Book Review - The Invisible Government. With chapters on ...even the Gehlen Org, this 1964 book was amazingly comprehensive about U.S. covert activities. With all of the literature about the CIA over the past two decades, it is easy to forget that for the first half of the Agency's history, almost nothing was in the public domain. Washington journalist Wise changed all of that with " The Invisible Government " in 1964. CIA director McCone called in Wise and co-author Ross to demand deletions on the basis of galleys the CIA had secretly obtained. When that didn't work, the CIA formed a special group to deal with the book and tried to secure bad reviews, even though the CIA's legal counsel had found the book " uncannily accurate. " As the unofficial dean of intelligence journalists, Wise is still working on future books from his Washington office. ISBN 0-394-71993-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AZ 1964 - Book Review - United States Penetration of Brazil. Jan Black was a Peace Corp volunteer in Chile when a coup in Brazil toppled the government of Joao Goulart in April, 1964. Her Chilean friends suggested that the coup was supported by the CIA, but Black thought they were being paranoid. Twelve years later, much more information about the CIA was available. Black, then a professor at the University of New Mexico, began extensive research on U.S. covert and overt involvement in Brazil, and put it in this book. As of 1999 Professor Black is at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California, and her book endures as the best we've seen on U.S. policy in Brazil during the 1960s. Unlike its role in Chile from 1970 to 1973, the U.S. role in Brazil in 1964 was more subtle. The U.S. Air Force was ready with six C-135 transports and 110 tons of small arms and ammunition, and a " fast " r Task Group was ordered to take positions off the Brazilian coast. They weren't needed because the U.S. had been subverting labor groups, reform-minded populists, and big media for many months, while pumping up the police and military. The coup was almost bloodless since everyone knew it was unstoppable; the military took over and Goulart fled to Uruguay. Most of the blood came later -- by the time this book appeared, Brazil had a well-deserved reputation for political repression and torture. ISBN 0-8122-7720-1 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cF 1965 - Book Review - Britain's Secret Propaganda War. The first chapter details British propaganda efforts against Indonesia's Sukarno in 1965, before and after the so-called abortive " coup, " which became the excuse for Suharto's genocide against the PKI. IRD and MI6 " black " operations were intense before and after this alleged coup, as forged documents suggesting PKI atrocities and Chinese intervention were combined with sophisticated signals intelligence that monitored Sukarno's every move. ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cK 1965 - Book Review - Military Terror in Indonesia. " I probably have a lot of blood on my hands, but that's not all bad. There's a time when you have to strike hard at a decisive moment. " So said J. Martens, formerly a political officer in the U.S. embassy in Indonesia, as he described to reporter Kathy Kadane how U.S. diplomats and CIA officers provided up to 5,000 names to Indonesian army death squads in 1965, and checked them off as they were killed or captured. The death toll reached a half million or so. Kadane's article was reprinted in the San Francisco Examiner (1990-05-20) and the Washington Post (1990-05-21), but soon the New York Times checked in with a damage control effort by Wines (1990-07-12), which proclaimed the end of the story. ISBN 0-85124-143-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/BL 1965~1966 - Book Review - Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. It stops short of the 1965 coup, which a CIA study described as follows: " In terms of the numbers killed the anti-PKI massacres in Indonesia rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s. " To get anything else out of the CIA about Indonesia, you still need a crowbar, even if you leave out 1965. The importance of this work is that it exposes the covert policy of Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers in Indonesia during the 1950s. This policy set the stage for the 1960s. The events of 1965-1966, dismissed at the time by the world's media as an " abortive Communist coup, " are still hotly disputed, and appear suspicious by any reasonable standard. ISBN 1-56584-244-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/XU 1966 - Book Review - Inside the League. The World Anti-Communist League (WACL) was founded in 1966 as a public relations arm for Taiwan and South Korea. WACL didn't attract much notice in the U.S. until Singlaub's United States Council for World Freedom, the American branch of WACL, was launched in 1981 with a loan from Taiwan and soon began raising money for the contras. Singlaub and his supporters also operated through a network of similar groups: Western Goals, Council for the Defense of Freedom, American Security Council, Council for Inter-American Security, and the Conservative Caucus. But WACL is particularly known for its international conferences that attract " American congressmen and senators, archbishops, members of Parliament, bank presidents, and scientists. There, they have been in the company of Nazi collaborators, Japanese war criminals, Latin death squad leaders, disciples of Moon's Unification Church, and fugitive Italian terrorists. " There's even a CIA connection. Ray Cline, station chief in Taiwan from 1958-1962 and later deputy director for intelligence, attended conferences in 1980, 1983, and 1984. The authors believe that covert U.S. funding played a role in the establishment of WACL, and note that Cline was in a position to be helpful when preparatory meetings were held in 1958. 