Blood Trail - Prisons and the Law

[Guest guest]

----------------------

The Blood Trail

---------------------

1960 - BLOOD TRAIL - Sometime in the 1960’s The bleeding of prisoners for

plasma begins under the auspices of “making money” for the prison system and

offering prisoners a chance for pocket money.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1970's~1980's - BLOOD TRAIL - England - C no evil. Rob Forsyth. The Herald

(Glasgow) May 1, 1999 In Britain, 3000 haemophiliacs have contacted

hepatitis C as a result of medically applied contaminated blood or plasma

transfusions in the 1970s and 1980s. During that same period, innocent

victims of transfusions contracted HIV. The Government provides financial

support and assistance to those with HIV but not to the hepatitis C victims.

Why? http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a373c64a062f2.htm

1970 - BLOOD TRAIL - The Supreme Court finds UNCONSTITUTIONAL the solitary

confinement practices of Cummins Prison in Grady, Arkansas.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1971 - BLOOD TRAIL - The Canada Development Corporation (CDC) is created

with federal seed money to promote the Canada’s leading industries (such as

petrochemicals, petroleum and natural gas, mining and refining, venture

capital, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment).

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1971 - BLOOD TRAIL - The Red Cross in Canada ceased collection of prison

blood plasma. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1972 - BLOOD TRAIL - The CDC pays the University of Toronto $24 million for

CONNAUGHT LABORATORIES. Although publicly traded, the federal government

retains 48% interest and is controlling shareholder throughout the early

1980’s, primary years of the Canada Blood Scandal. Now Finance Minister

undergoing scrutiny for his participation in drawing the parameters for the

1998 compensation package and fighting the Krever Commission’s naming of

names and laying of blame, PAUL MARTIN sits on the CDC’s board of directors

from 1981-1986. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1974 - BLOOD TRAIL - FBI, FDA Documents obtained by Washington Weekly,

Magnussen, 4/18/99. Documents evidence 1974 investigations into the plasma

distribution in the U.S. and Canada by Continental Pharma Cryosan.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1974 - HCV - CDC - Claims a Non A, Non-B [HCV] exists. Begins to track it as

" non-specific " hepatitis for almost 10 years.

1976~1984 - BLOOD TRAIL - The German Association of Hemophiliacs (DHG)

submitted a claim to the industry for damages suffered by members infected

by products imported from the United States which contained the viruses

which cause AIDS and Hepatitis C. The group claims that tests required

between 1976 and 1984 could have prevented the contaminations, and is

demanding compensation for some 3,000 hemophiliacs who received transfusions

during that time. The pharmaceutical industry has paid out some 250 million

marks (128 million euros, 135 million dollars) to hemophiliacs infected with

the AIDS virus, and Der Spiegel said it may be held liable for hepatitis

cases as well. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37b763453087.htm

1977 - BLOOD TRAIL - The 5th Estate, drawing on exhibits filed with the

Krever inquiry, notes how an investigator in Health Canada's bureau of

biologics expressed concern in an internal 1977 memo about how blood brokers

such as HECHT's firm [Continental Pharma Cryosan] were allowed to operate as

a middleman for the international trade in plasma. " Only in Canada could

such a business soar, as there were no laws here governing blood export, "

says the 5th Estate. And while blood scandals all over the world have

resulted in improved technology to screen out impure blood, " amazingly,

Canada's laws governing blood export have not changed, " says the program.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1977 - HCV1b - Ireland - " administered batches of anti-D in 1977 known to

have transmitted HCV genotype 1b infection " . PMID: 9881424, UI: 99098099

1978 - BLOOD TRAIL - Justice s. In 1978, Clinton’s first

year as governor, Justice s characterizes Cummins Prison as a “dark

and evil world”. A federal judge that year characterizes as “evil men” those

in authority over the Arkansas Department of Corrections. The practice of

bleedings prisoners is already established and provides the only means for

prisoners’ pocket money. Arkansas is the only state in the Union which does

not pay its prisoners for their labor.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1978 - Late 70's - BLOOD TRAIL - The Arkansas Department of Correction (ADC)

worked out an agreement with Health Management Associates Inc. (HMA) of Pine

Bluff to run the program and sell the inmate plasma, reportedly for about

$50 per unit. Inmates received from $5 to $10 of that price, depending on

the plasma's marketability. The ADC – which is to say the State of

Arkansas – also took a cut. Some years, officials reported, the program

netted the department more than $500,000, money which they said was used to

supply medical services at the prisons Arkansas becomes the only state that

has a private agency running its prison plasma program.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1978 - BLOOD TRAIL - HMA has exclusive contract to provide the prison

medical program in Arkansas and also secures right to operate a blood

collection program in the prisons.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1979 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan Times – Unheated Blood Products Infection

Chronology. Unheated blood products to treat hemophilia are first imported

from the U.S. September 1979: The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law is revised to

require that the health and welfare minister ensures drug safety.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1980's - BLOOD TRAIL - US - Half of the nation's hemophiliacs became

infected with the AIDS virus in the early 1980s through the blood and

clotting proteins that many of them needed regularly to survive. Many of

their families have accepted $ 100,000 to settle their claims against the

same four drug companies in Loe's hepatitis lawsuit. In addition to the Red

Cross, sued were: the National Hemophilia Foundation, New York; the

Hemophilia Association of New York; the New York Blood Center, New York;

Centeon Inc., of King of Prussia, Pa.; Bayer Corp. of West Haven, Conn.,

part of the German multinational Bayer AG; Baxter Healthcare Corp., of

Deerfield, Ill.; and Alpha Therapeutic Corp., of Los Angeles.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378b5b7e790b.htm

1980's - BLOOD TRAIL - Italy - A Deadly Trail of Tainted Blood Tandem

(www.tandemnews.com) April 9 - 16 Sheila Pin Several Italian pharmaceutical

companies purchased tainted blood plasma in the 1980s which infected

hundreds with HIV and hepatitis C. The deadly plasma was first purchased by

Montreal blood broker Continental Pharma Cryosan from Arkansas' notorious

Cummins State Prison and then sold to Italy's Farma Biagini, Aima Derivati

and I.S.I. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3712c3966d09.htm

1980's - BLOOD TRAIL - US to Canada - T.O. lab used risky plasma, Krever

told Sources included U.S. prisons [+ DR. ANTHONY A. MAGNIN'S KREVER The

Toronto Star August 24, 1995, Thursday, FINAL EDITION REBECCA BRAGG T.O. lab

used risky plasma, Krever told Sources included U.S. prisons, San Francisco

BY REBECCA BRAGG TORONTO STAR The Toronto Star; NEWS; Pg. A12 August 24,

1995, Thursday, FINAL EDITION In the 1980s, much of the plasma processed by

Toronto's Connaught Laboratories for use by the Red Cross came from American

sources known to be at extremely high risk for AIDS infection, a federal

inquiry has heard. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a374215636232.htm

1980 - BLOOD TRAIL - A German wet-heat cleansing process is developed but

largely ignored by the blood products industry.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1981 - BLOOD TRAIL - Early 80's. 40% of the plasma collected in USA was

collected by community blood centers. . . Hundreds of blood banks sold

recovered plasma, often shipping it across state lines. . . It was

impossible for the FDA to license and inspect them all . . . the blood banks

and the fractionators were allowed to enter into " short supply agreements, "

under which the fractionators were required to ensure that the suppliers of

their plasma complied with the FDA regulations and standards.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1981- BLOOD TRAIL - The Canada Development Corporation (CDC) states in its

annual report, “to be successful itself, CDC has never hesitated to take

full responsibility for the policies and major operating decisions of the

companies it controls. Only in this way can we operate in the best interests

of our shareholders.” http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1981 - BLOOD TRAIL - The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

reports that five homosexual men have pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (a

characteristic symptom of AIDS).

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1981~1986 - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - 's past back to haunt: What did he

know about tainted blood? Mark Kennedy The Ottawa Citizen May 15, 1999

Finance Minister was a board member of the corporation that

owned Connaught Laboratories when it distributed tainted blood products in

the 1980s, the Citizen has learned. Mr. was a director of the

federally controlled Canada Development Corporation (CDC) from 1981 to

1986 -- the key years of the tainted blood scandal. At the time, as

president of Canada Steamship Lines, he was a leading Montreal businessman

and had not yet made the jump to politics.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a373d88ab09e8.htm

1982 - CDC - BLOOD TRAIL - Issues warning regarding the contamination of

Factor VIII (plasma not screened until 1985)

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - Cases of AIDS transmitted through the use of blood and

blood products began to be reported.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - The (FDA), following an inspection, cited the HMA

center, located at Cummins prison in Grady, Arkansas, for several safety

deficiencies. For example, prisoners were " overbled, " and there was no

" complete record available " to show whether several units of plasma that had

tested positive for hepatitis B (a frequent indicator of the presence of

HIV) had been destroyed. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - The CDC reports that three hemophiliacs in the U.S.

caught PCP and that two died from the infection.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - AIDS - “And the Band Played On” A meeting of

physicians, CDC, FDA and leaders of the blood industry, hemophiliac groups

and gay community is held in Washington, D.C. Donor deferral guidelines

(which will target gays and hemophiliacs) are shot down. Hemophiliacs attack

the date linking immune suppression to the contamination of Factor VII.

Gays, particularly Dr. Enlow, PR conscious and fearing for the civil

rights of millions of Americans argue persuasively that it’s too early to

push for such guidelines. (Only Dr. Dan argues it may save lives …

this marks the beginning of his loss of popularity in the gay community.)

They agree to WAIT AND SEE. Of note, however, it is at that meeting that

the acronym AIDS attaches. And this: There was something else from the

meeting that also troubled Dale Lawrence. Jim Curran and others discussed

that AIDS cases were turning up in prisons, and a commercial plasma

manufacturer had admitted that a lot of blood had been drawn in state

prisons. They were a good source of plasma, he said. Lawrence could think

only, " Oh God. " Drees (Alpha Therapeutic) also attended the meeting

where he learned from the CDC that the disease was transmitted through

tainted blood and blood products, had a mortality rate of 100% and cases

were doubling every six months. After an infant contracted AIDS from a

transfusion in San Francisco, Alpha set up an in-house task force and began

to report at length to Green Cross their findings. Alpha also suspended

buying blood plasma in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles and Miami. Drees

believed everyone knew of the risks after the CDC’s warning. After Green

Cross refused to positively address the warnings, Drees resigned.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - Fall - BLOOD TRAIL - HMA sold the Arkansas prison plasma to North

American Biologicals Inc., which sold it to a Montreal-based blood broker,

Cryosan Ltd. Cryosan sold the plasma to Connaught Laboratories in Toronto,

which, in turn, supplied it to the Canadian Red Cross.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - The CDC originates the term Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome - AIDS. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - By December, 1982, it is well-known (if not well

publicized) that hepatitis B is a marker for the presence of HIV

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - The Daily Yomiuri (3/4/96) Alpha Therapeutic

applies to the FDA for approval to market heated blood products

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982 - BLOOD TRAIL - Dec - The FDA met informally with U.S. fractionators

and advised them not to use plasma collected in prisons.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1982~1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Between October, 1982 and September, 1983, (when

prisons were finally ruled " undesirable " as plasma sources by the [Canadian]