1986 ISBN 0-396-08517-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/HB 1966 - Book Review - Who Rules Columbia? [university Student Movement] North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) began in 1966 and quickly became one of the most important research organizations to emerge out of the U.S. student movement. Through the mid-seventies their publications concentrated on the role of U.S. corporations and foreign policy in Latin America, with special emphasis on U.S. universities, development policy, police training, and CIA covert activities. Reports were well-researched, with more facts than analysis. If you depended on major media, all you knew about Columbia University in 1968 was that Mark Rudd, SDS, and some long-haired students became spontaneously restless. In fact, a major study of Columbia's role in the community and in the world was produced by these students. This is NACLA's reprint of the original 1968 edition. " Strawberry Statement " . http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/DR 1968 - Book Review - How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. Several times a century, apparently, some American students take a look at their university and are horrified to discover that they are in the belly of the beast. It happened to Randolph Bourne at Columbia in 1917, it happened again at Columbia in 1968 (see NACLA's reprint of " Who Rules Columbia? " in NameBase), and it happened to me at the University of Southern California in 1969. That's when I discovered that the campus was owned by former CIA director and future Chile-destabilizer McCone http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin6.cgi?_MCCONE_JOHN_ALEX ]and his multimillionaire/multinational corporate cronies, the campus fraternities were controlled by future Watergate dirty-tricksters, and half of Reagan's California kitchen cabinet was on the Board of Trustees. By now I'm more amused than outraged after reading How Harvard Rules, a collection of 26 essays from assorted academics who have kept their eyes open. Some concern rather esoteric issues, but these are offset with seven essays by Trumpbour himself, who was a Ph.D. student in Harvard's history department. He demonstrates an appreciation of Harvard's historical role, including its connections to the intelligence community. ISBN 0-89608-283-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ND 1969~1975 - Book Review - Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam. Snepp served in the CIA's Saigon station from 1969-1971 and 1972-1975; his duties included strategic estimates of NVA forces, agent networks, and interrogations of captured NVA and Vietcong. In this book his descriptions of the CIA's performance in Vietnam, particularly during the fall of Saigon, are stunning. Snepp was awarded the Intelligence Medal for Merit for his service; ironically, he had joined the CIA to avoid Vietnam. Angered by the CIA's failure to produce an after-action report on the CIA's performance during Vietnam's fall, Snepp wrote his book shortly after resigning. The CIA sued Snepp, forcing him to surrender his profits from the book for failing to submit it to the CIA Publications Review Board prior to publication. ISBN 0-394-72691-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AF 1969 - Book Review - Silent Coup: The Removal of a President. This bestseller... makes the case that Haig was Deep Throat, and reports convincing evidence (including taped interviews with officials) that Bob Woodward knew Haig in 1969 when Woodward worked at the Pentagon, four years before Woodward said they met. 1992. ISBN 0-312-92763-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QG 1969 - Book Review - Secret Agenda: Watergate, Deep Throat and the CIA. Offers many firsts: the first to reveal that Woodward had secretly briefed Haig while Woodward presided over the Pentagon code room of the Chief of Naval Operations. ISBN 0-394-51428-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/GF 1970's - Book Review - Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI. It may come as a surprise to viewers of " The X Files, " but prior to the 1970s there was almost no information in the officially-acknowledged public record to suggest that the FBI and CIA had ever engaged in illegal or questionable activities. Then in the wake of Watergate, reports surfaced in the press of CIA involvement in the coup in Chile, and massive domestic spying by the CIA and FBI against war protesters. These were followed with stories of CIA plots to kill foreign leaders. The Church Committee in the Senate, and the Pike Committee in the House, were formed to investigate. Congressman J. Harrington (D-MA), and journalists such as Seymour Hersh (New York Times) and Schorr (CBS), played a significant role in exposing this secret history. At the time, many thought that the momentum for exposure would lead to significant reforms. But a year later the climate had changed dramatically. Harrington was in trouble with the House Ethics Committee for leaking information about Chile, the Pike Committee report was suppressed by Congress, and Schorr was fired from CBS after leaking the Pike report to the Village Voice. The author suggests that the momentum for reform was lost when the revelations became more than a deluded, complacent public could comfortably bear. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 255 pages. Olmsted, S. ISBN 0-8078-4562-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/ZN 1971 - Book Review - The Higher Circles: The Governing Class in America. Makes a convincing case that elites run foreign policy and shape social legislation through various devices from think tanks to interlocking directorates, while the CIA molds the public consciousness by financing institutions, infiltrating labor unions, and buying opinion- makers. The book is name-intensive and full of concrete examples and statistics. The final chapter presents a solid critique of the pluralists -- the academic mandarins whose job it was to justify the status quo during the 1960s. Twenty years later, when it became their job to justify increasing poverty and homelessness, they gave up on pluralism and started debating " trickle-down " economics. Meanwhile, professors got tenure and the rich got richer. ISBN 0-394-71671-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/DK 1971 - Book Review - The General Was a Spy: The Truth About General Gehlen and His Spy Ring. Nazi General Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler's chief of eastern front intelligence. As part of the deal, Gehlen transferred his organization (the " Gehlen Org " ) to West Germany in 1955. He directed the BND until his retirement in 1968, and died in 1979. Hoehne and Zolling's book is based on a series they wrote for Der Spiegel in 1971, which in turn prompted Gehlen to write his memoirs. The authors interviewed Org members and drew on personal papers and government documents. They include an introduction by H.R. Trevor-Roper and a preface by Tully, who quotes Dulles on Gehlen: " I don't know if he's a rascal; there are few archbishops in espionage. He's on our side and that is all that matters. Besides, one needn't ask a Gehlen to one's club. " New York: Bantam Books, 1972. 439 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/IX 1972 - Book Review - The Search for Nazis in America. Devito, an investigator with the Immigration and Naturalization Service [iNS], was assigned to the Hermine Braunsteiner case. These were the days when the INS still handled Nazi war criminals, before jurisdiction shifted to the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations in 1979. Devito became convinced that all the problems he encountered- disappearing files, office break-ins, denied travel vouchers, threatening phone calls to witnesses he had interviewed - were evidence of Odessa penetration of INS. A Jewish organization gave him a list of 59 other Nazis living in the U.S., but Devito was unable to interest his bosses. Devito resigned in 1973 and went public, and this bestseller was the result. ISBN 0-449-23409-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MU 1973 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. When de was elected president of Chile, Nixon gave Helms, CIA director from 1966-1972, his marching orders. " Make the economy scream, " read Helms' notes of the September 15, 1970 meeting. Later Helms said, " If I ever carried a marshall's baton in my knapsack out of the Oval Office, it was that day. " In early 1973, Helms was asked by Congress whether the CIA was involved in Chile, and he denied it. The coup in Chile happened several months later, and it was nasty. Although the major media swallowed the official denials for another year, cracks in the story began to appear. When it first appeared in 1979, this book was widely regarded as one of the best ever written about the CIA. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1974 - Book Review - The Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United States and the World. " The Secret Team " is Prouty's euphemism for those security-cleared individuals in and out of government who react with paramilitary plans and activities, directly or through proxies, to data provided by the CIA and NSA. " It is a bewildering collection of semipermanent or temporarily assembled action committees and networks, " whose power " derives from its vast intragovernmental undercover infrastructure and its direct relationship with great private industries, mutual funds and investment houses, universities, and the news media, including foreign and domestic publishing houses. " New York: Ballantine Books, 1974. 556 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AJ 1974 - Book Review - The Power of the Multinational Corporations. In the 1970s it was still possible for scholars to affiliate with think tanks whose budgets did not depend on huge corporate donations. This didn't always make them less elitist, but in most cases it made them more honest. J. Barnet, who has been a member of the Council on Foreign Relations for more than ten years, was associated with the left-liberal Institute for Policy Studies when he co-authored this book. " Global Reach " is one of the first (and only) books to examine the transnational corporation, which was then just emerging as a separate political and economic entity, with the potential to subvert the historic social-welfare functions of the sovereign state, and thereby affect billions of people. For the 1990s, this book merely needs to change is its cover: it ought to be titled " Global Grab. " ISBN 0-671-22104-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YV 