Red Cross, Connaught buys 9,000 liters from five U.S. Correctional

Institutions. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Arkansas - Memo Shows Connaughts Weber Found Blanket

Approval of Arkansas. Prison Plasma Center 'Entirely Unacceptable'.Source:

Connaught Laboratories Ltd. Inter-Office Memorandum

Published: September 6, 1983 Author: J. C. W. Weber.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a376bc497673c.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - Back in 1983, we hemophiliacs were relying on

highly concentrated blood products from the United States, although we were

worried about the news reports of a strange disease that was likely linked

with the blood products hemophiliacs use. Ienishi, 39, and about 2,000 other

hemophiliacs were infected with HIV in the early 1980s after being treated

with unheated blood products from the United States that were tainted with

the virus. As Health and Welfare Ministry officials, doctors and

pharmaceutical companies were slow to respond to concerns that the products

were not safe, the virus spread to the families and partners of the people

infected. http://208.138.42.193/forum/a37f059055612.htm

1983~1987 - BLOOD TRAIL - A dry-heat process for cleansing blood is

developed in the U.S. Internal documents evidence that the blood products

companies knew it was unsafe but marketed it nonetheless until lawsuits

forced a halt around 1987.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Dr. Drees quits as President of Alpha

Therapeutics Co. because he believes the blood products they produce are

dangerous. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan organizes an AIDS study team to address the

safety of heat-treated blood imports. According to a tape recording of the

first meeting, one member voices concerns about the use of untreated

coagulants but – as public policy proves – these untreated coagulants were

used and heat-treated imports were banned in order to allow Green Cross

(Japan’s leading blood products company) time to develop their own

heat-treatment technology.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - Jan - BLOOD TRAIL - HBV - Dana Kuhn, Legislative Director, COTT. …

in January of 1983 the entire US blood industry was warned [about the

presence of Hepatitis B’s being a marker for AIDS] by the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention at a meeting in Atlanta.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983-01-06 - BLOOD TRAIL - Memo of CDC Meeting regarding AIDS (Atlanta).

Excerpts from this memorandum from Hink (of Cutter Biologics): The

subject of prison plasma came up twice during the meeting. While describing

actions taken by the plasma collection group, Donahue mentioned a minor

quantity of plasma used in the manufacture of AHF comes from prisons. Later

in the day the Gay Rights countered what they considered a discriminatory

proposal with " what about blood from prisons " but the question was

stonewalled by the PMA representatives as immaterial to that discussion. The

two ever recurring proposals for actions to prevent AIDS in hemophiliacs

seemed to be: 1. Conduct an educational campaign on the subject to all

homosexual populations and allow them to voluntarily exclude themselves as

blood and plasma donors. (Gay Rights definitely in favor of first part,

greatly opposed to later.) 2. Conduct anti-HBc testing of all blood and

plasma donations – reject all " positive " from use in transfusable products.

(Questions of cost and implementation bothered many but not CDC, several

objected on scientific grounds.)

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - The CDC reports that AIDS seems to have spread among

hemophiliacs through unheated blood products. The U.S. Food and Drug

Administration approves a heat-treated blood product developed by Travenol

Co., now Baxter World Trade Co.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - In a letter to the Red Cross in March, 1983, a senior

Connaught official assured the blood agency that that none of its plasma

suppliers was " located in population centres in the U.S. shown to be at high

risk for AIDS. " However, a month earlier, Connaught's quality control

department had received documents that clearly showed plasma was being

collected from prisons in Oklahoma, Texas and Arkansas and sold to Connaught

through various brokers. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983-05-20 - BLOOD TRAIL - AIDS - Gallo - Science (1983 May 20; 220 (4500);

865:7). [R. Gallo and others] ABSTACT: Several isolates of a human type-C

retrovirus belonging to one group, known as human T-cell leukemia virus

(HTLV), have previously been obtained from patients with adult T-cell

leukemia or lymphoma. The T-cell tropism of HTLV and its prevalence in the

Caribbean basin prompted a search for it in patients with the epidemic

T-cell immune deficiency disorder known as AIDS. Peripheral blood

lymphocytes from one patient in the United States and two in France were

cultured with T-cell growth factor (TCGF) an shown to express HTLV antigens.

Virus from the U.S. patient was isolated and characterized and shown to be

related to HTLV subgroup I. The virus was also transmitted into normal human

T cells from umbilical cord blood of a newborn. Whether or not HTLV-I or

other retroviruses of this family with T-cell tropism cause AIDS, it is

possible that patients from whom the virus can be isolated can also transmit

it to others. If the target cell of AIDS is the mature T cell as suspected,

the methods used in these studies may prove useful for the long-term growth

of these cells and for the identification of antigens specific for the

etiological agent of AIDS.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Asahi News Service (4/8/96). Alpha Company (a U.S.

subsidiary of the Osaka-based Green Cross) distributes a memorandum citing

six measures undertaken to cope with the AIDS problem based on meetings of a

group established in December, 1982. The memo clearly shows both Alpha and

Green Cross were aware of the risk associated with unheated blood products,

was actively collecting information on AIDS from abroad and was aware of the

infection of AIDS in victims treated with the unheated blood products.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - Summer - BLOOD TRAIL - HBV - Following a recall of hepatitis

B-suspected products that had been shipped to Canada via Continental Pharma

and distributed to hemophiliacs, the Cummins center was shut down for

several months by the FDA. It was discovered during the shutdown that an

inmate clerk in the plasma center had been selling the " right to bleed " to

fellow inmates who otherwise would have been excluded because they were

likely infected. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Krever Commission Report (Vol. 2, Part III, Chapter

14). In mid-June 1983, Health Management Associates told the Food and Drug

Administration that thirty-eight units of plasma, taken from inmates of the

Grady prison [Arkansas], should not have been collected. Blood samples from

the four inmates had been tested at the time of collection for the surface

antigen of hepatitis B, an indicator of current infection with hepatitis B.