1975 - Book Review - Clearing the Air. In 1975 the CIA was investigated by three panels: the Rockefeller Commission, the Church Committee in the Senate, and the Pike Committee in the House. The first two issued reports that included many revelations and also kept many secrets. When it came time for the Pike report, Washington had grown tired of all the dirty laundry and President Ford was able to keep it classified. But CBS reporter Schorr had a copy from an unidentified source, and had been doing stories on it. After trying unsuccessfully to get CBS and others to publish the report, he gave it to the Village Voice, which published it on February 20, 1976. Schorr was subpoenaed by the House Ethics Committee and almost cited for contempt for refusing to name his source, and was forced to resign from CBS in 1977. ISBN 0-425-03903-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AS 1975 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. By 1975 the Church Committee was taking a closer look at [CIA's role in] ChileISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1975 - Book Review - The CIA-Mafia Link. This book deserves credit as the first to explore the CIA's ties to the Mafia in the context of various assassinations. It was published in 1975, when the Church Committee -- the Senate's select committee to study governmental operations with respect to intelligence activities, chaired by Idaho Democrat Church -- was preparing for hearings. Chapter includes the Rockefeller Commission cover-up. New York: Manor Books, 1975. 234 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/KF 1975 - Book Review - The Assassinations: Dallas and Beyond -- A Guide to Cover-ups and Investigations. Wayne Chastain and Harold Weisberg weigh in on the Luther King assassination, and Blair Kaiser, Betsy Langman, and Cockburn discuss Kennedy and Sirhan's gun. Gore Vidal is suspicious of the attempt against Wallace. A final section reprints the chapter from the 1975 Rockefeller Commission report that treated and dismissed some of the CIA connections with the JFK assassination. 1976. ISBN 0-394-71650-7 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/QP 1977 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. In 1977 Helms was allowed to plead no contest to two misdemeanor charges for withholding information [from the Chruch Committee about CIA's 1973 involvement in Chile]. Retired CIA officers gave Helms a standing ovation and paid his fine. His attorney said that Helms would " wear this conviction like a badge of honor, " and Helms agreed. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1977 - Book Review - A Dangerous Game: CIA and the Mass Media. During the 1970s a series of revelations about U.S. involvement in Vietnam, Watergate, the FBI, and CIA opened up a window on the secret state. After some fresh air passed over some dirty laundry, the window slammed shut and Reagan was elected. Perhaps it was the revolutions in Iran and Nicaragua, or the economy, or maybe the attention span of the media had been exceeded. Another possibility is that the revelations were getting too close. Despite the conducive climate, very little ink was spent on a broad discussion of the relationship between the CIA and the mass media (one exception was a New York Times series in late December, 1977). Apparently the media had little desire to undermine their own credibility, so the bits and pieces of evidence, the confessions, and the denials tended to emerge one column-inch at a time. That left the field to the Eastern Bloc press. In this book out of Czechoslovakia, which was translated from a Russian edition, Petrusenko compiles evidence of the CIA-media connection. " It is based completely on published materials from news media in the United States, Great Britain and other countries.... The author believes this is the first attempt to gather together a considerable body of material that originally appeared in different monographs, magazines and newspapers. " Prague: Interpress, 1977. 190 pages. http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/CB 1976 - BORIS PASH - " Another notable Bloodstone veteran is Boris Pash, a career intelligence officer identified in the Final Report of the U.S. Senate's 1975-1976 investigation into U.S. intelligence activities as the retired director of the CIA unit responsible for planning assassinations " (*Blowback,* p. 108). *Blowback,* p. 152-153 says: " The records of Operation Bloodstone add an important new piece of information to one of the most explosive public issues of today: the role of the U.S. government - specifically the CIA - in assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign officials. According to a 1976 Senate investigation, a key official of Operation Bloodstone is the OPC officer who was specifically delegated responsibility for planning the agency's assassinations, kidnappings, and similar 'wetwork.' http://www.anomalous-images.com/text/FIRESK27.TXT 1978 - Book Review - Iran - As late as September 28, 1978, several months before one of the major revolutions of the twentieth century, the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the shah " is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years. " (page 258). Even after the revolution, private policymakers such as Kissinger and Rockefeller apparently managed one last scam. The author explains how Chase Manhattan Bank, which feared that the new Iranian government might withdraw their funds and repudiate the shah's loans, had