The four inmates had tested negative for the surface antigen when their

plasma was collected. However, during a review of old records it had been

found that they had previously tested positive. All thirty-eight units had

been sent to Continental Pharma. Health Management Associates took the

position with the FDA that, because the four inmates had tested negative for

the surface antigen when the units in question were collected, " the health

hazard is very remote, " and there should therefore be no need to recall the

units. Hepatitis B is a serious disease, and the discovery that plasma had

been received from four inmates who had previously tested positive for it

was important, but the more recent negative tests suggested that it was

unlikely that the inmate donors were still infectious with hepatitis B and

that their plasma would transmit that disease. by 1983, however, an

association had been identified between hepatitis B and AIDS; most persons

with AIDS had also been infected with hepatitis B. There was a greater than

average risk that the thirty-eight units of plasma from the four inmates

could transmit AIDS. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Krever Commission Report (Vol. 2, Part III, Chapter

14). On 17 June 1983, within days of learning of the problem, Health

Management Associates told Continental Pharma about the previous test

results. Four of the thirty-eight units had been shipped to Connaught, one

on 26 February and the other three on 17 March 1983. (The other thirty-four

units had been sold to corporations in Switzerland, Spain, Japan, and

Italy.) Continental Pharma did not, in turn, tell Connaught about the

problem because it believed that the risk of transmission of hepatitis B

from the plasma in question was no greater than the risk from any unit that

tested negative for the surface antigen at the time of collection.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - BLOOD TRAIL - Documents relating to a May 1983 memo from Alpha

Company to its parent Green Cross show anti-AIDS measures taken by nine

European governments as early by August 19, 1983.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 and " later " - BLOOD TRAIL - A confidential CONNAUGHT memo mentions

Iran and Spain as possible markets and speculates that perhaps 6 millions

units could be sold to France. In a later memo, Connaught decides against

selling to France, specifying that " current product should not be offered

for sale to developed

countries http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1983 - Japan - BLOOD TRAIL - Unheated Blood Products Infection Chronology.

November 1983: Cutter Japan Ltd. (now Bayer Yakuhin Ltd.) reports to the

ministry it is recalling two lots of contaminated blood products. The

ministry issues a guideline to drug makers on clinical testing of heated

blood products. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1984~1994 - BLOOD TRAIL - The center continued to draw prisoners' plasma for

another decade and finally closed its doors in 1994 for a simple reason. It

could no longer find a buyer for its controversial product.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1984 - BLOOD TRAIL - Heated blood products are approved by the FDA.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1984 - Early 1984 - BLOOD TRAIL - The FDA revoked the [prison] center's

license to operate, citing a litany of problems such as: allowing

disqualified donors to bleed, the alteration of records, inadequate storage

of plasma to prevent contamination, instances of intentional and willful

disregard for proposed standards, ineffective supervision of the plasma

center staff, and attempts by people in " management positions " at the center

to hide from FDA inspectors the fact that they had either " initiated or

condoned the destruction or alteration of records concerning these

activities. " Within months, after promising to clean up its act, the center

was re-licensed and back in operation.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1984~1994 - BLOOD TRAIL - The [Prison] center continued to draw prisoners'

plasma for another decade and finally closed its doors in 1994 for a simple

reason. It could no longer find a buyer for its controversial product.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1984 - BLOOD TRAIL - San Diego - THE BLOOD BROKERS: FEAR OF AIDS SPURS

CHANGE Gilbert M. Gaul, Inquirer Staff Writer. PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER; FINAL

Page: A01 TUESDAY September 26, 1989. Polikoff survived the Bataan

Death March and was a POW in the Pacific for 3 1/2 years during World War

II. But he could not survive AIDS. Three years after [1984] receiving three

pints of tainted blood while undergoing cardiac bypass surgery in San Diego,

Polikoff died at age 70 on Dec. 9, 1987, of complications from AIDS.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378ab9e82053.htm

1985 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - The ministry approves heated blood products. It

does not order drug makers to recall unheated blood products.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1985 - BLOOD TRAIL - Ziare - Ghana - Senegal - Ivory Coast - various sources

1985-1999 several authors IS THE BLOOD TRADE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ORIGINS OF

THE AIDS EPIDEMIC? He identified the areas as Kinshasa, the capital of

Zaire; Ghana, the Ivory Coast, and Senegal. A similar blood-donor center

operated in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, he said. … the supply was organized by

" international plasma brokers " based mainly in Zurich, Switzerland, and

Montreal. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a370876560fc3.htm#1

1985 - BLOOD TRAIL - France - Ex-Health Minister, 30 others to be tried in

tainted blood scandal. NICOLAS MARMIE. AP Worldstream. May 20, 1999;

Thursday 15:35 Eastern Time. PARIS -- France-Tainted Blood. A former health

minister and thirty other doctors and health administrators are to stand

trial in France's ongoing tainted blood scandal, judicial sources said

Thursday. Claude Evin will be the fourth minister to stand trial in the

scandal that rocked the French health system in the mid-1980s when 4,000

people contracted the AIDS virus from blood transfusions. Hundreds later

died. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3744b54a0c5c.htm

1985 - BLOOD TRAIL - IIranian official plays down HIV contaminated blood

scandal. Agence France Presse. International news June 07, 1999; Iran-AIDS

15:38 GMT. TEHRAN, June 7 -- The head of Iran's blood transfusion body

Monday played down fears over the possibility that his organisation provided

HIV contaminated blood, as several of his former colleagues face trial over

the issue. The first case of AIDS in Iran was registered in 1985 after a

one-year-old infant was infected after receiving a transfusion of imported

blood. The charges against former top officials of the state-run transfusion

organisation are based on " allegations, " which remain to be proved, director

Taqi Khani told Tehran radio. " The charges do not concern blood, rather

blood products which may have been contaminated through poor disinfectant

methods, " he said. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375c837b37f7.htm

1985 - BLOOD TRAIL - Sunday August 8, 1999. Mounties investigating U.S. firm

that ignored tainted-blood alert. Scientist muzzled after finding flaws in

safety measures. Mark Kennedy. The Ottawa Citizen. (Dr. Alfred) Prince The

RCMP is conducting a criminal investigation into how a U.S. company

suppressed an internal study in 1985 that revealed the firm's method of

killing the AIDS virus in blood products didn't work well. The probe is a

key part of the Mounties' broad-based investigation into the Canadian

tainted-blood tragedy of the 1980s.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37adadf20e1c.htm

1986 - BLOOD TRAIL - Arkansas - Former prison doctor practiced without

license. JENNIFER HOPKINS Arkansas Democrat-Gazette January 17, 1986, Friday

A former prison doctor " technically " was practicing without a license at the

time he treated an inmate whose leg was later amputated because of an

infection, Dr. F. M. , head of the agency that provides medical

services to the prison, said Thursday.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37d0774c6e14.htm

1986 - BLOOD TRAIL - Arkansas - Justice Department alleges lack of

co-operation in probe at Cummins. LAMAR JAMES Arkansas Democrat-Gazette

Thursday, December 11, 1986. The federal Justice Department has complained

in a letter to Governor Bill Clinton of what it said was a lack of

co-operation by state officials with federal investigators who are trying to

complete an investigation of alleged civil rights violations at the Cummins

Unit of the state Correction Department.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37d093df1367.htm

1986 - BLOOD TRAIL - China - AIDS-infected Chinese received U.S. blood

products United Press International October 21, 1986 JAMES MILES.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375adc054da2.htm

1988 - Fall - HCV - " Discovered " by Choo and associates.

1988 - BLOOD TRAIL - ( " WEST GERMANY: THE WIDESPREAD EFFECTS OF THE AIDS

VIRUS, " Reuter Textline Review; November 22, 1988).

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a374215636232.htm

1988 - BLOOD TRAIL - Hawaii - AFFIDAVIT OF THOMAS DREES IN DOE V CUTTER

[ALLEGES A " CONSPIRACY " TO AVOID USING TESTS AND HEAT TREATMENTS] TAINTED

BLOOD DREES CUTTER HEAT TREATMENT CONSPIRACY Source: DOE v CUTTER Published:

December 15, 1988 Author: Drees IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII No. 87-8232

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3782bf25479f.htm

1989 - BLOOD TRAIL - HIV-infected hemophiliacs in Osaka file a lawsuit

against the government and five drug makers. In October 1989: A Tokyo group

of hemophiliacs files a similar suit.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1989 - BLOOD TRAIL - AMERICA: THE OPEC OF THE GLOBAL PLASMA INDUSTRY.

Gilbert M. Gaul, Inquirer Staff Writer PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER; FINAL page A01

THURSDAY September 28, 1989 Result: More than half the estimated 12 million

liters of plasma used in medicines worldwide comes from the United States.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378acb362f34.htm

1989 - BLOOD TRAIL - France - Old memo worsens French AIDS furor; An

official's words in 1989 suggest indifference to the plight of those who got

tainted blood. Associated Press The Atlanta Journal and Constitution; News;

Pg. 2B July 10, 1999, Saturday, ALL EDITIONS Fearing a legal backlash,

French health officials purposely failed to notify blood transfusion

recipients that they might have contracted AIDS, according to an official

document published Friday.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378777182ed4.htm

1991~1994 - HCV3a - Anti-D - A second outbreak of hepatitis C virus

infection from anti-D immunoglobulin in Ireland. To investigate the

infectivity for (HCV) of intravenous anti-D immunoglobulin batches

manufactured in Ireland between 1991 and 1994. Women who had received anti-D

manufactured between 1991 and 1994 were screened for serological markers of

HCV infection and for the presence of HCV RNA by RT-PCR amplification and

virus genotyping. Anti-D manufactured in 1991-1994 transmitted infection of

HCV genotype 3a. 1999. PMID: 10341334, UI: 99274651

1992-11-20 - BLOOD TRAIL - Newsday -Hemophiliacs at an Atlanta news

conference charge that U.S. companies knowing distributed contaminated blood

products. They urge President-Elect Bill Clinton and Congress to investigate

their claims. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1992 - BLOOD TRAIL - EUR: FEARS IN AUSTRIA OVER AIDS-TAINTED BLOOD EXPORTS

By Thurston AAP NEWSFEED; Nationwide General News; Overseas News

April 9, 1998, Thursday VIENNA, April 8 AFP - An Austrian firm may have

exported unknown quantities of HIV-tainted blood to Asia before police

found out about its money-making scam and stopped it, officials admitted

today. The firm was reported to have imported blood on the cheap from

Africa, officially for laboratories to carry out research on the HIV virus

which causes AIDS ... then re-labelled [the blood products] ... to be

re-exported to Asian countries for higher prices. Austrian firm sold

AIDS-infected products to Portugal and Jordan Agence France Presse June 30,

1992 VIENNA -- The Austrian pharmaceutical firm Plasma Pharm Sera was

accused here Tuesday of having sold AIDS-contaminated blood products to

Portugal and Jordan. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3776589f5591.htm