nothing to lose by lobbying Washington for the admission of the shah into the U.S. This resulted in the takeover of our embassy, the freezing of Iranian assets, and a declaration of default by Chase that allowed them to seize those assets to offset the loans. " In the end, the resolution of the crisis clearly benefitted the American banking community. " (page 344) ISBN 0-300-04097-0 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/aG 1979 - Book Review - The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Helms and the CIA. [de, Chile] Powers covers much more than Helms and Chile; he follows this quintessential career man through the entire history of the CIA, including the Cold War spying of the 1950s, the assassination attempts in the 1960s, the illegal surveillance of the student movement, and on through Watergate in the 1970s. When it first appeared in 1979, this book was widely regarded as one of the best ever written about the CIA. ISBN 0-671-83654-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/AI 1979 - Book Review - AIDS and the Doctors of Death: An Inquiry Into the Origin of the AIDS Epidemic. Alan Cantwell is a Los Angeles-based dermatologist and AIDS microbiology researcher who has published more than thirty papers on cancer, AIDS, and other immunological diseases. In 1986, Cantwell heard a presentation by Dr. Strecker, who argued that AIDS originated with the hepatitis B vaccine trials in New York City in the late 1970s. Cantwell became convinced that Strecker was onto something, and began digging into the evidence. The two books by Cantwell in NameBase, " AIDS and the Doctors of Death " and " Queer Blood, " argue the position that the AIDS virus was first engineered, perhaps for defensive bio-warfare purposes, and then spread through contamination of vaccines: hepatitis B in New York City, and the smallpox vaccine in Africa. The evidence is based on the nature of AIDS, as well as on the circumstances surrounding early reported cases. The strength of these books is that they debunk the popular " green monkey " theories on the origin of AIDS, and present a credible alternative explanation that our major media is not in a position to provide. 1988 ISBN 0-917211-25-1 and ISBN 0-917211-26-X http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/WZ 1980 - Moscow Agreement of 1980 that gave OSI [Office of Security and Intell] access to Nazi documents and witnesses. ISBN 0-15-175823-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NN 1981~1988 - Book Review - Washington's War on Nicaragua. This is one of the most comprehensive, well-documented treatments of U.S. policy in Nicaragua from through the Reagan years. It includes official policies and activities as well as those of the quasi-private cutouts and the right-wing support network. Then there's gun and drug running, contra atrocities, Casey and the CIA, Oliver North's enterprise, Congressional opposition, domestic surveillance of U.S. Sandinista supporters, the psywar media campaign, and finally the Iran- contra scandal. ISBN 0-89608-295-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/MJ 1981 - Book Review - Red Carpet. Book was mainly of interest for the other aristocrats profiled by the author: W. Averell Harriman, Cyrus Eaton, Kendall, and Rockefeller. Finder's point is that when big money was involved, both the U.S. and Russia overlooked their ideological differences, even at the height of the Cold War, and cooperated in the interests of higher profits. The Kremlin has always given distinguished U.S. millionaires access to the inner sanctum. From the other end, no one in Washington tells a Rockefeller or a Harriman what they can and cannot do. ISBN 0-03-060484-2 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/bC 1982-00-00 – J. Wheeler “Bloodgate: A New Theory on the Death of ”, Washington Weekly, 1/18/99 In the early 1980’s, “Friends of Bill” devised an easy-money scheme to harvest inmate blood plasma at Cummins […] the profit potential was enormous and the bleed were safe from public view, behind the prison walls. HMA already had an exclusive contract to provide ordinary health care within the prison, approved by Clinton in his first term as governor. The expansion into plasma harvesting got going when he was re-elected in 1982. In the meantime, HMA’s medical care had been so sloppy that its medical license was pulled. Yet it was awarded a new license and a broader contract when Bill Clinton got back into office. In fact, HMA’ s license was voided three times for medical violations before it went out of business in 1987. Each time Bill Clinton conspicuously rode to the rescue. A new program under different owners got his approval and the scheme continued until 1994. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm 1982-07-02 – “And the Band Played On” A meeting of physicians, CDC, FDA and leaders of the blood Industry, hemophiliac groups and gay community is held in Washington, D.C. Donor deferral guidelines (which will target gays and hemophiliacs) are shot down. Hemophiliacs attack the date linking immune suppression to the contamination of Factor VII. Gays, particularly Dr. Enlow, PR conscious and fearing for the civil rights of millions of Americans argue persuasively that it’s too early to push for such guidelines. (Only Dr. Dan argues it may save lives … this marks the beginning of his loss of popularity in the gay community.) They agree to WAIT AND SEE. Of note, however, it is at that meeting that the acronym AIDS attaches. And this: There was something else from the meeting that also troubled Dale Lawrence. Jim Curran and others discussed that AIDS cases were turning up in prisons, and a commercial plasma manufacturer had admitted that a lot of blood had been drawn in state prisons. They were a good source of plasma, he said. Lawrence could think only, " Oh God. " Drees (Alpha Therapeutic) also attended the meeting where he learned from the CDC that the disease was transmitted through tainted blood and blood products, had a mortality rate of 100% and cases were doubling every six months. After an infant contracted AIDS from a transfusion in San Francisco, Alpha set up an in-house task force and began to report at length to Green Cross their findings. Alpha also suspended buying blood plasma in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles and Miami. Drees believed everyone knew of the risks after the CDC’s warning. After Green Cross refused to positively address the warnings, Drees resigned. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm 1983 - Book Review - Called to Serve. (Bo) Gritz is a much-decorated Vietnam special forces veteran who continued working in covert operations after the war. He is convinced that live POWs remain in Southeast Asia, and went into Laos in 1983 to try and rescue some. Pentagon officials made it clear to Gritz that the highest levels of the U.S. government preferred to ignore the evidence. This in turn caused him to reconsider the flag-and-motherhood politics that brought him to Vietnam in the first place. Gritz does add new evidence of U.S. duplicity in the war on drugs by visiting opium warlord Khun Sa in Burma. Khun Sa's perspective on the opium trade implicates U.S. officials such as Armitage. More than once Khun Sa offered to sell his entire crop to the U.S. government in order to keep it off the streets, and has also asked for crop- substitution assistance. But the U.S. showed no interest in Gritz's efforts to mediate the issue, and continued to demonize Khun Sa. ISBN 0-916095-38-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UD 1988 - Book Review - The Nazi Hunters. This is one of the more comprehensive books on Nazi hunting. Many of the others were written too early to do justice to the topic, or are more concerned with the use of Nazis by U.S. intelligence after the war. The authors interviewed Alois Brunner, a notorious Nazi still at large who is protected by Syria, and give new information on Kurt Waldheim's [uN Sec.] involvement in war crimes. The Eichmann, Mengele, and Barbie cases are also reviewed. An appendix (pages 305-310) lists all of the open and closed cases brought against Nazis by the U.S. through mid-1988. Chapters on the current status of Nazi hunting in Canada, Australia, Britain, and Germany are included, as well as descriptions of private groups such as the World Jewish Congress, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, and the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. ISBN 0-88687-357-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PV 1988 - Book Review - Foreign Intelligence Organizations [FIO]. Included are the United Kingdom (GCHQ, SIS, MI5, DIS, Special Branch); Canada (RCMP, CSIS, CSE, FIB); Italy (SISDE, SISMI, and the P2 problem); West Germany (Nazis, Gehlen, BND, BfV); France (SDECE, DGSE, DST, and the Rainbow Warrior scandal), Israel (Mossad, Aman, Shin Bet, Lakam); Japan (Naicho, PSIA, commercial trade intelligence); and China (ILD, UFWD, MSS, MID, New China News Agency). 1988. ISBN 0-88730-122-3 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/NG 1989 - Book Review - The Last Days of the CIA. New York: He has chapters on how the CIA dealt with the Tiananmen Square massacre, Middle East terrorism, the fall of Eastern Europe, the Soviet breakup, the Persian Gulf War, and Panama. is skeptical of the CIA's ability to handle a crisis, from its failure to predict the fall of the Soviet empire to its failure to provide adequate intelligence for Desert Storm. One of the most troubling chapters is on CIA's assessments and handling of the 1989 pro-democracy movement in China. Though the CIA helped rescue many of the student leaders, it failed to predict the military crackdown. Bush is depicted as a novice in his understanding of the CIA, despite the fact that Bush was once CIA director. ISBN 0-688-09386-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/SE 1990~1997 - Book Review - Man Without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism's Greatest Spymaster. Markus Wolf was born in Germany in 1923, raised in the Soviet Union, and for 34 years was the head of foreign intelligence for Stasi, East Germany's intelligence service. It took almost twenty years before Western intelligence knew what he looked like, which explains the title of this book. Stasi was known for its ability to infiltrate the highest levels of the West German government. Good tradecraft explains some of this, the longevity of iron-fisted East German bureaucrats explains more, but finally it seems that many of Stasi's spies were motivated by idealism -- either as Communist Party members, or simply due to the fact that West Germany was revoltingly thick with former Nazis in high positions. ISBN 0-8129-6394-6 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/cH 1990 - Video Review - The Panama Deception is advocacy journalism at its most powerful. The many eyewitness accounts of the 1989 US invasion of Panama and its aftermath presented here make a compelling case for those who believe the US government has misled its citizens. One does not have to agree with the program's thesis, that our invasion of Panama was in order to abrogate the Panama Canal Treaty passed in 1979. This treaty gave the Republic of Panama sovereignty over the famous link between the Atlantic and the Pacific. What is not explained is why control of a somewhat obsolete canal would be thought so important by the Bush administration as to start a war over. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/PanamaDeception.html 1991 - Book Review - Blank Check: The Pentagon's Black Budget. By following the money, Weiner finds appropriations of public dollars for highly-compartmentalized, secret research projects with no accountability to either Congress or the Secretary of Defense. The secret budget has never been published, a violation of Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution. Reagan doubled the Pentagon budget between 1981 and 1985, and by 1991 Bush had increased the " black " portion to 25 percent. Born from the Manhattan Project, described by Weiner as a " mutant chromosome in the American body politic, " this secret operation is now a full-blown parallel government. Weiner shows the secret government at work in diverting funds illegally, creating military units outside the chain of command, conducting covert wars, and transforming Star Wars into a system for the control of space. This book is a solidly-documented description of how the U.S. responded to atomic weapons and the Cold War by giving birth to, nurturing, and ultimately succumbing to a national security state. ISBN 0-446-39275-8 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/PR 1991 ~ Book Review - Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. With its 4 million citizens, Israel seemingly flaunts a higher per capita rate of official covert activity than other sovereign countries. Meanwhile, obliging American readers are nostalgic for their own lost glory, presenting a consistent market for books on the much-vaunted efficiency of Israeli intelligence. Journalist Ian Black and historian Benny both have strong sympathies for Israel and kept this book " legally correct " -- they submitted it to Israeli military censors, and many of their sources were required by law to keep their names out of print. It reads like a sober academic tome, perhaps designed as a counterweight to the sensational book by Israeli intelligence ex-patriot Victor Ostrovsky. The authors are strong on episodes of early historical interest, for which declassified primary sources are available, and extremely weak or absent on essential contemporary issues: Israel's role in Iran-contra and Panama, the extent to which Israeli intelligence is responsive to Israel's dependence on arms sales to Third World dictators, and the question of Israeli covert activity and surveillance in the U.S. through the use of Jewish community groups in America. ISBN 0-8021-1159-9 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/UW 1995 - Book Review - Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee, and the CIA. Armonk NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1995. 265 pages. Chester, . The Cold War period in American history was characterized by a seamless cooperation among international charities, quasi-governmental organizations, major foundations, funding conduits, and the CIA. Any semblance of private- sector independence was more calculated than real - a veil that is stripped away by following the careers, connections, and correspondence of the key players who show up on the interlocking boards of directors. This book singles out the International Rescue Committee, and to a lesser extent the Ford Foundation. Its impressive original-source research makes a mockery of any historian who would pretend that these organizations can be considered separately from the CIA's influence and agenda, particularly during the Cold War period. ISBN 1-56324-551-5 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YC 1995 - Book Review - Toxic Sludge Is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry. As transnationals become more powerful than many governments, they discover that information control is the key to further expansion. Today the shock troops of the New World Order are neither the commandos with U.N. patches, nor the gray men from the CIA, but rather the flacks and hacks in the public relations industry. Some academicians estimate that about forty percent of all " news " is fed from PR firms to newsrooms. Journalists get two versions: a slick final version, and a raw one that they can edit. Most budget-conscious newsrooms simply present the slick version as hard news. PR practitioners in the U.S. now outnumber reporters, and some of the best journalism schools send more than half of their graduates into these firms. Along with those catchy " video news releases " that newsrooms love so much, some PR firms offer industrial espionage, infiltration of civic and political groups, planted stories, and phony grass-roots campaigns. Their corporate clients call this " integrated communications. " The grass-roots campaigns, commonly referred to as " astroturf movements, " are disguised as concerned citizens driven by conscience to petition the government. Since big money is available just underneath this facade, many politicians are no doubt grateful for the cover that astroturf provides. ISBN 1-56751-060-4 http://www.pir.org/cgi-bin/nbonlin1.cgi/YR Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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