1994 - BLOOD TRAIL - The hemophiliacs and their attorneys file an accusation

of attempted murder at the Tokyo District Prosecutor's Office against Abe,

now vice president of Teikyo University.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1994 - BLOOD TRAIL - Iranian daily condemns French company for alleged sale

of HIV-infected blood. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts; Part 4 The Middle

East; IRAN. June 10, 1999, Thursday. Source: IRNA news agency, Tehran, in

English 0815 gmt 9 Jun 99 Text of report by the Iranian news agency IRNA

Tehran, 9th June: The English daily 'Tehran Times' Wednesday [9th June]

castigated a French company for having sold HIV-tainted blood to some

European and Middle Eastern countries and urged the Iranian officials

concerned to take legal action against the company to vindicate the rights

of the victims and their families. What makes it even more worse ... the

president of the company ... said in a televised interview " fortunately,

the HIV-tainted blood has not been used in France and has been exported to

other countries " ... The paper was referring to the 1994 revelations that the

French Merieux company had sold HIV-tainted blood to some European and

Middle Eastern countries.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375f30a970c8.htm

1994~1996 - HCV - BLOOD TRAIL - Austria - China - India - South Africa -

Asia - Blood money: Is the international trade in blood putting patients at

risk? Oliver Klaffke New Scientist; This Week, Pg. 13 May 2, 1998 POLICE in

Vienna are accusing an Austrian company of selling blood plasma containing

HIV and the hepatitis C virus to China and India, alarmingly reinforcing

warnings by the WHO and the Red Cross that there is a higher risk of

contamination if donors are paid for blood. The Austrian health ministry

says that between 1994 and 1996, up to 1500 litres of contaminated blood

from South Africa was exported to Asia via Austria, and that some people may

already have been infected. (see This Week, 13 November 1993, p 12), and the

Red Cross is fighting to outlaw their use. For more science news see

http://www.newscientist.com

1995 -BLOOD TRAIL - Hearings on the Tokyo HIV suit are concluded. July 26,

1995: The Osaka hearings conclude.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - A brief AP newswire item catches the attention of

Galster. The brief reported that tainted blood responsible for the

deaths of hundreds of Canadians was linked to Arkansas prisons. Galster is

inspired to write BLOOD TRAIL. (See, his interview with The Washington

Weekly http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a36ac16de1082.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - Under cross- examination by Canadian Hemophilia Society

lawyer Podrebarac, [former director of fractionation for Connaught,

Dr. ] Magnin defends the prison plasma programs as involving

" carefully controlled individual donors. " Since participants were " bled " for

plasma twice a week, they could be watched more carefully for signs of

illness or drug abuse than random donors in the general population, Magnin

testified. " The donor about whom you know nothing is far more dangerous than

the donor of whom you know a lot, " Magnin said. But when Doug Elliott,

lawyer for the Canadian AIDS Society, asked Magnin how much he knew about

the sex and drug habits of the prison inmates who were registered in plasma

extraction programs, Magnin admitted: " I am totally unfamiliar with the

prison populations in the states of Arkansas or Louisiana. "

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - Health and Welfare Minister Churyo Morii

expresses the ministry's intention to offer an apology to the plaintiffs and

to accept the compromise plan, but will refuse to admit its legal

responsibility for failing to prevent the spread of HIV.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - Red Cross sent prisoners' blood to Ottawa

(1995) [+ DR. MARTIN G. DAVEY'S KREVER TESTIMONY--TRANSCRIPT EXCERPT] The

Ottawa Citizen May 11, 1995 DEBORAH MCDOUGALL; THE CANADIAN PRESS Red Cross

sent prisoners' blood to Ottawa

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3741b11f1991.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - Doctor defends inmates as safe plasma donors

Monitored for disease signs, inquiry told BY REBECCA BRAGG TORONTO STAR The

Toronto Star; NEWS; Pg. A8 August 25, 1995, Friday, FINAL EDITION " Plasma

Licensing, U.S. ... " And so on, and one of them refers to the " Community

Plasma Centre, Inc. " in Opelousas, Louisiana, and the other is the Arkansas

Department of Corrections, and here it says: " Pine Bluff, Arkansas " .

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a374215636232.htm

1995 - BLOOD TRAIL - Iran + Spain - " In view of the current situation and

the cancellation of the CRC supplemental contract, we are exploring all

avenues to dispose of available inventory of Factor VIII. Since Connaught's

AHF is not yet registered in most countries nor do we have the heat-treated

product, opportunities for AHF are therefore limited internationally. It is

essential that we capitalize on every inquiry that we may receive. For this

reason, we need your urgent confirmation of quantities which will become

available for export, and when, as we have to respond, on September 27th, to

the request for 400,000 units for Iran and another for Spain. Thanks. "

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a374215636232.htm

1996 - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - Green Cross is found to have continued

distributing unheated blood products after heated products had been approved

in July 1985. March 12, 1996: The Tokyo District Public Prosecutor's Office

forms a special squad to look into the case. March 14, 1996: Four of the

five drug makers in the scandal officially announce they will accept the

compromise. The fifth, Nippon Zoki, suggests its intention to accept it.

March 15, 1996: The government formally announces its acceptance of the

compromise March 19, 1996: The ministry's in-house investigation team

releases a second report. Nippon Zoki officially announces it is accepting

the compromise. March 20, 1996: The plaintiffs in both the Tokyo and Osaka

suits decide to accept the compromise. March 29, 1996: The plaintiffs and

defendants sign the court-mediated compromise.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1997 - Oct - BLOOD TRAIL - “BYRON”, A Canadian TV Program. Allegations of

Governor Clinton’s involvement are included in a Canadian TV broadcast on

the blood trail. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1998 - Nov - BLOOD TRAIL - Clinton signs a bill to reparate U.S. victims of

tainted blood. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1998 - Dec - BLOOD TRAIL - Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, p. 5. U.S. District

Judge Joan B. Gottshall grants dismissal of Green Cross Corp. (parent of

Alpha Therapeutics Co.) for lack of personal jurisdiction in a suit brought

by Peggy Gruce, as administrator of the Estate of Poole.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1999 - Jan - HCV - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - Hemophiliacs ANNOUNCE LAWSUIT OVER

PRISON BLOOD! Media Release January 27, 1999 McCarthy (group

spokesman) MEDIA RELEASE (January 27, 1999) PRESS CONFERENCE TO ANNOUNCE

LAWSUIT OVER PRISON BLOOD Victims of hepatitis C will launch a new class

action lawsuit at a press conference tomorrow in Toronto.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a36afd62a47de.htm

1999 - Feb - BLOOD TRAIL - Candians - “We intend to seek a deposition from

the President,” said [] Harvey, “at that point we will consider naming

him as defendant.” White House spokesman Joe Lockhart said he was unaware

of the issue when he asked about it [sic] earlier this week. An FDA

official aid earlier this month that prisoners were permitted to donate

high-risk blood plasma for export partly because it was felt this would help

in their rehabilitation. “It was seen as a way for prisoners to rehabilitate

themselves, they were giving something back to the community by donating

their blood,” said the official, who asked not to be named. The official

expressed regret that Canadians may have been infected after receiving blood

products made from plasma collected in prisons in Arkansas and Louisiana.

“It’s always so difficult when you’re talking to consumers who have been

directly affected by something so life-altering. It’s too flimsy an excuse,

but we didn’t have a lot of information back in the ‘80s.”

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1999 - Feb - BLOOD TRAIL - The Committee of Ten Thousand. Canadian Citizens

Announce Intent to Sue U.S. Over Hepatitis C Tainted Prison Plasma.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1999 - Feb - BLOOD TRAIL - OFFICIAL PROCLAMATION. President Clinton

Proclaims March, 1999 “American Red Cross Month”

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1999 - May - BLOOD TRAIL - Gerard , The New Australian, 5/31/99. This

is when another of Clinton's remarkable coincidences occurred. On Tuesday

night the 18 May Dr Galster's Clinic in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, wasfirebombed

leaving only a burnt out shell. Dr Galster has yet to say whether documents

on Clinton's bloodgate scandal were stored in the Clinic. At the same time,

again by pure coincidence, someone broke into the Quebec chapter of the

Canadian Haemophilia Society. The society had recently discovered

documents showing that Finance Minister was a board member of

the corporation that owned Connaught Laboratories, the company that

distributed the Arkansas contaminated plasma in Canada. And where were our

intrepid Australian journalists? Those bronzed media heroes of a " sunburnt

country. " Nowhere, is the answer. They allowed this appalling scandal to go

completely unreported in the Australian media.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375b2b76399a.htm

1999 - May - HCV - BLOOD TRAIL - Irish haemophiliacs rap government on blood

inquiry delay Agence France Presse International news May 14, 1999

Ireland-HIV 13:47 GMT DUBLIN, May 14 -- The Irish Haemophiliac Society have

accused the government Friday of dishonouring a commitment to establish a

tribunal of inquiry into the infection of 313 members with HIV and Hepatitis

C as a result of contaminated blood products.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a373cca872e2e.htm

1999 - May - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - MARTIN NAMED IN BLOOD PROBE: RCMP

looking at U.S. prison blood Tim Harper OTTAWA BUREAU The Toronto Star May

15, 1999, Saturday, Edition 1 OTTAWA -

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a373d9a28241a.htm

1999 - May - BLOOD TRAIL - Arkansas - Tainted-blood sleuth firebombed:

Intimidation campaign suspected as Arkansas clinic razed, Montreal office

ransacked Mark Kennedy The Ottawa Citizen; News; A1 / Front May 20, 1999,

FINAL http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a374406871dee.htm

1999 - June - BLOOD TRAIL - Iran - Trial over HIV-tainted blood opens in

Iran. Agence France Presse. International news. June 09, 1999 Iran-AIDS

12:41 GMT TEHRAN, June 9 (AFP) - Three former directors of Iran's state-run

blood transfusion body went on trial Wednesday over complaints involving

thousands of people infected with diseases including AIDS through

contaminated blood. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a375e7226604c.htm

1999 - June - BLOOD TRAIL - Iran probing possible French responsibility for

HIV-tainted blood. Agence France Presse. International news June 10, 1999

Iran-France-blood 07:50 GMT. TEHRAN, June 10. The Iranian foreign ministry

has begun examining the possible responsibility of foreign companies,

notably in France, for exports of HIV-contaminated blood to Iran. Three

former directors of Iran's state-run blood transfusion body went on trial

Wednesday over complaints involving thousands of people infected with

diseases including AIDS through contaminated blood. The Iranian Hemophiliac

Association has filed complaints on behalf of the victims against the three

officials as well as French pharmaceutical firm Merieux.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37608f3817fd.htm

1999 - June - BLOOD TRAIL - France: Former health minister charged with

involuntary homicide NICOLAS MARMIE. Distribution: Europe; Britain;

Scandinavia; Middle East; Africa; India; England; Asia. AP Worldstream June

18, 1999; Friday 20:25 Eastern Time PARIS -- A former health minister has

been charged with involuntary homicide for failing to notify blood

transfusion recipients that they may have contracted AIDS, judicial

officials said. It is the first court since World War II to try ministers

for crimes allegedly committed in office.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a376b25cc1cff.htm

1999 - June - BLOOD TRAIL - Arkansas - U.S. Prisoners' Blood Fed Hep-C

Infections: Ottawa Documents show for the first time that government knew

about risk of supply Anne McIlroy, Parliamentary Bureau The Globe and Mail

Wednesday, June 30, 1999 Ottawa -- The federal government has for the first

time acknowledged that U.S. prison blood imported into Canada in the early

1980s led to more Canadians being infected with hepatitis C. " The onus is on

the government to stand up and do what they said they would always do if

there was any indications of wrongdoing before 1986...You shouldn't have at

this point innocent Canadians having to battle through the courts to be

treated with dignity and respect. "

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a377a1d3641f2.htm

1999 - July - BLOOD TRAIL - JAPAN AKIHITO MATSUMURA. Source: Mainichi Daily

News Published: July 4, 1999, Sunday Author: STAFF Ex-official denies

blood-product charges Page 14; DOMESTIC.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3782c42f4d82.htm

1999 - July - US Politician - Dellums Urges U.S. To Help Stem AIDS Epidemic

in Africa; Senate panel address in S.F. Sabin , Chronicle Staff

Writer The San Francisco Chronicle JULY 10, 1999, SATURDAY, FINAL; CONTRA

COSTA EDITION San Francisco -- With an impassioned plea, former Oakland Rep.

Ron Dellums told a U.S. Senate panel in San Francisco yesterday that the

nation needs to wake up to the magnitude of an AIDS catastrophe enveloping

Africa. He said that responding to AIDS in Africa is not just a moral

obligation, but a " national security " issue. " The virus travels, " he said.

" What makes us think we live in a cocoon? This is a great storm that can

also engulf the United States. "

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378795384553.htm

1999 - July - BLOOD TRAIL - US - Drug makers, nonprofits accused of

negligence by infected hemophiliac. By JEFFREY GOLD, Associated Press Writer

The Associated Press State & Local Wire July 12, 1999, Monday, AM cycle

NEWARK, N.J. -- A New Jersey hemophiliac contracted the incurable hepatitis

C because four drug companies negligently made products from blood of

high-risk donors and failed to cleanse it before sale, according to a

lawsuit. Four nonprofit organizations, including the American National Red

Cross, are also named in the lawsuit, all accused of failing to warn the

public of the danger. The 35-year-old man was diagnosed with the hepatitis C

virus nearly a year ago, according to the lawsuit, filed in U.S. District

Court here earlier this month.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a378b5b7e790b.htm

1999 - Aug - BLOOD TRAIL - German pharmaceuticals facing hepatitis suit:

report. Agence France Presse. August 15, 1999 16:48 GMT BERLIN, Aug 15 --

Germany's pharmaceutical industry may be headed for another scandal over

contaminated blood products, this time concerning Hepatitis C, the weekly

Der Spiegel said in an edition due out Monday. Der Spiegel said 90 percent

of blood products used in Germay during that period came from the United

States. http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37b763453087.htm

1999 - Aug - POLIO - AIDS - WAS AIDS TRANSFERRED FROM MONKEYS TO HUMANS BY

TAINTED POLIO VACCINE? Steve Connor, Science Editor The Independent

(London); NEWS; Pg. 3 August 26, 1999, Thursday (Book Review).

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37c602412908.htm

1999 - Sept - BLOOD TRAIL - Scotland - Blood inquiry set up Graeme The

Herald (Glasgow) September 15, 1999 HEALTH Minister Deacon yesterday

launched an investigation into why hundreds of ish haemophiliacs were

infected with hepatitis C while undergoing NHS treatment in the 1980s,

writes Annette McCann. The move came after a meeting with representatives of

the Haemophilia Society, who have long campaigned for compensation. The

society claims up to 300 Scots were infected in this way. The Minister

stressed, however, that compensation was not part of the inquiry's remit.

She said: " This has been going on for a long time. A lot of people are

unsure of the history and I think I have a responsibility to get to the

bottom of it. This does not imply that there will be any change to the

position regarding compensation but an opportunity to have a fresh and open

look at the issue. " Haemophilia Society chief executive, Ms Karin

Pappenheim, said yesterday full details of the contaminated blood products

had to be made public.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37e5dd2407e2.htm

1999 - Sept - South Africa; Clinton Pledges Help In Tackling AIDS Simon

Barber, Business Day (Johannesburg) Africa News September 22, 1999 New

York - US President Bill Clinton has pledged to do more to ensure that

HIV-positive mothers in developing countries had access to drugs to lessen

the chances of their transmitting the AIDS virus to their children.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37e9bc9a6ce9.htm

1999 - Sept - BLOOD TRAIL - Canada - Blood package called a hollow victory.

Hepatitis C victims want help for thousands not compensated. By Tim Harper;

Toronto Star Ottawa Bureau. Toronto Star. September 24, 1999.

http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37ec6dee50ae.htm

1999 - Sept - BLOOD TRAIL - Japan - Matters of Opinion / HIV-positive

activist takes fight to Diet Ginko Kobayashi; Daily Yomiuri Staff Writer ;

Yomiuri The Daily Yomiuri; Pg. 7 September 28, 1999, Tuesday Kyoto-born

politician Satoru Ienishi is an HIV-positive hemophiliac, and possibly the

only parliamentarian in the world to say so openly.

http://208.138.42.193/forum/a37f059055612.htm